Repositório RCAAP

Este artigo analisa quais são os grandes modelos culturais cosmogónicos da criação em mitologia. Por isso, será um ensaio de mitologia comparativa acerca da origem do mundo, um estudo marcado pela preocupação em detectar princípios filosóficos que norteiem esta área do pensamento.

Neste artigo de carácter didáctico apresentam-se diversas perspectivas de abordagem da antropologia filosófica, mostrando ao mesmo tempo as dificuldades em delimitar “a questão do Homem” como uma disciplina autónoma. Partindo da ambivalência contida na expressão “antropologia filosófica”, apresentam-se alguns dados sobre a história da palavra “antropologia”. De seguida, as tipologias elaboradas por Max Scheler e por Ernst Cassirer ilustram grandes modelos explicativos do que significa “ser-humano”, concluindo ao mesmo tempo pela falência de um percurso histórico conducente à incerteza. Por fim, refere-se sinteticamente a identificação da filosofia com antropologia em Kant e em Ludwig Feuerbach.

O grande objetivo do Discours sur L’Origine et les Fondements de L’Inégalité Parmi les Hommes de Rousseau é a distinção entre qualidades essenciais e qualidades não essenciais da natureza humana, sendo as primeiras as mais representativas do género humano e estas as responsáveis pelas variações entre os indivíduos. Com base nesta distinção, o filósofo procura, ao longo das suas obras políticas, a fundamentação de um estado social que se encontre em harmonia com as qualidades essenciais dos homens. Importa, portanto, compreender como podem os homens controlar as características menos positivas da natureza humana, que quando fortalecidas podem conduzir a uma situação de irreversível conflito. Sendo a comunidade fundada por um exercício de permanente sobreposição das qualidades essenciais dos homens em relação às não-essenciais, importa também questionar em que medida terá essa comunidade algum tipo de estrutura organizativa, distinta da existência das pessoas singulares.

O presente texto parte de uma análise – muito sumária e necessariamente incompleta – das configurações antitéticas que o conceito de liberdade está adquirindo no quadro das filosofias de Fichte e de Schelling. Uma vez estabelecido o sentido desta oposição, esforçar-nos-emos por mostrar como estas mesmas configurações – assim como a de Hegel – constituem tentativas de resolução do grande dualismo instituído pelo pensamento moderno, mais precisamente: o do espírito e da natureza.

This paper explores some of the works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in which the phenomenologist provides a description of childhood or the child image that reports relevant aspects to his theory. The description of ‘childhood’ as a place inhabited by many places, as a primary silence or as that unspeakable, shows us childhood as the opening of a new field of experience and the institution of a new sense. Childhood will not only be a methodological object of interest in his psychology studies, but also a primal advancement of experience – the mere potentiality yet not thrown (or rather, having not yet been thrown) into the world where everything will, necessarily, have sense.

Inicialmente, a Grande Guerra foi recebida com euforia por muitos escritores e filósofos, entre eles Max Weber, Martin Buber, Max Scheler e também Georg Simmel. Para Simmel, a guerra era sinónimo de uma maior intensidade da vida, uma maneira de enfrentar / superar os nivelamentos da sociedade causados pela adoração do dinheiro (“Mammonismus”). Esta exaltação dos intelectuais perante a guerra não era comum a todos – conhecidas são as críticas duras de Georg Lucácz e Ernst Bloch ao entusiasmo bélico de Simmel. Sobre Stefan George, Simmel escreveu em 1901: „A sua arte é conhecida desde o início pelo desejo de agir exclusivamente como uma arte (...) a mudança fundamental é completa: que, ao contrário, todo o conteúdo é o mero meio para formar valores puramente estéticos.“ Assim, Simmel reconhece na estética de Stefan George a razão a partir da qual George vai rejeitar a guerra – ao contrário de muitos membros do círculo de George (George-Kreis) – e que tem a sua expressão no poema “A Guerra”, publicado pela primeira vez em 1917. Este contributo pretende demonstrar as razões filosóficas e estéticas relativamente ao entusiasmo pela guerra e a sua rejeição por Simmel e George, atitudes que não podem ser explicadas pela oposição militarismo/pacifismo, normalmente utilizada para distinguir apoiantes e críticos da guerra.

Introduction: Patient selection for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in chronic total occlusions (CTOs) is crucial to procedural success. Our aim was to identify independent predictors of success in CTO PCI in order to create an accurate score. Methods: In a single-center observational registry of CTO PCI, demographic and clinical data and anatomical characteristics of coronary lesions were recorded. Linear and logistic regression analysis were used to identify predictors of success. A score to predict success was created and its accuracy was measured by receiver operating curve analysis. Results: A total of 377 interventions were performed (334 patients, age 68±11 years, 75% male). The success rate was 65% per patient and 60% per procedure. Predictors of success in univariate analysis were absence of active smoking (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.243-3.29; p=0.005), presence of tapered stump (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.7-10.2; p<0.001), absence of tortuosity (OR 6.44; 95% CI 3.02-13.75; p<0.001), absence of bifurcation (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.08-3.51; p=0.026), absence of calcification (OR 3.1; 95% CI 3.10-5.41; p<0.001), LAD as target vessel (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.5; p=0.048), and CTO length <20 mm (OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.69-5.3; p<0.001). Only anatomical factors were independent predictors of success, and an anatomical score (0-11 points) with high accuracy (area under the curve 0.831) was subsequently created. A score <3 was associated with low probability of success (15%), 3-8 with intermediate probability (55%), and >8 with high probability (95%). Conclusion: In our sample only anatomical characteristics were predictors of success. The creation of a score to predict success, with good accuracy, may enable selection of cases that can be treated by any operator, those in which a dedicated operator will be desirable, and those with an extremely low probability of success, which should be considered individually for conservative management, surgical revascularization or PCI by a team experienced in CTO.

Este artigo apresenta alguns dos aspectos mais salientes da história e da natureza do conceito de função, bem como das suas ligações com as outras ciências e da sua utilização para o estudo de situações da realidade. O problema do seu enquadramento didáctico é equacionado em termos da natureza e generalidade do conceito, das suas formas de representação e do tipo de actividades a desenvolver pelos alunos, discutindo-se ainda as implicações derivadas da moderna tecnologia.

Background: The prevalence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) in patients with known abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is not well known and understudied. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the overall prevalence of synchronous and metachronous TAA (SM‐TAA) in patients with a known AAA and to understand the characteristics of this sub‐population. Methods and Results: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from inception to November 2019 for all population‐based studies reporting on the prevalence of SM‐TAAs in a cohort of patients with AAA. Article screening and data extraction were performed by 2 authors and data were pooled using a random‐effects model of proportions using Freeman‐Tukey double arcsine transformation. The main outcome was the prevalence of SM‐TAAs in patients with AAAs. Secondary outcomes were the prevalence of synchronous TAAs, metachronous TAAs, prevalence of TAAs in patients with AAA according to the anatomic location (ascending, arch, and descending) and the differences in prevalence of these aneurysms according to sex and risk factors. Six studies were included. The pooled‐prevalence of SM‐TAA in AAA patients was 19.2% (95% CI, 12.3–27.3). Results revealed that 15.2% (95% CI, 7.1–25.6) of men and 30.7% (95% CI, 25.2–36.5) of women with AAA had an SM‐TAA. Women with AAA had a 2‐fold increased risk of having an SM‐TAA than men (relative risk [RRs], 2.16; 95% CI, 1.32–3.55). Diabetes mellitus was associated with a 43% decreased risk of having SM‐TAA (RRs, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41–0.80). Conclusions: Since a fifth of AAA patients will have an SM‐TAA, routine screening of SM‐TAA and their clinical impact should be more thoroughly studied in patients with known AAA.

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Este artigo apresenta uma análise comparativa de dois conceitos propostos e desenvolvidos em duas áreas muito distintas: o conceito de themata, proposto por Gerald Holton na área de história da ciência para dar conta dos processos de produção e difusão do conhecimento científico, e o conceito de Pathosformeln, proposto por Aby Warburg na área de história da arte para dar conta de importantes continuidades históricas e epocais da produção artística. Apesar dos contextos disciplinares tão distintos em que foram propostos, e apesar das especificidades que naturalmente asseguram a identidade própria de cada um dos conceitos, mostra-se neste artigo como themata e Pathosformeln têm inegáveis e importantes afinidades. De facto, ambos correspondem a entidades dotadas de longa persistência histórica, natureza cíclica e grande transversalidade disciplinar, cultural e epocal, em conjugação com uma grande capacidade de assumir formas específicas numa determinada época e num determinado contexto. Apesar de terem raízes em áreas muito distintas, as afinidades são suficientemente fortes para reconhecer aos themata e às Pathosformeln a pertença a uma mesma rede conceptual com grande potencialidade para a compreensão, não apenas da ciência e da arte, mas também das dinâmicas históricas e transdisciplinares da cultura em geral.

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Wearepleasedtopresentinthisbooklet,areportofthemainactivitiesconductedbetweenAugust2017andDecember2018,withintheframeworkofthePortuguesePolarProgram-PROPOLAR. PROPOLARisledbytheCEG/IGOT-UniversityofLisbon,underaCoordinatingCommitteethatincludesmembersofother4Portugueseresearchinstitutions:CCMAR-UniversityoftheAlgarve,MARE-UniversityofCoimbra,CQE-UniversityofLisbon,andCIIMAR-UniversityofOporto.TheProgramisfundedbytheFundaçãoparaaCiênciaeaTecnologia(MCTES)asadevelopmentofitsformerPolarOffice. PortugalbenefitsfromtheuniqueconditionsofthePolarregionstoobtainfundamentalknowledgeforbetterunderstandingandmanagingofclimatechangeanditsimpacts,aswellastocontributingtoanswerfundamentalquestionsonthefunctioningoftheEarthSystem.Portuguesepolarsciencehasexperiencedsignificantdevelopmentsduringthelastdecade,leadingtonewresultswithinternationalimpactonscientificareaswithconsiderablegapsinknowledgestillneedingtobefilled.Portugueseresearchershavefoundrelevantnicheareas,whicharenowmaintainedwithintheframeworkofthePROPOLAR.Thepasttwoyearshavebeenpivotaltotheconsolidationoftheprogram,withincreasednationalrecognitionoftheimportanceofpolarresearch.InsupportingPortugal’snationalpolarresearch,thePortugueseGovernmenthaspromotedtheimplementationofalong-termstrategicagendaforthepolarsciences,andconsolidatedthebudgetoftheprogram,enhancingPortugal’sscientificpolarabilitiesandcapacity,aswellasconsolidatingtheprogramforthefuture.LogisticsarebasedoninternationalcooperationandonaPortuguese-fundedAntarcticflightopentopartnerprograms.CampaignstotheArcticandAntarcticoccuronanannualbasis,withc.15projectsperyeartakingplaceinthepolarregions.LogisticalsupportinAntarcticaismainlyprovidedbySpain,ChileandtheRepublicofKorea,alsowithstrongcooperationinresearchanduseoffacilities,withArgentina,Brazil,Bulgaria,China,Peru,TurkeyandUruguay.PROPOLARiscommittedtoimprovingtheliaisonbetweenscienceandsociety,throughpromotingtheimportanceandrelevanceofourpolarscienceandoperationalactivitiesbyengagingwithpolicy-makers,thegeneralpublic,theyounggenerations,andthemedia. TheactivitieshereindisclosedreflectthedeterminationandmotivationofthePROPOLARtochallengeitselfandtakeforwardthisprogram,withthesupportandinvolvementofaverydynamicandcommittedcommunityofpolarresearchers,whicharethetrueidentityofthePortuguesePolarProgram.

This Annual Report of the Portuguese Polar Program, PROPOLAR reports the main activities conducted between August 2018 and December 2019 The PROPOLAR is led by the CEG/IGOT University of Lisbon, under a Coordinating Committee that includes members of other 4 Portuguese research institutions CCMAR University of the Algarve, MARE University of Coimbra, CQE University of Lisbon, and CIIMAR University of Oporto The Program is funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia MCTES FCT) as a development of its former Polar Office The activities herein disclosed reflect a very busy and inspiring year The PROPOLAR supported fifteen projects that were successfully carried out in the Arctic and Antarctica Logistics continued to be based on international cooperation and on a Portuguese funded Antarctic flight open to partner programs Logistical support in Antarctica was mainly provided by Spain, Chile and the Republic of Korea, also with strong cooperation in research and facilities with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Peru, Turkey, United States of America and Uruguay Participation in international meetings and workshops, as well as the organisation of a symposium and an international meeting, and the support provided to the Portuguese Conference on Polar Science, fulfilled and enriched this very active period, also helping to reinforce the credibility and relevance of the program in the international polar arena B ringing together all these efforts and resources will surely attract and mobilise more young researchers into a Polar scientific career, thus ensuring the future of the Portuguese Polar science, and that the program will continue to blossom We are confident that the successes that PROPOLAR has had in 2019 will serve as an impetus for our very dynamic and committed community of polar researchers to move forward in in vesting in the future of the Portuguese P olar science and preparing to seize new opportunities

O objectivo da Newsletter do Instituto de Saúde Baseado na Evidência (ISBE) é a disponibilização de informação sobre áreas relevantes para a prática clínica, baseada na melhor evidência científica. São localizados estudos relevantes e de alta qualidade, criticamente avaliados pela sua validade, importância dos resultados e aplicabilidade prática e resumidos numa óptica de suporte à decisão clínica. É dada prioridade aos estudos de causalidade – revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos, estudos de coorte prospectivos/retrospectivos, estudos seccionais cruzados e caso‐controlo – incluindo‐se ainda, quando justificado, estudos qualitativos considerados de elevada qualidade metodológica e importância clínica.

Environmental health is at the intersection between health and the environment. However, it still has a recent (and narrow) history as a scientific area, mainly addressing human biomonitoring and toxicological issues. Only recently additional environmental ‘layers’, other than the traditional chemical, biological and physical environmental determinants, have been considered. This broader perspective of environmental health also encompasses digital, psychosocial, political, socioeconomic and cultural determinants, all of them relevant when considering human health from a planetary health paradigm. This reflects the progressive adoption of a systemic perspective regarding the impact of gains for human health and well-being towards a sustainable environment. It also implies a multi-method and participatory approach to understand the intertwined relationship between environmental changes and human health. In this paper, the broader approach to environmental health is discussed in order to ‘set the stage’ for introducing the Institute of Environmental Health (ISAMB) of the Lisbon School of Medicine, Portugal. Each of the research groups and labs that compose ISAMB are presented, as well as their main lines of research. Present and planned contributions of ISAMB to advance knowledge on environmental health and for promoting human health gains in an environmentally sustainable way are also discussed.

In contemporary European cities, urban transformations intended as conservation, development and adaptive reuse-follow new models whose adoption, acceptance and impact are closely dependent on different elements, including the need to attract new investment, the stimulation of the tourism economy, the capital allocation: these factors, if not properly controlled and managed, can compromise cities’ future sustainable growth. The research group of the Department of Architecture of Bologna, working with the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon, is focusing its lines of research and experimentation on the historical city, working together under the umbrella of H2020 ROCK project. This projects is focused on the introduction of factors of innovation (technological, environmental, social and economic) in the processes of urban transformation that can pursue challenges of systemic and integrated value and become engines of growth and sustainable development at urban scale. This paper illustrates the ROCK circular urban system approach and its replication potential in different territorial contexts, such as Bologna and Bogotá, in connection with BO2ND project.

Cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the number of new cases is expected to rise significantly over the next decades. At the same time, all types of cancer treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacological therapies are improving in sophistication, precision and in the power to target specific characteristics of individual cancers. Thus, while many cancers may still not be cured they may be converted to chronic diseases. All of these treatments, however, are impeded or precluded by the frequent development of malnutrition and metabolic derangements in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. These evidence-based guidelines were developed to translate current best evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multi-disciplinary teams responsible for identification, prevention, and treatment of reversible elements of malnutrition in adult cancer patients. The guidelines were commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN and by the European Partnership for Action Against Cancer (EPAAC), an EU level initiative. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN to include a range of professions and fields of expertise. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and comparative studies based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and merged to develop clinical recommendations using the GRADE method. Due to the deficits in the available evidence, relevant still open questions were listed and should be addressed by future studies. Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in cancer patients and have a negative effect on clinical outcome. They may be driven by inadequate food intake, decreased physical activity and catabolic metabolic derangements. To screen for, prevent, assess in detail, monitor and treat malnutrition standard operating procedures, responsibilities and a quality control process should be established at each institution involved in treating cancer patients. All cancer patients should be screened regularly for the risk or the presence of malnutrition. In all patients - with the exception of end of life care - energy and substrate requirements should be met by offering in a step-wise manner nutritional interventions from counseling to parenteral nutrition. However, benefits and risks of nutritional interventions have to be balanced with special consideration in patients with advanced disease. Nutritional care should always be accompanied by exercise training. To counter malnutrition in patients with advanced cancer there are few pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients with only limited effects. Cancer survivors should engage in regular physical activity and adopt a prudent diet.

O professor é hoje visto como um elemento-chave do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Sem a sua participação empenhada é impossível imaginar qualquer transformação significativa no sistema educativo. Este artigo apresenta diversos conceitos fundamentais relativos à identidade do professor -- conhecimento profissional, reflexão, desenvolvimento profissional -- e aborda a sua relação com a didáctica da Matemática.

Cada vez mais, a reabilitação e a paliação, têm lugar nobre em medicina, cirurgia, enfermagem, fisioterapia e profissões afins. O mesmo devia acontecer com a observação e a palpação. Documentamos o interesse, para o campo das Humanidades Médicas, de temas associados à experiência tocante/tocado e, no horizonte da prática clínica, contextualizamos e problematizamos aspectos de duas obras polémicas: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius, de Borges e Le Toucher de Derrida. Tentaremos abordar o sentido dos sentidos e dos sensibilia à luz da fenomenologia médica. A inteligibilidade, a supremacia da corporalidade e do contacto e o lugar do tacto e da percepção háptica são relevados.