Repositório RCAAP

La eliminación y disposición final de las aguas residuales originadas por las actividades domésticas constituye un importante problema sanitario en áreas urbanas densamente pobladas. En muchas zonas del Gran Buenos Aires las aguas grises se eliminan en zanjas a cielo abierto cuyo riesgo potencial no ha sido adecuadamente cuantificado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la prevalencia de bacterias resistentes y el perfil de resistencia a antibióticos, en muestras de aguas grises de canales localizados en la zona de Ingeniero Budge Provincia de Buenos Aires. Se determinó por el método de dilución en agar la prevalencia de bacterias heterotróficas, bacterias Gram-negativas resistentes a antibióticos betalactámicos y enterococos vancomicina resistentes en aguas grises. Se determinó el género y la especie y se estableció el perfil de resistencia frente a otros antibióticos. De todos los antibióticos ensayados, la mayor prevalencia de bacterias heterotróficas resistentes se detectó con la cefalotina (19%) y ampicilina (8%). Con respecto, a las bacterias Gram-negativas, la mayor prevalencia de resistencia está dada por los coliformes frente a ampicilina (34%) y cefalotina (17%). Se detectó un 38% de enterococos con bajo nivel de resistencia a vancomicina. Los aislamientos multirresistentes se identificaron como Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis y Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Estos resultados indican que las aguas grises pueden considerarse como un reservorio de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos, aumentando así su riesgo sanitario

Na região do Meio Oeste Catarinense tem-se incentivado a utilização de cisternas como tecnologia capaz de ofertar água aos rebanhos. A região é caracterizada por secas severas nos meses de verão. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram: monitorar variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de qualidade da água de chuva de uma cisterna; avaliar se a água armazenada possuía qualidade para dessedentação de suínos e bovinos de corte. As concentrações de nitrato, nitrito e amônia mantiveram-se de acordo com os padrões para o consumo animal. A E. coli esteve presente em algumas amostras. A quantidade de chuva e velocidade do vento influenciaram as concentrações dos elementos nitrogenados. Investigações a fim de aprofundar esse conhecimento devem ser conduzidas para que as fontes emissoras agrícolas e pecuárias não representam alto impacto negativo para a qualidade da água. A água armazenada na cisterna apresentou qualidade satisfatória para o uso na dessedentação de suínos e bovinos de corte o que corrobora a utilização da tecnologia, visando o uso eficiente da água pelas produções pecuárias.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar, por meio de imagens de sensoriamento remoto, as áreas atingidas pelas inundações ocorridas no período do verão de 2008/2009 na região Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens dos sensores TM Landsat-5 e CCD CBERS-2B adquiridas antes e após a ocorrência das inundações. Nessas imagens foram aplicadas o Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral - MLME para realçar as áreas ocupadas com os corpos d'água. Concluiu-se que, após comparar a imagem TM do dia 26/07/2007 (sem inundação) com as imagens TM (17/11/2008) e CCD (20/01/2009) tomadas depois do período chuvoso na região, o espelho d'água da região sofreu um incremento de 2,61 vezes, correspondendo a área total de 99.000 ha atingida pelas águas.

A busca de informações que possibilitem a incorporação das variáveis ambientais nos modelos de gestão florestal é um desafio atual. Para atingi-lo é importante conhecer os processos e componentes que atuam de forma efetiva no balanço de água. Neste contexto, o presente artigo visa estimar o impacto hidrológico de plantações de eucalipto e sua relação com as formas de manejo, a fim de identificar variáveis que auxiliem na integração do planejamento florestal e de recursos hídricos. Para tanto, utilizou-se um modelo de balanço hídrico simplificado que considerasse diferentes características do povoamento florestal para estimar a vazão resultante de diferentes manejos em uma bacia em Eldorado do Sul, RS. O índice de área foliar apresentou-se como um importante descritor do dossel florestal estando diretamente relacionado com a produção de água pela bacia. A vazão média ao longo da rotação obtida pelos diferentes manejos variou de 493 mm.ano-1 a 792 mm.ano-1. A grande variação na vazão anual resultante enfatiza a necessidade da integração do gerenciamento dos recursos florestais com os recursos hídricos.

The evidence of climate changes has increased the demand for biofuel such as the ethanol from sugarcane, which has major comparative advantages in economic and environmental terms in relation to other biofuel sources. The sugarcane production in the State of São Paulo is highly influenced by the soil water availability, which is the main factor causing inter-annual yield variability. With the expected climate change, the crop water balance in the sugarcane production regions may be affected, which will also bring consequences for crop production. Based on that, the objective of this study was to assess the impacts of different climate changes scenarios on potential (ETP) and actual (ETA) evapotranspiration, as well as on water deficit (WD) and water surplus (WS) for four sugarcane production regions in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For that, twelve climate changes scenarios, with increasing temperatures and rainfall variation, were considered for the years of 2030, 2060 and 2090, based on 2007 IPCC's report. The results indicated that ETP will increase substantially as a function of higher air temperatures projected for the future scenarios. However, for ETA the elevation will not be so intense due to the variations projected for the rainfall scenarios. In general, the expectation is the reduction of the soil water availability in all locations by 2090, with substantial increase in the WD, around 550, 650, 530 e 720 mm for the worst scenario in relation to the present conditions, respectively for Araçatuba, Assis, Jaboticabal and Piracicaba.

Aiming to evaluate the effect of doses of bentonite (0, 30 and 60 t ha-1) in the mobility of cadmium on an Argisol, tests of mobility in soil columns with different cadmium concentrations (50, 250 and 450 mg kg-1 of soil) and steady state flux, were conducted, determining its flux density and percolation velocity. The cadmium was dislocated by pulse, the solution containing the cadmium initially infiltrated into the soil for a given time period and afterwards the soil was lixiviated with distilled water. Leachates were collected every 10 minutes during 80 minutes of water percolation. The solutions percolated, expressed in pore volumes, were 6.33, 2.28 and 1.93 for the 0, 30 and 60 t ha-1 of bentonite, respectively, being one pore volume equal to 1.22 cm³. The concentration of cadmium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. At the end of the experiment, the columns were dismounted and the concentrations of cadmium in the soil at different depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm) were also determined. The results showed that the flux density and velocity of water percolation of the water solution were significantly reduced by the addition of bentonite to the soil. The levels of cadmium in the soil did not affect these mobility parameters. Increasing doses of bentonite favored the adsorption of cadmium in the soil.

The exposure to contaminated water constitutes an important mechanism for the transmission of gastrointestinal pathogens. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains cause enteric infections in humans and include six different categories according to virulence factors. This paper aims at detecting the presence of diarrheagenic E. coli strains in bathing waters of seven beaches of Lajeado Reservoir, in the Tocantins River in Brazil, and to test the resistance to antimicrobial drugs to correlate with possible contamination of the water with human feces. Total coliform and E. coli counts were done by the ColilertTM chromogenic substrate technique. Biochemical identification was accomplished by API20E and detection of virulence factors by PCR, employing specific primers for Shiga, LT, and ST and intimin genes. The susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was tested by disk-diffusion technique. Among one hundred and forty-nine strains of E. coli, two strains of EPEC and two of ETEC were detected in waters of beaches situated in urban areas, close to sewage discharge. These strains presented resistance to three to six antibiotics. Human origin is suggested based on the multiresistant profile of these strains.

Bacteriological analyses were carried out on Ananthanar channel water of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The Ananthanar channel was selected in this study because this channel runs about nearly 28 km and supplies water for many villages for drinking and bathing purposes. Fecal and total coliform counts were performed using the standard membrane filtration technique and multiple tube technique. The results obtained were compared with reports of All India Institute of Medical Sciences Standards for Drinking and Recreational Water. Faecal coliform counts varied from 12 to 180 MPN/100 ml while Escherichia coli counts ranged from 6 to 161 MPN/100 ml for all the sampled sites. Among the total coliform Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shewanella putrefaciens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii and Proteus mirabilis are reported. The Faecal coliform and the E. coli counts exceeding acceptable limits are indicative of pollution from domestic wastes from several informal settlements located along the riverbank. Water uses in the area were determined and were found to be mainly domestic and recreational. The gross pollution of the river exposes the local people who depend on it for their primary water source to serious health risk.

A aplicação do composto de lodo de esgoto em áreas agrícolas pode promover alterações nos atributos microbianos do solo. Assim, há necessidade de se avaliar o impacto da adição do composto sobre a atividade microbiana do solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a alteração nos atributos microbianos de um solo fertilizado com diferentes doses de composto de lodo por meio da medida de liberação de CO2 e a contagem de bactérias e fungos. O experimento foi realizado em condição de laboratório, com jarros respirométricos contendo em seu interior amostras de solo misturadas com composto nas doses de 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 Mg ha-1. A liberação de CO2 do solo foi medida diariamente durante os 28 dias de incubação. Após a incubação, as amostras de solo foram retiradas dos jarros e submetidas à contagem de bactérias e fungos e à determinação da composição química do solo. Os tratamentos correspondentes às doses do composto foram dispostos em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro repetições. A liberação de CO2 e o número de bactérias e fungos aumentaram significativamente com as doses do composto devido ao fornecimento de substrato energético e nutrientes proporcionados pelo composto. A medida de liberação de CO2 indicou que a doses de composto acima de 20 Mg ha-1 ocasionou impactos significativos sobre a atividade microbiana do solo.

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho de sistema decanto-digestor com filtro biológico seguido por alagado construído e reator solar no tratamento de esgoto doméstico do assentamento rural Milagres em Apodi-RN. Nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2010 realizou-se o monitoramento do sistema 48 dias após o plantio do capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach). Foram coletadas amostras do esgoto doméstico nas distintas etapas de tratamento, em quatro repetições no tempo, para determinação de características físico-químicas e microbiológicas referentes ao desempenho do sistema. Os resultados indicaram que houve remoção significativa de turbidez, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio, Demanda Química de Oxigênio, sólidos totais, sólidos suspensos, fósforo e óleos e graxas com o uso sistema decanto-digestor com filtros biológicos seguidos de alagado construído e reator solar; a associação de radiação solar média de 28,73 MJ m-2 d-1, lâmina de 0,10 m de efluente no reator e tempo de exposição solar de 12 horas permitiu remoção de até 99,99% dos coliformes termotolerantes no esgoto doméstico em Apodi-RN; e o efluente tratado apresenta padrão microbiológico satisfatório às diretrizes brasileiras para uso agrícola com restrição.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo realizado durante 7 (sete) meses sobre a eficiência de sistemas alagados construídos, no tratamento de águas residuárias de laticínios, com ênfase na remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo. Os 6 (seis) sistemas experimentais foram construídos em tanques de PEAD com volume de 115 litros cada, com relação comprimento/largura na proporção de 2:1. Os materiais suporte utilizados foram brita 0 em três dos sistemas e brita 0 e areia em outros três, na proporção de 80% brita e 20% areia. Os sistemas foram operados em bateladas com ciclos de 48 horas, aplicando-se 7,5 litros do efluente por ciclo. Quatro das unidades experimentais foram cultivadas e duas mantidas como testemunhas. As espécies selecionadas foram as macrófitas Typha dominguensis e o Hedychium coronarium. A eficiência na remoção de compostos nitrogenados apresentou-se promissora com valores entre 29,4 a 73,4%, a remoção de fósforo pelos leitos foi inferior, atingindo eficiências entre 18,61 a 34,3%, valores promissores levando em conta a dificuldade da remoção destes elementos por sistemas convencionais.

A disposição desordenada de resíduos a céu aberto pode gerar impactos ambientais e sociais de grande porte. Para o tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários, utilizam-se normalmente métodos biológicos e físico-químicos. A precipitação química utilizando hidróxido de cálcio vem sendo empregada com grande eficácia no tratamento de efluente com elevadas concentrações de compostos orgânicos e metais pesados. O lixiviado utilizado neste trabalho foi coletado na caixa de vazão do aterro de Muribeca, localizado na cidade de Jaboatão dos Guararapes - PE. Utilizou-se como coagulante hidróxido de cálcio comercial em solução aquosa. Foi montado um planejamento fatorial fracionário, seguido de um planejamento completo 24. Pôde-se observar que os menores valores de turbidez e de cor são obtidos com velocidades de floculação no nível superior, todavia um tempo maior favoreceu a remoção da cor, o que não ocorre para a remoção de turbidez. Para o ponto ótimo, obteve-se redução da cor de 52% e uma turbidez NTU dentro dos padrões estabelecidos nas resoluções CONAMA 357/05 e 430/11.

Abstract This study provides descriptions, identification key and illustrations of diagnostic characters, as well as comments on the distribution and habitat of species of Olacaceae and Schoepficeae occurring in the eastern portion of northeastern Brazil, this area includes the states of Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. The morphological descriptions are based on samples collected during field expeditions (2017-2019) and analysis of herbarium specimens. Were recorded five species in four genera belonging to the family Olacaceae (Cathedra rubricaulis, Dulacia gardneriana, Heisteria ovata, H. perianthomega and Ximenia americana) and one of Schoepfiaceae (Schoepfia brasiliensis), these species occur mainly in Atlantic Forest domain (Lowland and Montane Forests) are also registered in Caatinga and Cerrado domains. The distribution of D. gardneriana and H. perianthomega was expanded, to the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, respectively. The main vegetative characters useful for specific delimitation are presence/absence of armed branches, petiole dorso-ventrally flattened or cylindrical and nerves impressed or flat on the adaxial surface. The presence/absence of staminodes, of a pubescent ovary and hypogynous disc, as well as floral pedicel size and diameter of accrescent calyx in fruits, are the most important reproductive characters for species determination.

Abstract Although the consumption of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) pulp has long been an important component of the diet of the peoples from the Amazon, the açaí palm tree has recently attracted economic and scientific interest because of its vast array of bioactive compounds found in the fruit pericarp. The açaí seeds are the largest byproduct after pulp extraction and have potential for use in ethanol production, but this process is hindered by limited knowledge of seed biology, chemical composition and pattern reserve deposition during seed development. The aim of this work was to describe the morphoanatomical development of the seeds, as well as to identify the main organic compounds stored in the seeds. To achieve this goal, histological and histochemical analyses were performed on developing seeds. Results showed the seed is albuminous, bitegmic and that ingrowths of the seed coat give rise to a ruminate endosperm. Moreover, the nutritive reserves of açaí seeds are found in the endosperm thickened cell walls as reserve polysaccharides. Our findings provide information for future studies dealing with reproductive biology, propagation and the improvement of this profitable crop.

Abstract Local medicinal plants knowledge varies in relation to factors as age, gender, education, and income. Understanding this variation enables the identification of weaknesses in local medical systems, since access to knowledge is well distributed in different social classes. Socioeconomic variables can influence the quantity of known medicinal plants, and therefore, there may be a qualitative variation in the plant and disease repertoire of different social groups. Thus, we aimed to identify if socioeconomic variables influence the set of known medicinal plants and diseases by people in the Boa Vista community, São José of Tapera, Alagoas. A total of 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted, using the free-listing technique for data collection. There were no significant differences between the knowledge of men and women from a quantitative point of view. We observed that older interviewees knew more medicinal plants than younger, and there was a significant difference between the medicinal plants known to older and younger people. In terms of cited diseases, there was no difference between gender or age. Therefore, making inferences about qualitative-quantitative aspects of medicinal plant and disease knowledge requires understanding the social structure of the studied community, since people with similar social roles tend to have homogeneous knowledge.

Abstract Iguaçu National Park represents the largest fragment of Inland Atlantic Rainforest of Paraná state. The vegetation is predominantly seasonal semideciduous forest, in the areas of Foz do Iguaçu and Capanema and a transition of this with Araucaria forest, in the Céu Azul area. This work aimed to recognize the genera and species of Rubiaceae occurring in the Park, through monthly collections from August 2013 to July 2014, supplemented with sporadic collections from May 2018 to April 2019. Thirty-five species were recorded, belonging to 19 genera. The most representative genera were Palicourea and Psychotria with five species, Galianthe, Manettia, Borreria with three, Geophila and Coccocypselum with two, and the other genera with only one species each. The areas with the major species richness were Foz do Iguaçu, with 24, of which four are exclusive to this area, followed by Céu Azul with 22 species, of which eight are exclusive. Of the 35 species recorded, seven occur in all areas and in both forest formations, seven occur only in the Araucaria forest area, and 20 occur only in the seasonal semideciduous forest. Borreria orientalis is highlighted due to its restricted distribution in Brazil, occurring only in Paraná, and Manettia tweedieana is considered endangered.

Abstract Balanced levels of macronutrients and sucrose may ensure the success of micropropagation of the endangered ones. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of salts in the culture medium on in vitro culture of Lomatozona artemisiifolia, as well as to determine the influence of light emitting diode (LED) on the shoot proliferation and rooting of the species. Nodal segments were used to evaluate the different macronutrient concentrations of MS medium (25, 50 and 100%), as well as sucrose concentrations (0.0 mM; 0.34 mM; 0.68 mM and 1.03 mM). Five light conditions were evaluated at shoots proliferation and rooting [100% blue (455 nm); 100% red (630 nm); 30% blue + 70% red; 30% red + 70% blue or fluorescent white]. Low levels of macronutrients in MS (50% and 25%) and sucrose (0.00 mM and 0.34 mM) resulted in plants with higher height, number of shoots and higher production of photosynthetic pigments. The 100% red light promoted rooting of 100% of the plants, and in 100% red or 70% red + 30% blue, higher plants were observed. These results demonstrate that under in vitro conditions, L. artemisiifolia has low nutritional needs, typical of plants that live in rupestrian fields.

Abstract ABC transporters constitute a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that act mediating the translocation of several substrates across the membrane, using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. This mechanism of unrelated substrates efflux (multidrug resistance) has been associated with several diseases and it is a problem in chemotherapy efficacy. Nowadays, approximately 25% of the prescription drugs in the world are derived from plants. Casearia sylvestris is commonly found in the Americas and different parts of this plant are popularly used to treat several diseases. Previous studies have also confirmed the biological activities of C. sylvestris, such as anti-tumor, anti-leishmania, and antifungal properties. Then, the propose of this study was demonstrate that fraction 1-6 of C. sylvestris, essential oil, was able to reverse the fluconazole resistance phenotype in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model mediated by the heterologous protein CaCdr2p from Candida albicans. The MIC value of fraction 1-6 combined with fluconazole in the checkerboard assay decreased approximately 4-fold, suggesting a synergistic effect. In addition, fraction 1-6 increased intracellular rhodamine 6G accumulation from 17% to 49% in the presence of glucose. Data indicate that C. sylvestris fraction 1-6 is a potential reverser of the fluconazole resistance phenotype.

Abstract The pollination syndrome hypothesis usually does not successfully apply to the diversity of floral phenotypes or help predict the pollinators of most plant species. In Bromeliaceae, there is a wide range of floral visitors, making its species ideal to test for a correlation between nectar and floral traits with pollination syndrome. In this study, we analyzed the floral features, nectar production patterns, pollinators and floral visitors of Vriesea gigantea, and discussed its potential adaptive and ecological significance. We study three natural populations from the Atlantic Forest, Southern Brazil. The species presented protogyny and herkogamy, and its anthesis occurred at different periods among different populations. Vriesea gigantea has a relatively constant rate of nectar production during the day that continues overnight but at a reduced rate. Newly opened flowers already have around 80.0 μl of nectar. Although classified as chiropterophilous, based on flower morphology and pollinator observations, our results show that hummingbirds are effective pollinators in the studied populations of V. gigantea.

Abstract Cuscuta is a genus of Convolvulaceae distributed worldwide and comprises about 200 species, of which 26 were reported to Brazil. They are characterized by being holoparasites, leafless, gamopetalous, bisexual and usually pentamerous flowers. Studies available for South American Cuscuta are mostly from late XIX and early XX centuries. The restriction of taxonomic bibliographies, together with the fact that taxonomic informative characters are restricted to their tiny flowers, make the species identification a challenge. In this context, this work aimed to study the diversity of Cuscuta for the northeast region of Brazil and allow species identification. Field works were carried out in all northeast region states and about 150 specimens from 17 herbarium collections were analyzed. A lectotypification is proposed for C. racemosa. Cuscuta orbiculata, cited to Mexico, Guatemala and Brazil (Goiás and northeast region), is synonymized under C. tinctoria. Eight species were recognized, occurring mainly in areas of Caatinga, that predominates in the region. Descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations and an identification key are presented.