RCAAP Repository

En el presente estudio a partir de 107 egagrópilas de la lechuza, determinamos el consumo de 300 presas agrupadas en 21 especies, las egagrópilas fueron colectadas en dos localidades de diferente ambiente Los Santiagos y La Ciénaga, en las provincias de Chimborazo y Manabí, al occidente de Ecuador. Nuestros análisis revelaron una dieta compuesta mayoritariamente de mamíferos pequeños, sobre todo roedores, quienes constituyeron el 80%. Entre las presas más abundantes se encontró a Oligoryzomys sp. que representó el 38.7% de la dieta en las muestras de Los Santiagos y Sigmodon peruanus 33.6% en La Ciénaga, siendo el 22,5% y 41% respectivamente de la biomasa total consumida para cada sitio. La rata cangrejera Ichthyomys hydrobates es reportada por primera vez en la dieta de la lechuza y también en la localidad de Los Santiagos, ampliando el rango distribucional de este roedor para el centro-sur al occidente de Ecuador en aproximadamente 200 km.

Micronycteris is divided into four subgenera, Micronycteris, Leuconycteris, Xenoctenes, and Schizonycteris. The latter includes Micronycteris (Schizonycteris) minuta, Micronycteris (S.) schmidtorum, Micronycteris (S.) sanborni and Micronycteris (S.) yatesi. Little is known of the biology of M. (S.) sanborni, which is widely distributed in the dry forests of South America, but is known from only few sites. The scarcity of records of M. sanborni appears to be at least partly related to the difficulty of differentiating this species from the other members of the subgenus Schizonycteris. The present study identifies the key traits that distinguish this species from other Schizonycteris, reviews the geographic distribution of the species, and presents some notes on breeding patterns. Six new localities are presented for M. sanborni, and are analyzed together with those available in the literature, providing new insights into ecological and zoogeographic patterns. A number of the diagnostic features established by Simmons (1996) in the description of M. sanborni proved to have little taxonomic value, especially for the differentiation of M. minuta and M. yatesi, which it closely resembles. The primary external difference is the pure white color of the ventral pelage and the proportion of the white base (2/3-4/5) of the dorsal hair in M. sanborni, in contrast with dirty white or pale gray and a much shorter white base of the dorsal hair in the other species. A number of cranial traits are also important. The distributional data now indicate that M. sanborni occurs mainly in mesic and open areas, including disturbed habitats, in the Caatinga scrublands and the Cerrado savannas of northeastern Brazil, especially in areas with rocky outcrops. Micronycteris sanborni appears to be monoestrous, with births coinciding with the rainy season.

Lepidocolaptes angustirostris habita principalmente regiões abertas como a Caatinga, o Cerrado e o Chaco. Oito subespécies são atualmente reconhecidas, baseadas em padrões da plumagem e distribuição geográfica. Uma análise morfológica e uma revisão taxonômica nunca foram realizadas nesta espécie. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver uma revisão taxonômica de L. angustirostris utiliazndo caracteres morfométricos e de plumagem, e análises de modelagem (GLM) foram feitas para identificar variáveis ambientais que possam explicar esta variação. Os resultados indicam que as diferentes populações de L. angustirostris que habitam as áreas abertas da Caatinga, Cerrado e Chaco (mais as populações amazônicas) não têm um nível significativo de diferenciação mofológica e nem de plumagem para serem consideradas como táxons válidos. Nas análises do GLM, duas variáveis climáticas explicaram a variação geográfica no táxon, a sazonalidade térmica e a precipitação no trimestre mais quente. As leis ecogeográficas de Bergmann e Gloger podem ser aplicadas para explicar esta variação, assim como a lei de Allen, esta de forma mais restrita. Assim, as populações do arapaçu-do-cerrado tendem a ser maiores ao sul da distribuição. A proposta apresentada aqui é de manter o status taxonômico de L. angustirostris como uma espécie única, sem qualquer outro táxon subordinado. Apesar do polimorfismo identificado nos padrões da plumagem, o elevado nível de intergradação e a baixa resolução dos limites geográficos entre as populações não suportam a divisão deste táxon.

The present study deals with Brazilian material of four sponge-dwelling species of the pontoniine shrimp genus Typton Costa, 1844: T. distinctus Chace, 1972, T. fapespae Almeida, Anker & Mantelatto, 2014, T. prionurus Holthuis, 1951, and T. vulcanus Holthuis, 1951. Typton distinctus and T. fapespae are recorded for the first time from Rio de Janeiro, representing a significant southward range extension for the former species (previously known only from Pernambuco) and a slight northward extension for the latter species (previously known only from São Paulo). Typton prionurus and T. vulcanus are recorded for the first time from Bahia. The former species was previously known from Brazil based on a single questionable record from the coast of Pará, whereas the latter species is recorded from Brazil and the southwestern Atlantic for the first time. Illustrations are provided for T. prionurus and T. vulcanus.

ABSTRACTNew fossil specimens of amphibians and reptiles found in several localities of the Cerro Azul Formation (Upper Miocene) from La Pampa province are described. The new records include a fragmentary skull remain assigned to the frog genusCeratophrys, carapace fragments of the tortoise genusChelonoidis, vertebrae referred to the lizardTupinambis, and a trunk vertebra of a colubroid snake compared with the living colubroid genusPhilodryas. Previous Tertiary records of genera of amphibians and reptiles, as well as the studied assemblage from the Upper Miocene of La Pampa, indicate that almost the modern genera that conform the Neotropical herpetofauna were well in progress by the Miocene, a similar pattern observed in other parts of the world.

RESUMOO presente catálogo apresenta uma lista dos espécimes tipo de abelhas (Hymenoptera, Apidaes.l.) depositados no Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil (MZSP). A coleção de Hymenoptera do MZSP representa uma das mais importantes coleções para a fauna brasileira e Neotropical, incluindo um número relativamente grande de tipos e táxons representados. A coleção de Apidae abriga um total de 473 espécimes-tipo (101 holótipos, 30 lectótipos, 190 parátipos, 34 paralectótipos e 119 síntipos) pertencentes a 257 espécies classificadas em 88 gêneros, 22 tribos e cinco subfamílias (Andreninae, Apinae, Colletinae, Halictinae, e Megachilinae). São apresentadas as informações das etiquetas, informações adicionais a partir dos registros do MZSP e da literatura publicada, e cometários taxônomicos. Fotografias em alta resolução dos holótipos e lectótipos estão disponibilizadas digitalmente através de links para o Specimage (banco de dados de imagens da Ohio State University).

ABSTRACTSpecies of Cerambycidae were inventoried in an area of Caatinga (dryland) vegetation in the municipality of Aracatu, Bahia State, Brazil, between August/2012 and July/2013. The insects were collected using light traps, active searches, and white cloth trapping. A total of 716 specimens of Cerambycidae were collected; 665 of them were identified as belonging to 107 species, 84 genera, 30 tribes, and 3 subfamilies. The speciesPhaedinus carbonelli Monné, 1999,Lepturges (Lepturges) fasciculatoides Gilmour, 1962,Hoplistonychus bondari Melzer, 1930,Ataxia arenaria Martins & Galileo, 2013 were new records for Bahia;Nesozineus obscurus Hoffmann, 1984 is new record for Brazil. The subfamily Cerambycinae demonstrated the greatest richness, with 56 species. These results contribute to our knowledge of the Cerambycidae fauna of Brazil.

RESUMOUma sinonímia esquecida entreStenocorus vittatus Fabricius, 1801 eCerambyx globosus Olivier, 1795 (=Xystrocera globosa) é corroborada. Consequentemente, a primeira é removida deAlloesia Chevrolat, 1862 e formalmente excluída da fauna brasileira.

RESUMO Stenostomum são pequenos vermes que vivem em água doce e normalmente se reproduzem assexualmente por paratomia. Eles estão na base da filogenia dos platelmintes. Por mais de um século, espécies desse gênero, especialmente S. leucops, vêm sendo empregadas em estudos biológicos, principalmente sobre regeneração. Entretanto, alguns aspectos básicos da biologia destes vermes são ainda pobremente conhecidos. Neste estudo, caracterizamos uma linhagem que vem sendo mantida no laboratório por cinco anos. O tempo necessário para reprodução assexuada e completa formação de zoóides, a 28°C, é de aproximadamente 42,5 horas. O número de células nos zoóides, logo após a paratomia, é de aproximadamente 2.500. O número de zoóides presentes nos vermes é uma característica variável e depende das condições de cultivo. Em alguns procedimentos de cultivo de S. leucops, apenas cadeias com dois zoóides são formadas. No entanto, em outras condições de cultivo, cadeias de até cinco zoóides podem ser observadas. Análise filogenética empregando sequência do gene de Citocromo C Oxidase (COI) mostrou que S. leucops e S. grande constituem um complexo de espécies cujas linhagens mostram altas divergências intraespecíficas.

Este trabalho fez uma análise bibliométrica da repercussão internacional do livro "Studies on termites from the Mato Grosso State, Brazil", de AGA Mathews (1977). O número de citações aumentou ao longo dos anos após a primeira citação. O livro de Mathews foi citado em artigos e revisões, teses e dissertações, livros e capítulos, resumos em anais de eventos e notas científicas. A maioria destes trabalhos é empírico e descritivo. Os estudos foram realizados em 35 países das regiões Neotropical, Paleártica, Afrotropical, Neártica, Australásia e Indomalaia. Entretanto, 55% dos trabalhos foram realizados no Brasil. As revistas Sociobiology e Insectes Sociaux, cujo escopo é publicar pesquisas sobre insetos sociais, apresentam o maior número de artigos que citaram Mathews. A maioria dos 71 autores que citaram Mathews mais de duas vezes é brasileiro. Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri) foi a espécie mais estudada em 80% dos trabalhos que abordaram Isoptera. As palavras-chave mais frequentes (termite, Isoptera, taxonomy), são termos generalistas que foram associadas à maioria dos países. A maioria das pesquisas foi executada em laboratórios e em áreas de vegetação nativa. Estudos em agroecossistemas foram realizados predominantemente no Brasil. Este estudo mostra a diversidade de aplicações (citações) do livro Mathews, e que o número de citações tende a aumentar devido à grande quantidade de informações apresentadas pelo autor.

This study provides data on the morphological characteristics of second and third larval instar from Dynastes hercules occidentallis Lachaume, 1985 (Coleoptera, Melolonthindae, Dynastynae), bred in captivity, a species highly manageable potential from the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador. Chaetotaxy, mouthparts, internal and external structures of each tagma, weight, height, etc., are analyzed to produce a detailed characterization that allows precise differentiation of larval stages.

Bahuaja Sonene National Park protects the unique sample of subtropical humid savannas in Peru, which are known as “Pampas del Heath” with 6,136 hectares of area. Many endangered species and/or endemic from savannas occur there, however studies about the diversity of mammals in Pampas del Heath are limited and only three assessments there have been carried out since mid‑1970s. Therefore we surveyed mammals in three habitat types of the Pampas del Heath (savanna, ecotonal area and forest) during late 2011. We used several methods of record for the different mammal groups including 1) capture techniques with mist nets, snap traps, Sherman traps, Tomahawk traps and pitfall traps, 2) and detection techniques direct by means of camera traps, visualization of mammals during long walk, observation of tracks and interviews to local people. Total capture efforts totalized 6,033 trap/nights, 136 mist-net/nights and 108 cameras/nights. Sixty-nine species of mammals were recorded: 33 in savanna, 33 in ecotonal area and 38 in forest. Sixteen species are new records for the Pampas del Heath and three are new records from Peru (Cryptonanus unduaviensis, Rhogeessa hussoni and Rhogeessa io). Analyses on the sampling effort, relative density, diversity and community structure of small mammals were made for the three habitats types. Moreover eight species are Threatened and 24 are listed in CITES. The new records here presented elevated the previous known mammal species richness in Peru from 538 to 541, and show the importance to conduct inventories to describe the biodiversity in remote areas, like the Pampas del Heath.

Land planarians (Platyhelminthes) are likely important components of the soil cryptofauna, although relevant aspects of their ecology such as their density remain largely unstudied. We investigated absolute and relative densities of flatworms in three patches of secondary Brazilian Atlantic rainforest in an urban environment. Two methods of sampling were carried out, one consisting of 90 hours of active search in delimited plots covering 6,000 m² over a year, and the other consisting of leaf litter extraction from a 60 m² soil area, totaling 480‑600 l leaf litter. We found 288 specimens of 16 species belonging to the genera Geobia, Geoplana, Issoca, Luteostriata, Obama, Paraba, Pasipha, Rhynchodemus, Xerapoa, and the exotic species Bipalium kewense and Dolichoplana striata. Specimens up to 10 mm long were mostly sampled only with the leaf litter extraction method. Absolute densities, calculated from data obtained with leaf litter extraction, ranged between 1.25 and 2.10 individuals m‑². These values are 30 to 161 times higher than relative densities, calculated from data obtained by active search. Since most common sampling method used in land planarian studies on species composition and faunal inventories is active search for a few hours in a locality, our results suggest that small species might be overlooked. It remains to be tested whether similar densities of this cryptofauna are also found in primary forests.

Feeding relationships of birds with mammals are diverse and range from using mammals as hunting perches to feeding on their carcasses. We studied the natural history of associations between birds and capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) at an urban recreational park and focused on three main questions: (1) How many and what are the bird species that associate with capybaras? (2) What resources used by the birds are provided by capybaras? (3) What are the behaviours of birds and capybaras during the different associations? Additionally, we summarised the associations of birds with capybaras recorded to date, which include commensal, mutualistic and semi parasitic relationships. We recorded 10 bird species (mostly non-passerines) associated with capybaras. The birds used the capybaras as: (a) hunting perches; (b) beaters that flushed arthropods and fish; (c) attractors of flies; (d) sources of organic particles, external parasites, blood, diseased tissue, and carcasses. Birds and capybaras interacted mostly when the former picked ticks, or fed on blood and diseased tissue. When the birds picked ticks, the capybaras adopted poses that allowed the birds to reach body parts otherwise inaccessible. However, when the birds pecked at wounds to take blood or diseased tissue, the mammals tried to discourage the birds with avoidance movements of the body or head, and sometimes retreated. When the birds used the capybaras as perches or attractors, the mammals seemed oblivious to the birds’ presence. Twenty-one bird species are presently reported to associate with capybaras. Thus, the numbers we found in the urban and restricted study site are remarkable, and our findings strengthens the importance of so-called green areas to harbour the remaining wildlife in our increasingly anthropised environment.

In this study we present the results of inventory efforts of non-volant mammals in Sangay National Park (SNP), one of the least studied regions of Ecuador. We conducted inventories at 9 locations between December 2010 and June 2015 along a gradient of elevations between 1.300 and 3.650 m. To document the presence of non-volant mammals we used capture techniques (Sherman, Tomahawk, and pitfall traps) and direct and indirect detection techniques (track and sign surveys, interviews). The trap effort consisted of 5.730 trap/nights. We detected 86 species in the study area of which rodents were the most diverse group with 36 species (41.8%). The small mammals Chilomys instans, Neusticomys vossi, Ichthyomys cf. stolzmanni, Thomasomys fumeus, Dactilomys dactylinus and Echimys saturnus, the marsupial Marmosa rubra were detected in the SNP for the first time. The shrew-opossum Caenolestes sangay, shrew Cryptotis montivaga and rodents Phyllotis haggardi, Thomasomys fumeus, T. hutsoni, T. cf silvestris, Rhipidomys sp. nov., y Cavia patzelti are endemic species that speak to the biogeographic importance of SNP. Our results with additions from other published studies indicate the presence of 103 species of non-volant mammal, positioning it as the most diverse natural area in the Andes of Ecuador, and as the second most diverse of the tropical Andes.

This study reports the occurrence of bat species and their ectoparasites to a mangrove area of the State of Pernambuco. The bats were captured for seven consecutive months in four mangrove areas. Sampling occurred for 12 consecutive hours each night collection where mist-nets were used. Eighty-three bats of 14 species were captured. Of these, only 53 Phyllostomidae family bats found themselves parasited. We identified seven species of flies of the family Streblidae parasitizing bats. The diversity of bats is H’ = 2.19 for all areas sampled and the prevalence of streblid ranged from 8.3 to 66,6. The mean intensity ranged from one and five. It is reported for the first time the occurrence of Lophostoma brasiliense to the mangrove ecosystem, besides two species of streblid to Pernambuco.

The Atlantic forest possess 1,361 vertebrate species of which 567 are endemic. Rodentia and Didelphimorphia comprise 71% of the endemic mammals observed in this biome. In Brazil, these animals still lack basic information about their biology, distribution, and even total wealth. This study aimed to identify the species of marsupials and rodents present in Rio da Onça State Park and to characterize the morphology of guard hairs and chromosomal set thereof, besides verify the composition of small non-flying mammals in different environments and vegetation strata. Thirteen field campaigns were conducted and as an additional effort, three lines of pitfall traps were installed. The total sampling effort was 6.633 traps and 1.181 buckets spread over 69 nights of sampling, which resulted in 196 captures of 166 individuals of 12 species. Seven species of Rodentia Order were recorded: Akodon montensis, Delomys sublineatus, Euryoryzomys russatus, Juliomys pictipes, Nectomys squamipes,Oligoryzomys nigripes and Thaptomys nigrita and five species of marsupials (Didelphimorphia Order): Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Marmosa paraguayana and Monodelphis iheringi. Trichological and cytogenetic results were consistent with those available in the literature. Regarding the vertical stratification, only seven captures were made in trees. Four of the species Marmosa paraguayana, two Didelphis aurita, and one Akodon montensis. Therefore, in the environment of the lowlands of the study area, sampling carried out on tree and shrub extract of the understory did not contribute to the increase of the species list.

Information on the activity period is relevant to understand how species adapt themselves and persist in their environment. The influence of moonlight on the activity pattern of mammals has already been reported for certain species. Ten photo-traps set during 12 months were distributed in a fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest in southern Brazil to verify whether moon phases had any effect on the activity period of Cuniculus paca. Ninety-six registers of C. paca were obtained in 8,928 hours of photo-traps. A prevalent night activity pattern (92%) was reported, with most registries occurring during the new moon phase (40%) and the lowest number during the full moon phase (12%), with differences between activity peaks according to the moon phases. Data showed that C. paca reacts negatively to high moonlight and decreases its circadian cycle in nights with a full moon.

Xylocopa bella sp. nov., the second known species of the subgenus Xylocopa (Nanoxylocopa) Hurd & Moure, is newly described from the Espinhaço mountain range, in the state of Minas Gerais, and the Chapada Diamantina, in the state of Bahia, in eastern Brazil. It differs from X. ciliata Burmeister, the type species of X. (Nanoxylocopa), mainly by the possession, by females, of pale hairs intermixed with the black pubescence on the head and metasoma, the more abundant pubescence on mesoscutum and the much denser tergal pilosity, and the possession, by the male, of weakly infumated wing membrane, entirely dark scape, a patch of finely plumose pubescence on the anterior corners of the mesoscutum, narrower face, and shorter distance between the lateral ocellus and the eye. Additionally, X. ciliata, previously known from Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil, is newly recorded from the state of Minas Gerais.

Flight activity of bees is influenced both by environmental factors and by internal condition of the colonies. Information about external activity of bees is very important, because it provides data of the species biology, supplying subsidies for the use of these insects in the pollination of crops. The present work aim to evaluate the flight activity of Geotrigona subterranea (Friese, 1901) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in natural environment. This study was performed on the Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, in the municipality Januária, Minas Gerais State. Two natural nests were observed. The activities of bees of the colonies were recorded three days each month, during the period of December 2011 to November 2012, totaling 924 observations. It was recorded the number of bees leaving and entering the nest, and the type of material transported by them for ten minutes each hour from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. The bees entered the colony carrying pollen, resin, detritus and also without apparent material. The bees began external activities by 6 a.m. at 20°C and finished at 6 p.m. at 28.8°C. The peak of activity of G. subterranea occurs on schedule from 1 to 2 p.m. Even though G. subterranea makes their nests in underground, their foraging activities are very similar to others stingless bee species that usually nest on tree cavities or aerial places. This indicate that despite their particular nesting way the external factors as climatic ones will significantly modulate their foraging pattern in a daily and seasonal way.