Repositório RCAAP

The emergence and affirmation of Geography in Portugal was influenced by Latin-rooted cultures and languages, with a particular emphasis on the French tradition, with secondary school education assuming a central role in the recognition of the discipline. After a relevant transition in the 1970s, Human Geography became much more influenced by Anglo-Saxon authors and since the 1990s by a thematic specialization and a connection to spatial planning. This specialization goes hand in hand with the development of research in the various domains of Geography, which, in the twenty-first century, is clearly associated with increasing competition for funding and productivity measured by the number of papers in international high-impact-factor journals. This text addresses the presence of graduate and postgraduate Geography at universities. It then analyses recent research developments (based on PhD titles and articles published in the two main Portuguese scientific journals), confirming the specialization and fragmentation of topics as well as an increasing internationalization in which Brazil plays a key role. It also underlines the relevance of the work that is being done by geographers’ associations, as well as in other spaces where Portuguese geographers are stimulating change on policies and planning. Finally, some remarks are presented regarding present and future challenges, considering the social responsibility of geographers in an ever-increasingly complex world. In this respect, the Mediterranean region is a cultural space with a strong potential for cooperation, able to promote an innovative Geography based on Mediterranean lenses, and is the object of some final words.

This study assesses the non‐linear effects of green bonds, conventional bonds and energy commodities on the behaviour of the cap‐and‐trade European Union carbon market (European Union Emissions Trading System [EU‐ETS]). By estimating four models, using Markov‐switching (MS) econometric methodology, non‐linearities are confirmed in dynamic behaviours, observing in the global calculation a positive effect of green bonds (S&P Green and Sol Green) on the carbon market, in regimes of both high and low volatility, whereas conventional bonds (S&P Agg) and energy commodities (DJCI En) contribute to a decrease in the carbon market in regimes of high volatility. The relevance of green bonds is underlined in determining the behaviour of the carbon market, besides observing greater persistence of the low volatility regime. These results allow both investors and fund managers to implement strategies in different volatility or economic activity contexts through a diversified portfolio and green/climate structure.

“Creative cities” and “artistic neighborhoods” have become regular concepts within hegemonic narratives and practices related to centralized urban revitalization processes. Creativity is now sold as a symbol of status and the “creative city” has become a widespread trend common to contemporary cities. At the same time, artists and social movements use art and culture as an instrument of resistance, change and transformation of social relations, implementing in their practices the criticism of the neoliberal city. This paper discusses the links between (i) neoliberal culture-led revitalization strategies; (ii) artists and community groups; and (iii) gentrification. We show that in a free-market context, bottom-up artistic initiatives revalorize areas and the resulting increase in property values are appropriated by private investors, accelerating a process of gentrification.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de retratar a situação de acesso ao sanemento básico nas capitais regionais brasileiras no âmbito das cidades médias. Pretende, complementarmente, apresentar as perspetivas de acesso ao saneamento básico por meio de projeções, considerando o avanço do crescimento demográfico e as metas estabelecidas pelo Governo Federal para um horizonte de vinte anos. Para tanto foram utilizados dados dos Censos Demográficos de 1991, 2000 e 2010 em 64 capitais regionais. Os resultados revelam que o acesso ao saneamento básico progrediu nas últimas décadas, ainda que persistam graves deficiências em razão das disparidades regionais do país. As projeções ressaltam um cenário de ampliação e, por vezes, universalização do acesso, mas indicam casos em que a situação deverá ser preocupante, com necessidade iminente de políticas públicas e investimentos em infraestrutura que atendam as novas demandas localizadas.

Objectives: Our aim was to determine if a history of a mental disorder predicts a worst neurological outcome for patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. Methods: We conducted an ambispective observational study including people with refractory epilepsy who underwent resective surgery. Demographic, psychiatric, and neurological data were collected, before and one year after surgery. Presurgical interviews included a psychiatric evaluation and the determination of prevalent and lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. The one-year postsurgical outcome was classified according to the Engel Outcome Scale. Predictors of postsurgical Engel class were determined using an ordered logistic regression model. Results: A lifetime history of any mental disorder was a significant predictor of a higher Engel Class (p = 0.017). Conclusion: This study shows that psychiatric lifetime diagnoses are associated with worse surgical outcome and highlighted the importance of the inclusion of these diagnoses in the evaluation of the potential success of the surgery.

The aim of this study was to determine the rate and types of lifetime psychiatric disorders, as well as their predictors, in a sample of people with refractory epilepsy. Demographic, neurological, psychiatric and neuropsychological data, from people with refractory epilepsy, were registered at the pre-surgical interview. Linear regression was used to determine predictors. One hundred and ninety-one participants were included. Forty-six percent of our sample had at least one previous psychiatric diagnosis, most frequently depressive (64%), anxiety (10%), substance use (10%) and psychotic disorders (6%). Patients with a right-side epileptogenic zone had an increased risk for these disorders (OR 2.36; CI 1.22-4.56; p = 0.01). Specific epilepsy-related factors may raise the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. Our study adds evidence to support a bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and mental health.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the rate of dysfunctional personality patterns before and after epilepsy surgery, their types, and the importance of the epileptogenic zone in a sample of people with refractory epilepsy. Methods: We conducted an ambispective observational study, including refractory epilepsy surgery candidates. Demographic, psychiatric, and neurological data were recorded. Evaluation of personality was made using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II). Presurgical predictors of personality patterns were determined using a linear regression model. The proportion of patients with dysfunctional personality patterns, before and after surgery, was compared using the Mcnemar's test. Then a generalized estimating equation model was performed to include predictors of changes in this rate. Results: One hundred and ninety-nine participants were included. Seventy percent had a dysfunctional personality pattern before surgery. After surgery, this percentage dropped to 58%. The difference was statistically significant after adjusting for potential confounders (p = 0.013). The most common types were Cluster C personality patterns. Temporal epileptogenic zone was a significant predictor of higher scores of the Avoidant (Coef. 11.8; Confidence Interval (CI) −0.59 23.7; p = 0.051) and Compulsive (Coef. 9.55; CI 2.48 16.6; p = 0.008) personality patterns and lower scores of Histrionic (Coef. −11.4; CI −21.2 −1.55; p = 0.024) and Antisocial (Coef. −8.4; CI−15.6 −1.25; p = 0.022) personality patterns, compared to extratemporal epileptogenic zone. Conclusion: People with refractory epilepsy have high rates of dysfunctional personality patterns. These patterns differ according to the epileptogenic zone.

This thesis is the result of an exploratory research methodology, during which the signs of living on the fishing harbor of Ericeira were looked upon, in regards of what Photography may offer when documenting peripheral communities. There is a tension between Documentary Photography and Art Photography. This dissertation explores the artificial divide and opposition concerning the document and the artistic picture, by photographing a place of visual disarray, the fishing harbor of Ericeira. The images obtained are part of a book entitled Fishermen still lives, in a free association with the idea of still life, but also of suspended fishermen's lives. The term “still life” would thus refer to a pictorial representation of objects that may usually be of human or natural production, including flowers, fruits, fish or game. This work is based on the representation of objects and figures associated with fishing activity. Still life can be as much a celebration of pleasures as a warning of the ephemeral temporality of human life. In this context, the observer is asked to create meaning. It is a work to be observed by the ordering of images, not just by each constituent one. Thus, we seek to build an artist's book that presents itself through autonomy and is not based only on verbal or textual discourse. For this purpose, sets of images are used, applying the idea of a dramatic sequence. There is no special interest in author photography in maritime spaces. Thus, it was decided to work in a place where hasn’t been thoroughly explored. This approach aims to slow down when making and recording photographic images, counteracting to an attitude of making pictures for fast consumption. This investigation evolved over a three-year-period field work, following an investigative main question and a secondary one. The main question aims to inquire how to use photography in both a documentary and artistic manner simultaneously, while photographing a fishing harbor? Secondary question is associated with: how may photography help in documenting a fishing harbor, as a place, for future memory?

This research looks at the issues related to the design and its local dimension. It investigates potential parameters as tools of social, cultural, economic and environmental impact thru the analysis of Brazilian and Portuguese partnerships between designers and local production units. We produced a synthesis description of these partnerships and we delimited (described and analyzed) the different relations to understand these experiences. We also identified the elements to test the impact resulting from these meetings. Two stages divided the investigation. The first characterized a literature review. It involved approaches by different authors about the place of design and local production. We also discussed the approximations and differences between these two areas. There were also the concepts of development, impact, assessment parameters, and indicators. Thus, we produced a theoretical framework. It comprised the description and evaluation of 20 Brazilian and 5 Portuguese case studies. This stage goes beyond the theoretical limits. It verifies in practice the proposed evaluative parameters. We conducted interviews from a semi-structured questionnaire that reached the artificer, the designer and the entities that foster these partnerships. The indicators used proved to be efficient in assessing the social, cultural, economic and territorial dimensions. The final considerations state that we are all artisans. The impact is a two-way street and we also concluded that the collaborative posture in the bilateral creation processes is not only a necessary characteristic but also an essential one. The openness to exchange among the various areas of knowledge and the complementarity of practices (scientific and non-scientific) fosters dialogue to resignify the world to make it better, continuously.

This article provides a rationale for inner transformation as a key and hitherto underresearched dimension of sustainability transformations. Inner transformation relates to various aspects of human existence and interactions such as consciousness, mindsets, values, worldviews, beliefs, spirituality and human–nature connectedness. The article draws on Meadows’ leverage points approach, as places to intervene in a system, to reveal the relevance of inner transformation for system change towards sustainability. Based on insights from a series of dialogue and reflection workshops and a literature review, this article provides three important contributions to sustainability transformations research: first, it increases our conceptual understanding of inner transformation and its relevance for sustainability; second, it outlines concrete elements of the inner transformation-sustainability nexus in relation to leverage points; and third, it presents practical examples illustrating how to work with leverage points for supporting inner transformation. In sum, the paper develops a systematized and structured approach to understanding inner transformation, including the identification of deep, i.e., highly influential, leverage points. In addition, it critically discusses the often contentious and divergent perspectives on inner transformation and shows related practical challenges. Finally, current developments in inner transformation research as well as further research needs are identified.

A promoção da compreensão da natureza da ciência constitui um dos eixos fundamentais dos currículos de ciências actuais, procurando que os alunos entendam a produção do conhecimento científico e tomem decisões sobre assuntos de base científica com impacto directo na sua vida. Contudo, a investigação demonstra que os professores não integram esta vertente no seu ensino, comprometendo as aprendizagens dos alunos sobre esta temática. Num outro sentido, a investigação atribui potencialidades à discussão de assuntos sociocientíficos controversos na escola na construção de uma imagem de ciência mais real. Com este estudo, pretende-se compreender como é que um conjunto de 29 professores-formandos, de um mestrado em Educação, avalia as potencialidades deste tipo de metodologia. Apesar das avaliações bastante positivas, constata-se a necessidade de continuar a apoiar estes professores na implementação destas actividades com os seus alunos de modo a desenvolverem o conhecimento necessário à sua implementação.

Apesar das inúmeras investigações realizadas até ao momento nos mais distintos quadrantes disciplinares, ainda não há consenso na academia sobre o momento do advento da sociedade de consumo. Para tal desentendimento concorrem não só as distintas formas como o consumo é perspetivado, mas também o facto de a sociedade de consumo resultar de mudanças que paulatinamente afetaram um conjunto multifacetado de processos económicos, sociais e culturais (Miles & Miles, 2004), com expressões diferenciadas nos distintos contextos geográficos (Massey, 2005). No entanto, o mesmo não se poderá dizer sobre a importância crucial que o comércio e o consumo tiveram na organização da cidade moderna e pós-moderna, assim como sobre o modo como os espaços de comércio e consumo influenciaram o caráter da vida social, as práticas quotidianas, os comportamentos dos consumidores e os estilos de vida, em particular em meio urbano (Amendola, 2000; Bookman, 2018).

As cidades são as áreas de excelência onde o comércio encontra lugar para a inovação. O dinamismo do comércio aliado à sua capacidade de transformação tem provocado impactos nos centros urbanos, por ser aqui que mais se encontra mais representado (Guimarães, 2019b; 2016). É no estudo destas constantes evoluções, mutações e relações que a geografia do comércio tem ido buscar material para investigação. A evolução do comércio tem-se feito sentir a diversos níveis. Quanto à perenidade, destaca-se a passagem do comércio itinerante, praticado em feiras e mercados ambulantes pelo privilégio do permanente. Quanto à estrutura, a estrutura hierárquica dos centros de comércio tem dado lugar a uma organização fragmentada, onde vários centros competem entre si. Relativamente à localização, aos tradicionais centros de comércio juntam-se novas centralidades, em novas urbanizações e em áreas periféricas mas de grande acessibilidade. Relacionado com esta característica, destaca-se a alteração dos tradicionais padrões da centralidade e acessibilidade. Se até recentemente ambos eram uma característica intrínseca do principal centro das cidades, em muitos casos coincidente com o centro histórico ou nas suas proximidades, com a vulgarização do transporte individual2 assiste-se a uma ruptura deste modelo e novas áreas passam a ser mais centrais e acessíveis. Em muito relacionado com o que foi analisado acima, está o aparecimento de novos formatos ou a sua própria renovação.

Inerente ao carácter privado que caracteriza o sector comercial está a sua significativa capacidade de transformação, provocando alterações nas paisagens comerciais urbanas (Guimarães, 2019). De forma crescente, ao longo das últimas décadas, o aumento dos fluxos económicos e de pessoas tem influenciado o tecido comercial existente, em especial em contexto urbano. Por um lado, tem permitido que diversas empresas de grande dimensão internacionalizem as suas marcas, homogeneizando uma parte significativa da estrutura comercial das cidades ocidentais. Por outro lado, a escala da micro e pequena empresa permite que imigrantes com motivações económicas abram o seu próprio negócio. No presente artigo pretendemos analisar esta última situação focando os desafios associados a este processo, privilegiando-se a visão dos imigrantes. Ademais, a presença e visibilidade dos pequenos negócios de imigrantes permite reflectir sobre: i) os efeitos socioespaciais destes estabelecimentos, sendo que os contributos a nível local poderão ser acompanhados de tensões, em especial num contexto de profunda transformação dos centros históricos; ii) o pouco destaque dado a estes grupos nas estratégias públicas de atração de imigrantes empreendedores.

Objectives: People with refractory epilepsy submitted to surgery may improve or deteriorate their cognitive and emotional functions. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of longitudinal changes in psychopathological symptomatology, one year after epilepsy surgery, considering clinical and demographic characteristics. Methods: People with refractory epilepsy referred to epilepsy surgery were included in this ambispective study. Psychiatric evaluations were made before surgery and one year after the procedure. Demographic, psychiatric, and neurological data were recorded. Linear regression was used to analyze longitudinal data regarding the Global Severity Index and 9 symptom dimensions of Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). Results: Seventy-six people were included. Bilateral epileptogenic zone, lack of remission of disabling seizures, and deep brain stimulation, targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT-DBS), were the most important predictors of an increase in SCL-90 scores, after surgery. Conclusion: Some individual factors may have an impact on the development or worsening of the previous psychopathology. This study identifies clinical aspects associated with greater psychological distress, after surgery. These patients may benefit from more frequent psychiatric routine assessments for early detection.

A 82-year-old male presented with a 3-month lasting progressive cognitive deterioration, particularly regarding temporospatial orientation and short-term memory. Previous medical history included colorectal carcinoma with liver metastases, prostatic carcinoma, type 2 DM and arterial hypertension. No focal neurological signs were elicited, and a MRI scan (Figure 1A) showed an extra-axial fronto-basal tumor, with heterogenous contrast enhancement and dural tail sign (not seen in the image). A large cyst between the lesion and the cortex could also be seen. A frontal craniotomy with total excision of a non-infiltrative, dural-adherent mass was performed.

É por demais evidente que a atividade comercial viabiliza a existência e o dinamismo dos centros urbanos, independentemente da sua dimensão (Bromley & Thomas, 1993a, 1993b; Vargas, 2001). E se os centros urbanos dificilmente se estruturaram sem a presença do comércio (Barata- Harris, 1991; Pirenne, 1925), a verdade é que as relações cidade-comércio se têm caracterizado por mudanças profundas ao longo do tempo, sobretudo nas sociedades economicamente mais desenvolvidas (Cachinho, 2011, 2014; Dugot & Gasnier, 2012). Essas mudanças, quase sempre com impactes notáveis na metamorfose da estrutura urbana, encabeçaram, em particular nas grandes cidades, uma autêntica revolução comercial, com repercussões na diversidade de atores e de formatos de estabelecimentos comerciais, bem como nas estratégias espaciais desenvolvidas por esses atores (Messerlin, 1982; Gardner & Sheppard, 1989; Cachinho, 2002).

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze the contribution of mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) in the detection of microstructural abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to evaluate the degree of agreement between structural and functional changes through concomitant diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and clinical assessment. Methods: Fourteen patients with ALS and 11 healthy, age- and gender-matched controls were included. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging including DTI. TMS was additionally performed in ALS patients. Differences in the distribution of DTI-derived measures were assessed using tract-based spatial statistical (TBSS) and volume of interest (VOI) analyses. Correlations between clinical, imaging, and neurophysiological findings were also assessed through TBSS. Results: ALS patients showed a significant increase in AD and MD involving the corticospinal tract (CST) and the pre-frontal white matter in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group using TBSS, confirmed by VOI analyses. VOI analyses also showed increased AD in the corpus callosum (p < 0.05) in ALS patients. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right CST correlated significantly with upper motor neuron (UMN) score (r = - 0.79, p < 0.05), and right abductor digiti minimi central motor conduction time was highly correlated with RD in the left posterior internal capsule (r = - 0.81, p < 0.05). No other significant correlation was found. Conclusion: MD, AD, and RD, besides FA, are able to further detect and characterize neurodegeneration in ALS. Furthermore, TMS and DTI appear to have a role as complementary diagnostic biomarkers of UMN dysfunction.

Numa época de grandes incertezas e complexidade, o conhecimento sobre a transformação dos territórios assume grande pertinência e deve ajudar a entender os espaços da vida. O aumento da velocidade e a facilidade das deslocações e comunicações trouxeram o enorme cres-cimento das mobilidades, a instantaneidade e a simultaneidade, o que altera o modo como nos relacionamos uns com os outros, com o tempo e com o espaço, a um ponto que me parece ainda difícil de avaliar. O turismo cresce vertiginosamente, como o número de deslocações em geral, mas também se usa cada vez mais o espaço virtual para fazer compras, recolher informação sobre produtos, visitar museus, ver filmes ou ouvir música. Além disso, os jovens estão sempre conectados, independentemente da respetiva localização, o espaço virtual tornou-se uma área de socialização que coexiste com a das relações face-a- tornando real as interações múltiplas em cada lugar -se a relevância de grupos sociais até então estáveis para a experiência quotidiana, designadamente as classes sociais, esfumaram-se as grandes representações coletivas de referência e seus valores, muitas instituições perderam credibilidade, o que contribui para o aumento generalizado da ansiedade e da incerteza. Nota-se ainda uma crescente fragmentação dos sujeitos que se desdobram por várias identidades que obrigam a diversos papéis, não apenas ao longo da vida, mas ao longo do ano ou mesmo de um dia. Tudo isto, exige a necessidade de construir e reconstruir frequente-mente identidades pessoais e coletivas e estilos de vida por meio do consumo (Featherstone, 1991).

Background and aims Cerebral lesions detected using cerebral ultrasound (cUS) in very preterm infants are associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental problems. However, uncomplicated intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has no consistent association with poor outcome. In this study we evaluate the effect of uncomplicated IVH on estimated brain volume at term-equivalent age (TEA), using a model based on measurements made from cUS. Methods We studied 2 groups of preterm infants (<32 weeks’ gestational age (GA)) up to and at TEA: (1) infants with uncomplicated grades 2 or 3 IVH, (2) infants with consistently normal scans. Estimated cerebral volumes at TEA were calculated using a previously described model based on linear measurements and compared between the 2 groups using independent groups t-test or the Mann-Whitney test; p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results We assessed 95 preterm infants (18 with uncomplicated IVH and 71 with normal scans). GA and birth weight were lower in infants with uncomplicated IVH (26.8/28.7weeks, p < 0.001, 944/1082g, p < 0.05, respectively); occipital-frontal circumference at TEA was smaller in the IVH infants (34.2 vs 35.3 cm, p < 0.05). However, no significant differences at TEA were found for estimated cranial volume (383/411cc3), estimated cerebral volume (337/341cc3), Levene ventricular index (13.5/12.2 mm) or thalamo-occipital distance (21.5/20.3 mm). Statistical adjustment for the lower GA in the IVH group confirmed the absence of a significant difference in the findings. Conclusions In summary, we found that estimated cerebral volume at TEA, based on measurements made at the bedside using cranial US, is not different between very preterm infants with consistently normal scans and those with uncomplicated grades 2 and 3 IVH.