Repositório RCAAP

O planejamento e o manejo ambiental são atividades que visam o controle e adequação do uso das terras com a finalidade de maximizar a produtividade agrícola por meio de um sistema de exploração capaz de sustentar as atividades humanas com um mínimo de distúrbios nos processos físicos, ecológicos e sociais. Para garantir o uso racional dos recursos naturais devem-se considerar as classes de solo bem como suas características físicas e químicas e os atributos morfométricos da bacia hidrográfica onde estão inseridos, pois esses indicam a intensidade de cultivo e o manejo a ser aplicado ao solo para que não haja exaustão da capacidade produtiva em decorrência da erosão. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os atributos morfométricos em relação à distribuição dos solos na paisagem e sugerir o potencial de uso da terra com base no coeficiente de rugosidade na bacia hidrográfica do alto rio Meia Ponte, Goiás. Dentre as variáveis necessárias ao planejamento de bacia, a análise dos atributos morfométricos associada às características dos solos e relevo revelou-se de grande importância por fornecer a definição de sua potencialidade. Quanto ao uso dos solos, com os resultados obtidos a partir do cruzamento do levantamento dos solos, declividade média e do coeficiente de rugosidade, verificou-se que o uso potencial da bacia é a agricultura e a pecuária, desde que mantida as demais áreas para a preservação da vegetação natural e de reflorestamento.

Esse trabalho teve por objetivo analisar atributos químicos e físicos de solos de barrancos das margens do rio Paraguai. Foram selecionados quatro perfis de barranco: trecho do Julião (perfis 1 e 2), Fazenda Chimbuva (perfil 3) e Barra do Cabaçal (perfil 4). Para as analises químicas e físicas foram coletadas amostras de solo das camadas de cada barranco analisado. Os perfis dos barrancos apresentaram alturas que variaram de 0,90 a 1,45 m, sendo as camadas delimitadas apenas na parte visível dos barrancos, excluindo-se a parte submersa. Todos os perfis avaliados possuem caráter flúvico, indicativo de provável deposição de sedimentos ao longo do tempo em virtude dos ciclos de inundação no período chuvoso. Houve predominância de cores mais alaranjadas nas camadas mais superficiais e de colorações mais acinzentadas nas camadas mais próximas do nível do rio. Os teores de matéria orgânica dos solos das camadas analisadas são baixos, não ultrapassando 1 g kg-1, sendo os maiores teores observados nas camadas superiores dos perfis analisados. Os altos teores de alumínio e de saturação por este elemento podem estar associados à dinâmica fluvial, que contribui para a lixiviação das bases do solo. As características granulométricas observadas aliadas aos baixos teores de matéria orgânica conferem pouca estabilidade aos barrancos, facilitando a ocorrência de processos erosivos nas margens.

No Brasil termos como "indústria da seca" e "polígono das secas" são constantemente relacionados à região semiárida do país. Além dos fatores climáticos, atribui-se isto a questões políticas e de infraestrutura, sendo consenso que a principal forma de convivência com a escassez de água é o seu uso racional. Com o propósito de contribuir com o desenvolvimento de comunidades de agricultores familiares desta região, o projeto Universidades Cidadãs em parceria com o projeto Espaço da Água, planejou estratégias em que foram desenvolvidas atividades direcionadas ao manejo racional e a conservação dos recursos hídricos, aplicadas através de metodologias interdisciplinares, conhecimentos e tecnologias específicas junto ao corpo docente e discente de uma escola pública rural da Comunidade de Uruçu, Município de Gurinhém, PB. Os avanços puderam ser contabilizados a partir de resultados que desencadearam uma série de ações práticas na comunidade e entorno como mutirões de coleta de lixo e recuperação de nascentes, além da inclusão de temas relacionados à água, de modo concomitantemente às disciplinas do parâmetro curricular obrigatório, na perspectiva de que os estudantes possam relacionar os assuntos vistos na escola com a sua vida cotidiana.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar a dinâmica temporal da evaporação no reservatório da usina hidrelétrica de Itumbiara, localizado na região central do Brasil. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de temperatura da superfície da água derivados a partir de dados coletados pelo sensor MODIS (produto MOD11A1) e dados meteorológicos adquiridos sobre a superfície da água. A taxa de evaporação foi obtida a partir do fluxo de calor latente, estimada por meio de um modelo de transferência de massa. As estimativas foram realizadas para o período entre 1/1/2010 e 31/12/2010. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de evaporação tende a aumentar de janeiro a setembro e depois diminui de setembro a dezembro. O pico de evaporação ocorre durante a estação seca, quando o acumulado durante o dia pode atingir valores próximos a 20 mm dia-1. A taxa de evaporação média obtida para a estação chuvosa foi 3,66 mm dia-1 e de 8,25 mm dia-1 para a estação seca. O volume total de água evaporada no reservatório de Itumbiara durante o ano de 2010 foi estimado em cerca de 1,7 bilhões de m³ (2.300 mm), o que representa 10% do volume total do reservatório. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a advecção é o principal mecanismo de transporte que governa a evaporação no reservatório de Itumbiara. Os processos convectivos contribuem de maneira secundária para a evaporação no reservatório de Itumbiara.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o tratamento de líquido percolado de aterro sanitário in natura, a partir da combinação de processos oxidativos avançados. Mais especificamente, comparou-se a catálise heterogênea (com TiO2) versus catálise homogênea (com H2O2), ambas fotoirradiadas com luz solar. O líquido percolado utilizado foi proveniente do aterro sanitário da cidade de Cachoeira Paulista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Tais experimentos foram realizados em um reator semi-batelada aberto para a absorção das radiações UV solar, com tempo de reação de 120 min. Os fatores estudados para comparar os dois processos catalíticos foram: diluição do líquido percolado, concentração de TiO2 na placa, quantidade de H2O2 em excesso e pH. Os fatores e seus respectivos níveis (-1, 0 e 1) foram organizados em um planejamento fracionado 2(4-1) em duplicata e com triplicata no ponto central, resultando em uma matriz experimental com 19 tratamentos. O líquido percolado apresentou baixa degrabilidade, com reduções de NOPC após tratamentos fotocatalíticos variando de 1% até no máximo 24,9%. Quando se considera cada fator isoladamente, nem a catálise homogênea com H2O2 e nem a heterogênea com TiO2 conseguiram degradar o líquido percolado, não resultando em reduções significativas nos teores de NOPC. Por outro lado, o uso combinado da catálise com H2O2 e TiO2 resultou nas maiores reduções do NOPC. A condição ótima para redução do NOPC foi obtida em pH 7, diluição líquido percolado:água na proporção 1:1 (v v¹), excesso de 12,5% de H2O2 e revestimento da placa do reator com 0,025 g cm-2 de TiO2.

Several hydrobiogeochemical research activities have been conducted in the Eastern Amazon, contributing to the understanding of how changes in forests and agro-ecosystems affect the provision of services to ecosystems. The findings have demonstrated that good agricultural practices and the presence of natural secondary vegetation favored by the management of small family farms are important factors for hydrobiogeochemical cycling, aquatic ecosystem conservation, soil conservation, and mitigation of trace gases emissions from biomass burning in Amazonian small catchments. Two challenges for watershed service management arise in this context. First, low population densities and the relatively flat landscape mean that a critical mass of downstream beneficiaries of such services - a prerequisite for public intervention is more difficult to identify than in more densely populated mountainous areas. Second, although watershed service providers (farmers) are also to a considerable extent service beneficiaries, conflicts over land and cultural heterogeneities among settlers inhibit local collective action to safeguard the quality of stream water. Including small landholders in carbon payment schemes that compensate for the maintenance of riverbank vegetation would appear to be a cost-effective means to secure watershed services as additional benefits of forest-based mitigation of climate change.

The aim of this work was to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in recreational aquatic environments in the Northeast of Argentina and to relate it with water and environmental parameters. Sixty eight samples of water from recreational aquatic environments in the provinces of Chaco and Corrientes, Argentina, were studied. Salmonellae were detected in 6 samples (8.8%). Salmonella spp. isolates belonged to the following species and serovars: S. enterica serovar Give, S. enterica subespecie IV, S. enterica ser. Bredeney, S. enterica ser. Rubislaw, and S. enterica ser. Enteritidis (two isolates). None of the isolates were resistant to tested antimicrobials. There were no significant differences among sampling sites as a reservoir of bacteria Salmonella spp. and the other variables. The presence of Salmonella spp. in our recreational aquatic environments reaffirms the need for monitoring in order to minimize the risks of infection to exposed persons.

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine) is a persistent herbicide used on some crops and it has been found both in ground and surface water and drainage systems. This work studied the behaviour of atrazine during a sewage treatment process by activated sludge. The process was conducted on a laboratory scale using an under fed-batch system with a hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. After this period, the raw sewage (with atrazine) was changed and another batch was begun (the sludge age was 7 days old). Radiolabel molecules (14C-atrazine) were used for to trace their fate and to measure to the 14C-CO2 and the residues of atrazine were analysed by HPLC/UV. Initially about 50% of radioactivity was sorbed by the settled sludge but it was desorbed with successive additions of raw sewage without atrazine. The final balance of radioactivity showed that 98% of the atrazine was released into the treated effluent, probably without any biodegradation. Therefore, other organic micropollutants with similar characteristics to atrazine may behave a similar way.

The pharmaceutical, textile and food industry bear much of the responsibility for environmental pollution. In order to appropriately treat and mitigate the effects of pharmaceutical effluent, it is necessary to study it in order to determine its physical and chemical composition. In this work, the physicochemical characteristics of a pharmaceutical effluent were studied, to include the concentration of phenolic compounds, heavy metals, total phosphorus, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). The in vivo micronucleus test was performed in mice, for investigation and possible genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the effluent from the pharmaceutical hub in Anápolis - Goiás. In all samples, only the phenolics showed concentrations above the values established by CONAMA Resolution 430/2011. The high concentrations of total phenols and synergy between metals found in wastewater can be linked to mutagenicity and genotoxicity found in the effluent, since the results of the micronucleus test indicated higher micronucleus formation when the mice were exposed to the effluent. The results of the study highlighted the necessity of characterizing these effluents in order to determine an appropriate treatment.

Free-living protozoa organisms are distributed in aquatic environments and vary widely in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The unique ecological functions they exhibit in their habitats help to maintain the dynamic balance of these environments. Despite their wide range and abundance, studies on geographical distribution and ecology, when compared to other groups, are still scarce. This study aimed to identify and record the occurrence of free-living protozoa at three points in Piancó-Piranhas-Açu basin, in a semi-arid area of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) state, and to relate the occurrence of taxa with variations in chlorophyll a, pH and temperature in the environments. Samples were collected in the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam, from two lentic environments upstream and a lotic ecosystem downstream. Sixty-five taxa of free-living protozoa were found. The Student's t-test showed significant inter-variable differences (p <0.05). Similar protozoan species were recorded under different degrees of trophic status according to chlorophyll a concentrations, suggesting the organisms identified are not ideal for indicating trophic level. We hypothesize that food availability, the influence of lentic and lotic systems and the presence of aquatic macrophytes influenced protozoan dynamics during the study period.

Abstract This study presents a taxonomic treatment of Anacardium for the state of Pará (Brazil), based on the analysis of specimens from herbaria (CEN, ESA, IAN, INPA, MBM, MFS, MG, RB, UB, and UEC), material collected in the field, and images of specimens from virtual databases. Species identifications were confirmed by consultation of protologues and types or images of types. A morphoanatomical analysis of the leaves of Anacardium was conducted to support taxonomic characterizations. Descriptions, plates, a distribution map, and an identification key for the species of Anacardium occurring in Pará (A. amapaense, A. giganteum, A. humile, A. microsepalum, A. occidentale, and A. spruceanum) are provided.

Abstract The systematic treatment of Eupatorieae tribe (Asteraceae) in the Caparaó National Park, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was carried out. Identification key, descriptions, taxonomic comments, flowering and fruiting data, illustrations and conservation status were provided for the species. In total, 35 species from 16 genera and 11 subtribes were surveyed, highlighting the great richness of this tribe in forest formation and mountain higlands in this national park. The most diverse genus is Mikania (14 spp.), followed by Chromolaena (four spp). The other genera are represented by either one or two species each. Twenty-one species are exclusive to Brazil and four species are restricted for the Atlantic Forest. Three species are new occurrence from Minas Gerais, meanwhile nine species are new record from Espírito Santo and five new occurrence for the Atlantic Forest biome. Symphyopappus myricifolius is an endemic species for the Caparaó National Park mountain highlands, and M. additicia is an endangered species.

Abstract The inselberg vegetation, in general, occurs in patches that vary in size, shape, number of plant species and are surrounded by a bare rock. The present study evaluated the species composition, structural analysis, and species-area relationships of vegetation patches on a neotropical inselberg in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. A total of 69 vascular plant species, from 31 families, were sampled in 84 vegetation patches varying in area from 0.02 to 500 m2, totaling 0.33 ha. Fabaceae and Cactaceae were the most representative families. Vellozia plicata and Selaginella sellowii presented the highest relative frequencies, relative dominances and importance values and were the most successful in the colonization of the studied rocky outcrop. A linear regression showed a positive correlation between patch size and species richness. Phanerophytes were the predominant life-form, with small patches being less rich in species and dominated by Selaginella mats. Our results suggest that the vegetation patches on the “Morro do Itaoca” inselberg currently represent a refuge against fire and other anthropogenic disturbances for many typical species of the surrounding matrix. In addition, the locality is home to endemic and endangered species, which reinforces its importance for conservation actions.

Abstract In the present work, the pollen morphology of 22 species of Anacardiaceae was analysed, occurring in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The palynological material was obtained from specimens deposited in herbaria. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured, illustrated and described under light and scanning electron microscopies. The quantitative data were statistically analysed according to sample size. The analysed species presented pollen grains in monads, small to medium sized, isopolar, amb circular to subtriangular, with shapes varying from oblate-spheroidal to prolate, 3-colporate, with fastigium in some species. The exine ornamentation was characterized as psilate, striate, microreticulate-striate, striato-perforate, suprastriato-infra(micro)reticulate. The pollen morphology variation confirms the eurypalynous character of the family. The attributes of the apertures and exine may collaborate in the taxonomic circumscription and provide a clarification of the phylogenetic relationships of the group.

Abstract In southern Brazil some species of Dyckia genus occur as rheophytes. Dyckia ibiramensis is an endemic bromeliad that occurs in discrete patches of the rocky banks along Itajaí do Norte River, Santa Catarina state. Four populations along Itajaí do Norte River were studied. In each population, all rosettes were counted and the diameter of each rosette was measured. The spatial distribution of the rosettes was identified as an isolated rosette or a clump. The clumps were classified according to the number of rosettes. The total number of rosettes per population ranged from 295 to 1,412. Most rosettes occur in clumps (98.1%), and 41% have reproductive rosettes. The number of rosettes per clump ranged from two to 43 rosettes. The percentage of reproductive rosettes per population ranged from 7.8 to 26.7%. The correlation between the number of clumps or between the total number of rosettes and the area of occupation was significant and positive. Few seedlings and isolated rosettes, production of offshoots occurred on both immature, and reproductive rosettes, and clumps with few rosettes can indicate the clonal propagation predominate in D. ibiramensis. Therefore, the maintenance and monitoring of the populations are essential for its long-term in situ conservation.

Abstract The Amazon possesses the largest fluvial system on the planet, harboring a diverse biota. Still, many species remain undescribed, because of the Amazon’s immense scale and complexity, and because many habitats are now increasingly under pressure from anthropogenic activities. Macrophytes are important to physical and biological processes in aquatic ecosystems but remain poorly studied in Northern Brazil. The objective of this study was to provide a checklist of macrophyte species that occur in municipalities that form part of the Arc of Deforestation, Pará state, Brazil, bringing information on their habits and life-forms. We sampled 36 sites at three types of aquatic ecosystems (streams, ponds and lakes). In total, we recorded 50 species, 38 genera and 24 families. Most species were amphibious or emergent. Degraded streams have environmental characteristics similar to lentic habitats, which could provide more suitable habitats for macrophytes that otherwise would not occur in lotic habitats, thus explaining the higher diversity in these ecosystems. Macrophyte diversity in this region follows similar patterns to other Brazilian regions. This study contributes to the assessment of aquatic macrophytes in the Amazon, especially in more degraded regions, such as the Amazon deforestation arc.

Abstract We conducted a taxonomic survey of the Bignoniaceae from the “Fazenda Aba,” located at the municipality of Passagem, within the state of Paraiba (Northeastern Brazil). This inventory was based on material collected during monthly field expeditions between 2014 and 2017. For all collected species, we provide descriptions, information on the distribution, taxonomic comments, an identification key, illustrations, and photos. We recorded nine species distributed in six genera. The most representative genus is Tanaecium with three species, followed by Anemopaegma, with two species. The other four genera, Dolichandra, Fridericia, Handroanthus, and Tabebuia are represented by a single species each.

Abstract The genus Parkinsonia has a pantropical distribution with 12 species globally, occurring mainly in arid and semi-arid climate environments. Many taxonomic studies have considered Parkinsonia as a distinct genus of Cercidium, but phylogenetic analyses do not support this distinction because, when together, they form a well-supported monophyletic group. The aim of this study was to review the taxonomy of Parkinsonia species from the Americas. We examined 400 specimens deposited in herbaria, original diagnoses, and types. We present here morphological descriptions, identification key, taxonomic notes and nomenclatural notes, ecology and conservation status, reproductive phenological states, distribution maps and drawings for each species in this treatment. Our study points out eight species of Parkinsonia for the Americas (P. aculeata, P. andicola, P. florida, P. glauca, P. microphylla, P. peruviana, P. praecox, and P. texana), three new synonyms of Parkinsonia (Cercidium macrum, P. inermis, and P. texana var. macra) and six new lectotypifications (Cercidium plurifoliolatum, C. spinosum, P. inermis, P. microphylla, P. praecox, P. texana). The main diagnostic characteristics are green or gray stem, branches generally with thorns, reduced leaves (pinnate appearance) or not reduced (bipinnate), hyphodromous venation, racemose inflorescences, yellow petals and moniliform or flat pod fruit.

Abstract The genus Schinus (Anacardiaceae) comprises 30 species found in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil. Schinus terebinthifolia (Brazilian pepper tree) is socioeconomically important in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. Dried fruit is used as a pepper-like spice and natural populations are exploited. Studies on the meiotic behavior and pollen stainability from an ecological and evolutionary point of view are essential, since they can promote future sustainable management strategies for this species. The objective was to evaluate meiotic behavior and characteristics of pollen grains of individuals from a natural population of S. terebinthifolia localized in the municipality of Vitória, Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Young anthers were squashed in 1% acetocarmine dye to obtain the pollen mother cells. The pollen stainability with 1% acetocarmine, Lugol’s iodine solution and Sudan IV and pollen shape were used to assess the pollen potential viability, cytochemistry and morphology. All individuals had a gametic number of n = 7, a regular meiotic behavior and so the somatic number is 2n = 2x = 14 chromosomes. Median pollen stainability was 94%. Pollen grains are dispersed as monads, 3 - colporate and subspheroidal. The exine has striate-reticulate ornamentation. Pollen grains are starch positive and lipid negative. This is the first report of the occurrence of diploidy for the species. The high pollen stainability is the result of the occurrence of regular meiosis. The presence of starch as pollen reserve can increase the resistance of pollen grains to hostile environments in this species.

Abstract Recent studies have contributed to a better understanding of the circumscription of some genera of Malpighiaceae and the overall diversity of the family in Brazilian tropical ecosystems. In southern Brazil, however, this important group of lianas and shrubs still has not been fully categorized. The present study provides identification keys based on floral and fruit morphology for the 23 genera reported from southern Brazil. The importance of the number of styles and the position and shape of the stigmas for the recognition of genera was confirmed. Illustrations of morphological characteristics used in the keys and notes about taxonomy, species richness and distribution are provided. It should be noted that the occurrence of some Malpighiaceae genera that are represented by only one species in the southern region, such as Bronwenia, Camarea and Heladena, are not yet cited in the Flora do Brasil 2020 database. A total of 95 species were confirmed and documented by voucher specimens. Banisteriopsis pseudojanusia, Heteropterys dusenii and Peixotoa catarinensis, occur exclusively in southern Brazil and are classified as “Critically Endangered”, “Vulnerable” and “Endangered” in the Brazilian Red List, respectively.