Repositório RCAAP

Abstract In vitro cultivation is a technique with wide application for micropropagation. However, each species has specific mineral needs for this type of cultivation. The objective was to assess the impacts of the saline solution culture medium on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and growth of Bromelia antiacantha during in vitro cultivation, and thus to elucidate the mitigation of the nutritional imbalance that can interfere in the electron transport in the plants. Plants were cultivated in a salt concentration gradient of MS medium (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100%). The growth traits and fluorescence a chlorophyll were analyzed. Intermediate concentrations of MS medium resulted in plants with a larger number of leaves and longer root length. The OJIP curves and results of the JIP test showed that the plants grown without MS salts presented less efficient photosystem II (PSII), as indicated by the performance index [Pi(total)]. In contrast, the intermediate concentrations (MS 25% and 50%) had a positive effect on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus. The MS 25% medium can be used for in vitro cultivation of B. antiacantha, enabling the development of plants with suitable physiological qualities for planting in the field.

Abstract Palynological data have been used in Vernonieae for generic and specific delimitations, particularly in the Lepidaploinae subtribe. For this reason, pollen studies in the genus Lepidaploa are important to solve taxonomic conflicts. We characterized 23 species of Lepidaploa searching for morphological differences among themselves. We then compared the data obtained with other genera of the Lepidaploinae. The results show that the species have pollen type “C” (with polar lacuna) or “G” (without polar lacuna), oblate-spheroidal, subprolate or prolate-spheroidal, 3-colporate and equinolophate. The pollen types and shape of pollen grain are taxonomically useful. Pollen morphology is useful to distinguish species and genera of Lepidaploinae. Together with macromorphological data it is possible to delimit Lepidaploa and the species studied here.

Abstract Pará state has one of the longest coastal in Brazil. However, floristic surveys have been conducted in few regions and only one study has comprehensively evaluated the coastal flora of the state. The objective of this study was to create an updated and certified checklist of the angiosperms in the restingas of Pará. The list was made using literature, floristic and taxonomic revisions, herbaria specimens from HBRA, IAN, MFS and MG, and collections made between 2014 and 2018. Overall, 470 species, 279 genera and 92 families were recorded. Of this total, 11 species are new records for coastal Pará. The families with the greatest number of species are Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Polygalaceae, Convolvulaceae and Melastomataceae, which correspond to 52% of the species. Cyperus, Eugenia, Rhynchospora, Eleocharis and Ipomoea are the most representative genera. For life forms, herbs and shrubs are predominant. Dune fields, restinga forest and herbaceous swamp are the phytophysiognomies with the greatest number of species. A comparison with restingas of northeastern Brazil showed that the flora surveyed is most similar to that of Maranhão, since many species of the Amazonian flora also occur in restingas in this state.

Abstract Dyckia pseudococcinea is a threatened species endemic to the restingas of the Atlantic Forest, an area under strong anthropic impact. From the perspective of conservation, plant embryology is interesting by the variety of approaches for in vitro culture of seedlings. With this in mind, the present study describes the endospermogenesis of D. pseudococcinea to provide data for conservation studies and indicate characters that may contribute to the systematics of Pitcairnioideae. Using anatomical analysis, samples of flowers and fruits at different developmental stages were analyzed. We observed the establishment of the primary endosperm nucleus and then the primary endosperm cell (PEC). Upon expansion of the central vacuole of PEC, nuclei migrate to the chalazal, peripheral, and micropylar domains. An early centripetal cellularization begins in the chalazal region, characterizing the endosperm as coenocytic/multicellular type. With cellularization, the endosperm enfolds the embryo. In addition, in the outermost layer of the endosperm, an aleurone layer is visible. These observations allowed some embryological characters to be identified, thus helping to clarify the systematic relationships of Pitcairnioideae and also the genus Dyckia, such as the presence of hypostasis, the persistence of the antipodals and synergids during the early stages of endospermogenesis and coenocytic/multicellular endospermogenesis. Having established the details of endospermogenesis, we then set forth guidelines for the development of in vitro culture protocols aimed at the conservation of D. pseudococcinea, an endangered Bromeliad species of the Atlantic Forest.

Abstract Based on a specimen collected in Santa Catarina state, Brazil, the new species Oxypetalum kassneri is described and illustrated. Moreover, a molecular phylogenetic analysis allows to propose the revalidation of O. megapotamicum, a species currently placed in the genus Ditassa. The neotype of D. megapotamica and the lectotype of D. oxypetala are designated here.

Abstract In the present study, I propose a new species, Quararibea bovinii, an Atlantic Forest tree. The new taxon occurs in southeastern Brazil, in the states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. It resembles Q. similis in terms of floral morphology and fruit shape, but it is distinguished by the indumenta of leaves, leaf width, and seed shape.

Abstract The genetic diversity of Theobroma speciosum is important because its use in breeding programs, once the species is closely related to species of great economic value such as Theobroma cacao (cocoa) and Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuaçu). Thus, the objective of this work is to characterize the intra and interpopulational genetic diversity of Theobroma speciosum in natural populations in the Brazilian Amazon. Ninety individuals of T. speciosum from four populations localized in different states of legal Amazon were selected and genotyped. The data were obtained by fluorescence microsatellite analysis and the number of alleles, number of private alleles, fixation index, observed and expected heterozygosity were analyzed. Bayesian analysis, AMOVA and PCOa were used to reveal the molecular genetic structure of the populations, using the programs Structure and GenAIEx 6.5, respectively. All populations studied present great levels of gene diversity, although, there was a greater similarity among the AUR, API and MAC populations, while RBC population presented higher heterozygosity and less inbreeding than the others, becoming a possible refuge area in the Amazon, and the most important population for T. speciosum conservation.

Abstract Orchidaceae is a megadiverse botanical family in Brazil, particularly in the Atlantic Forest where it is a priority group for conservation. Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PARNA Itatiaia) was the first conservation unit established in Brazil, and represents a large and mature remnant of Atlantic Forest. Updated data on richness, distribution and conservation of the Neotropical and ornamental subtribe Laeliinae in the park recently disclosed the occurrence of presumed locally extinct species, but without a taxonomic approach. Thus, we present a comprehensive taxonomic treatment of Laeliinae in the PARNA Itatiaia. The subtribe is represented by six genera and 33 species, which corresponds to about 15% of the orchid flora of PARNA Itatiaia. Epidendrum is the richest genus, with 20 species, followed by Cattleya (6 spp.) and Prosthechea (4 spp.). Species of Laeliinae grow in shady and humid habitats, especially near rivers, at elevations ranging 750-1,200 m, with species richness decreasing with elevation. Several species form small populations (commonly < 10 individuals), which are in need of prompt conservation actions to avoid local extinction. Samples of Laeliinae from PARNA Itatiaia in collections of consulted herbaria were found to be scarce. Variable morphological characteristics, mainly of the lip, distinguishe species of Laeliinae.

Abstract The recovery of soil spores is a strategy to strengthen in decline or disappeared populations from natural environments. In this work, we analyzed 25 soil samples extracted from a patch of gallery forest in an “albardón” of Punta Lara Reserve, Buenos Aires. The samples were distributed in 50 Petri dishes, 25 exposed to controlled temperature and light and another 25 kept in darkness. To contribute to the identification of gametophytes and sporophytes, spores of the local species were cultured in vitro. In 18 months of trial, the appearance of gametophytes and sporophytes was observed, in a greater proportion those belonging to a dominant species in the community: Doryopteris concolor. Numerous gametophytes and sporophytes from Gastoniella chaerophylla were also obtained, a taxon not found in the “albardón” for two years. The germination index (GI) was estimated and the morphological characteristics of the gametophytes and sporophytes were recorded. This is the first contribution to the knowledge of the spore banks in Argentina, in a protected area where several threats put at risk the survival of native species. The bases to implement methods of ex situ and in situ conservation of native ferns are provided.

Resumo Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a resposta morfogênica da micropropagação de Aechmea miniata e Aechmea blanchetiana após diferentes tratamentos com citocinina e auxinas. O estabelecimento in vitro se deu a partir de sementes de plantas adultas, com aproximadamente 2 anos de idade. Após descontaminação as sementes foram inoculadas em meio MS. Após 30 dias da germinação, foram isolados segmentos caulinares com aproximadamente 5 mm, e em seguida, foram transferidos para meio MS suplementado com BAP nas concentrações 4,44; 8,88 ou 13,32 µM. Ao final de 225 dias de cultivo, foi avaliado o número de brotos / explante, altura de brotações, porcentagem de enraizamento, número de raízes e comprimento de raízes. Verificou-se que, para as duas espécies, a concentração 4,44 µM de BAP mostrou maior eficiência para a multiplicação. Para a etapa de enraizamento, os brotos obtidos in vitro foram inoculados em meio MS com metade da concentração salina de macronutrientes, acrescido com 1, 2 e 3 µM de AIB ou ANA. Aos 60 dias, verificou-se que as duas espécies apresentaram 100% de enraizamento em meio de cultura sem a adição de reguladores de crescimento. Após enraizamento as plantas foram transferidas para substrato, e aos 180 dias de cultivo foi verificado sobrevivência superior a 80%, independente da espécie.

Abstract In 2015 a chance discovery of the beach moon flower in coastal Brazil led to an investigation of the global occurrence, distribution, and abundance of this pantropical littoral plant species. We here document new distribution records for coastal Brazil and West Tropical Africa; postulate a human-mediated long-distance dispersal for this species from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic, followed by local distribution via ocean currents; and provide historical context on the name confusion with other species. We also point out the risks inherent in using specimen information available on the internet without adequate verification for the identity of the specimens as a necessary first step.

Abstract Soluble allelochemicals have generated great interest since they can be used for the biological control of pests, especially of weeds. However, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of soluble compounds of exudates on germination in relation to exposure time. Here we evaluate the inhibitory effect of aqueous root, stem and leaf extracts of five South American species of Bothriochloa on the percentage of seed germination of four target species (lettuce, lovegrass, maize and wintergreen paspalum) over three exposure periods (48, 120 and 168 h). Aqueous extracts of the five Bothriochloa species inhibited germination; germination inhibition was strongly correlated with exposure time, with the longest treatment period (168 h) being the one of greatest inhibitory activity. Inhibitory activity differed among types of aqueous extracts. The suitable management of allelopathy might improve crop productivity and environmental protection through biologically friendly control of weeds.

Abstract This study aimed to provide the floristic survey of Onagraceae in Ceará state. The floristic study consisted of analyzing material deposited in the herbaria EAC, ESA, FUEL, HCDAL, HUEFS, HUVA, HVASF, INPA, K, MO, NY, P, RB, UFRN and US, as well as field work carried out between 2015 and 2017. In the study area, Onagraceae is represented by the genus Ludwigia, and seven species were recorded: L. erecta, L. helminthorrhiza, L. hyssopifolia, L. leptocarpa, L. nervosa, L. octovalvis and L. tomentosa. All seven species were also sampled in Conservation Units, with L. erecta recorded in six of them. L. erecta and L. helminthorrhiza have a broader distribution in the state. L. nervosa and L. tomentosa are indicated as new occurrences for Ceará, both with only one record in the south of the state, expanding their range in Northeastern Brazil. The information in this manuscript allows identification of Onagraceae representatives in Ceará state, through morphological descriptions, identification keys, taxonomic comments, illustrations, photographs and geographic distribution data.

Abstract Environmental characteristics are among the most important triggers and regulators of plant phenophases, so that the abiotic and biotic changes driven by habitat loss and fragmentation can result in alterations of plant phenological patterns. We investigated whether forest edge and interior have differences in phenological pattern of tree communities. We followed the reproductive phenologies of tree communities in seven forest fragments on a monthly basis for two years (in 200 m² edge and interior plots per fragment). We sampled a total of 0.28 ha of anthropic forest fragments, comprising 313 trees (180 in edge, 133 in interior) belonging to 103 species and 34 families. Our results evidenced reproductive phenological changes between edge and interior tree communities, with: (i) phenological activities differing temporally between the two habitats (edge and forest interior) in all tree communities; (ii) greater phenological intensity at the forest edge than in the forest interior among tree species common to both habitats; (iii) more tree species showed phenological activity at the forest edge in 2010 and interior in 2011, when considering only those exclusive to each habitat. Habitat fragmentation can therefore alter microenvironmental characteristics and influence biologic processes, including the reproductive phenologies of trees, through edge formation.

Abstract Besides their ecological importance, epiphytic species of Orchidaceae play economic and social roles through their commercialization and some are at great risk of extinction. The objectives of this study were to characterize the leaf and root anatomy of fourteen epiphytic Orchidaceae species, which occur in indigenous territory in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro (P.E.S.T.), Santa Catarina, Brazil and to identify adaptive anatomical characteristics related to the epiphytic habit. The species are commercialized by the Guarani and were collected during interviews and guided tours with Guarani in the indigenous territory. The results reveal the species have many morphoanatomical structures that are useful during water shortages resulting from the epiphytic habit. Notable characteristics are related to reserving water (i.e., pseudobulbs and a hypodermis with water-storage cells) and resistance to desiccation in the leaf (i.e., conspicuous cuticle, suprastomatic chamber and extraxylary and pericyclic fibers) and root (i.e., tilosomes and/or exodermal thickening and cortex cells with phi thickenings or sclereids). Descriptions and the identification of adaptive characteristics of epiphytic plant species are useful for conservation and cultivation studies, especially for plants commercially used by the Guarani Indians.

Abstract The present study is a taxonomic treatment of Bignoniaceae from the four municipalities of the coastal region of Piauí state (Cajueiro da Praia, Ilha Grande, Luís Correia, Parnaíba) in Northeast Brazil, based on morphological study of newly collected and existing herbarium material. The study recorded 26 species in 12 genera: Adenocalymma, Anemopaegma, Bignonia, Cuspidaria, Dolichandra, Fridericia, Handroanthus, Lundia, Neojobertia, Pleonotoma, Stizophyllum and Tanaecium. Apart from Handroanthus impetiginosus, which belongs to tribe Tecomeae, all other species belong to tribe Bignonieae. Five species (Adenocalymma apparicianum, A. pedunculatum, Anemopaegma heringeri, A. prostratum, Dolichandra hispida) are new records for the state of Piauí, 15 species are endemic to Brazil, and one has “Vulnerable” conservation status. The results emphasize the importance of taxonomic studies for knowledge of biodiversity and threats to native species, and reinforce the importance of conserving the region’s flora. Species descriptions, illustrations, identification keys and information on geographic distribution and habitat are provided.

Abstract The construction of highways causes several impacts on the environment, including, the suppression of vegetation, which can lead to reduced biodiversity. One mitigating measure involves reallocating plant to protected areas and orchids might be important for this use. An example could be the terricolous orchid Sauroglossum nitidum. In an attempt to optimize the survival of S. nitidum following reallocation, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the fertilization can increase the survival of this orchid. For this, five lots with ten plants per lot were randomly separated, with five plants submitted to soluble fertilization with NPK 10-52-10 (1 g.L-1), spraying each plant with 1 mL of the fertilizer, and the other five sprayed with the same volume of distilled water. This treatment was repeated fortnightly for two months before reallocation. The plants were relocated in September 2015 and monitored monthly until November 2016. Overall orchid survival was 92%. Additionally, flowering was observed to be significantly higher in fertilized plants. In conclusion, reallocation of S. nitidum with previous NPK fertilization is recommended.

Resumo O presente estudo faz parte da série de monografias taxonômicas realizadas para o Ceará. A partir de observações de campo e análise de materiais de herbário foram registradas 17 espécies, pertencentes aos gêneros Banara, Casearia, Prockia e Xylosma. As áreas do Norte do Planalto da Ibiapaba, Serra da Meruoca e Maciços de Baturite e Uruburetama são as mais ricas em espécies, enquanto que o maior número de registros de coletas está na Chapada do Araripe e adjacências. Chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, dados de distribuição geográfica e habitat são apresentados.

Resumo Um inventário de fanerógamas da planície costeira da região centro-norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil é apresentado. Durante dois anos, todas as fitofisionomias dos municípios de Cidreira, Balneário Pinhal e Palmares do Sul foram amostradas. As espécies foram classificadas quanto ao ambiente de ocorrência, hábito preferencial, naturalidade e grau de ameaça. Foram coletadas 383 espécies de 92 famílias, sendo 365 (95%) nativas e 18 (5%) exóticas. As famílias de maior riqueza foram Asteraceae (45), Poaceae (30), Cyperaceae (24) e Fabaceae (23). As formações campestres apresentaram a maior riqueza florística (146), seguidas pelas florestais (132) e lacustres (17). Os hábitos preferenciais foram herbáceo/arbustivo (68%), árvore (20%), trepadeiras (6%), epífitas (6%) e parasitas (1%). Ao todo, foram registradas 18 espécies em alguma categoria de ameaça. Os dados encontrados representam uma alta riqueza de espécies para região sendo compatíveis às estimativas e ao encontrado por outros autores em áreas costeiras, e devem-se basicamente pelo mosaico fitofisionômico e geográfico da região e pela influência dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Pampa. Ameaças à flora local foram evidenciadas, principalmente relacionadas à degradação dos habitats naturais pelos cultivos agrícola e silvícola.

Abstract Ceratium furcoides is an invasive species that has caused ecological imbalance in several reservoirs in Brazil. This study investigates the main factors that may favor the occurrence of Ceratium furcoides blooms in a tropical reservoir from the Northeast Brazil, during an extreme drought season. Samples containing phytoplankton were collected monthly from February to September 2017. Quantitative analysis of C. furcoides was performed and the cell volume was estimated using geometric formulas. Mean biovolume of C. furcoides showed significant differences, ranging from 0.78 mm3 L-1 to 11.29 mm3 L-1 reported in March and September, respectively. Environmental parameters presented low oscillation throughout the study, except the conductivity. Significant relationships among the C. furcoides biovolume, water temperature and soluble reactive phosphate were observed. The findings reported here suggest that adverse conditions caused by a drought season did not negatively affect this species.