Repositório RCAAP

This Master´s Project Work in Museology and Museography, is the creation of an exhibition and due course, based in three interconnected thematic nuclei that have as one of main objectives, to make know to the reader of this work and to a future public some of the objects that belong to the spoils of three of the six philharmonic bands of Mafra County, and through them, alert people to the need to preserve them so that they do not disappear and be enjoyed by future generations. In order to better understand which objects would be more relevant to the exhibit, I began by surveying the stories of these bands, which allowed me to understand the paths since the dates of their foundations and thus determine that there were some objects linked to moments and remarkable dates – along with some that I knew were indispensable to present – that would be important in helping to better understand the idea that is intended to be conveyed with this work. Later I began to select from a series of object those that would effectively integrate the project, and to think about the most logical way to group them, thus reaching the three thematic nuclei that constitute the division between the photographs, uniforms and banners that are part of the first core, and introduce the people who make up the bands, in the second core, we will have some scores and instruments that focus on the work done, and the tools need it to do it, and finally we will have the pennants, trophies, among others that show us a part of the result of all the work these bands do. In addition to mounting the exhibition, we will also have a characterization of the municipality of Mafra, which allow us to understand the sociocultural context in which these bands were evolving until today.

This thesis is concerned on live portrait drawing. It looks forward the reasoning that lies between the analysis of the face and the making of the drawing. This judgement, which belongs to the live observation drawing, is built over ancient and complex knowledge. The drawing reasoning, defended here, is the basis for the accomplishment of the portrait. To support this point, in one hand, the old treatises are thoroughly reviewed in what concerns to portraiture, and, in the other hand, the theories about physiognomy are studied in detail. They are a testimony of the man’s long quest to know his inner side from his outer traits. From this theoretical merging the processes involved in how the drawing traits are coincident with the face’s own, becomes clear. Furthermore, following some philosophic theories, it is found out that it is during the portraying action that the drawing reveals better what expresses the face, as the human expression, each second threatened to change, envelops the act of drawing in a quick fugacity. This drives the portrait to focus on essentials and to search, in the changing appearance, its identity and meaning. Although the scope of this thesis restricts itself to live portrait, it can be also a starting point to further studies on drawing of the human head. But out of this delimitation, the drawing is here rehabilitated, once it is found out that, today as always, drawing the face is an essential act of knowledge. It doesn’t end in the features of the portrayed one. In fact, for the artist, as a personal experience, the live portraying is a celebration of the human kind, as full of Life as it is of Death.

Este ensaio pretende rever as relações pós-coloniais presentes na obra O Meu Nome é Legião, de António Lobo Antunes, a partir de uma perspetiva geográfica. A narrativa polifónica de Lobo Antunes permite o sobrepor de diferentes representações sociais e espacialidades, construindo uma imagem complexa da condição pós-colonial lisboeta do Século XXI. Neste romance, é visível como as fronteiras mentais do colonialismo são transpostas para o espaço urbano metropolitano e moldam o mesmo. As relações sociais das personagens oscilam entre a alteridade e o hibridismo em espaços que são simultaneamente fronteira e heterotopia. Começaremos por debater estes quatro conceitos para, de seguida, refletirmos sobre algumas constantes na escrita de Lobo Antunes em relação às temáticas pós-coloniais. Numa segunda fase passar-se-á à análise do texto em si, caracterizando-se as representações sociais e geográficas das várias personagens da obra.

Ainda que a constituição da geografia enquanto disciplina universitária tenha sido assente numa abordagem de pesquisa essencialmente visual, os geógrafos têm expandido a sua perspetiva em direção a uma abordagem multissensorial2 . Neste âmbito, assume destaque uma maior exploração do som, tanto enquanto objeto de estudo como enquanto instrumento de pesquisa. Hoje, existe um manancial significativo de métodos geográficos exclusivamente assentes na recolha, tratamento e análise de dados sonoros, e métodos tradicionais como a cartografia, a entrevista ou o diário têm sido adaptados para uma maior atenção ao conhecimento aural. Nesta viragem para o sonoro está implícita uma maior valorização do escutar enquanto método de observação geográfica. Deve ser salientado que o escutar não é uma ferramenta nova para os geógrafos. Escutar faz há muito tempo parte das metodologias geográficas – por exemplo, quando percorremos a paisagem ou quando ouvimos pessoas que entrevistamos –, mas apenas recentemente tem sido dada atenção crítica ao potencial epistemológico desta prática aparentemente simples3 . Em particular, tem sido salientado que o som pode oferecer-nos informação ambiental que não obtemos de outra forma quando a sua fonte não é acessível através de outros sentidos, o que é comum em várias paisagens4 . Por outro lado, o som – através de inflexões vocais, de música, ou de outras práticas sonoras afetivas – providencia-nos informação emocional e codificada que não é facilmente transcrita para texto5 . Por último, o ambiente sonoro é um campo de partilha e mistura, e por isso, um terreno fértil para explorar temas relacionados com a formação de comunidades e coexistência6 . Por estes motivos, escutar tem sido reconhecido como um método geográfico de excelência, mas não sem os seus limites. Cingir a pesquisa geográfica ao escutar pode deixar silêncios que escondem os mais vulneráveis7 . Assim, a pesquisa sonora resulta melhor quando enquadrada numa combinação de métodos, ou quando a pesquisa assume um âmbito multi- ou pelo menos, intersensorial. Neste curto ensaio, abordo o potencial do escutar enquanto método geográfico, elencando vários métodos que têm sido transformados ou apropriados por geógrafos, para depois refletir brevemente sobre outras possibilidades dos métodos sonoros.

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre‐existing ones. This process is regulated by a balance between pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic molecules and is derailed in various diseases, such as cancer. Radiotherapy is a commonly‐used treatment for cancer. However, recent studies suggest that ionizing radiation (IR) doses delivered inside the tumor target volume during fractionated radiotherapy can stimulate invasion and metastasis through effects on cancer cells but also on other elements of the microenvironment. Furthermore, radiotherapy results also in the delivery of doses lower that the therapeutic ones to the tissues surrounding the tumor area, and the biological effects of these low IR doses remain largely undetermined. Our overall goal was to investigate the effects of these low IR doses on angiogenesis, and consequently in tumor progression and metastasis. We showed that low‐dose IR induces an angiogenic response both in vitro and in vivo. Doses equal or lower than 0.8 Gy promote endothelial cell migration without causing cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, activate vascular growth factor (VEGF) receptor‐2 and upregulate the expression of VEGF. In zebrafish, low‐dose IR accelerates sprouting angiogenesis during development and enhances angiogenesis during regeneration. In mice, we showed that low‐dose IR promotes angiogenesis resulting in accelerated tumor growth and metastasis formation in a VEGFR‐dependent manner. Additionally, we demonstrated that low‐dose IR modulates the gene expression of molecular mediators involved in the angiogenic response. Our observations provide novel insights into the biological effects of low‐dose IR relevant to tumor biology, which may serve as basis for the prevention of possible tumorpromoting effects of current radiotherapy protocols. Therefore, according to our findings low‐dose IR induces angiogenesis in vivo but, there is no evidence that it produces therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic disease patients. In the second part of this work we showed that low‐dose IR potentiates the pro‐angiogenic effect of vasoprost®, commonly used in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease treatment (PAD). Our results suggest that the combinatory use of both vasoprost® and low‐dose IR should be considered for future studies concerning its clinical therapeutic potential in pathologies such as PAD.

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a sub-acute process of pulmonary tissue repair secondary to lung injury, defined histopathologically by intra-alveolar buds of granulation tissue within the lumen of distal pulmonary airspaces. It can be either cryptogenic or secondary (SOP) to different clinical conditions, namely infections. Despite being nonspecific, its diagnosis can be made by the association of clinical and imaging criteria. We report two cases of OP associated to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, admitted at a Portuguese tertiary hospital unit dedicated to COVID-19. Both patients presented with severe respiratory failure with need of invasive mechanical ventilation. After initial recovery, there was worsening of dyspnea and hypoxemic respiratory failure with increase in inflammatory markers. Chest CT revealed an OP pattern. Other conditions such as superinfection, auto-immune disease and iatrogenic etiology, were excluded and corticotherapy at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day was administered. Chest CT follow up of both our patients showed complete resolution of OP pattern, with mild to moderate residual pulmonary fibrosis without honeycombing. There is no OP to SARS-CoV-2 case series yet published describing the progress of patients after corticotherapy, although the association between systemic corticosteroids and lower all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19 has been recently established. It is possible that, as has been described with other viruses, OP secondary to SARS-CoV-2 represents an immunological process after initial infection, presenting with elevation of inflammatory markers and cytokines storm in the bloodstream and lung tissue, which may explain the favorable response to corticosteroids.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) plays an essential role in tumor-associated angiogenesis, exerting its biological activity by binding and activating membrane receptors, as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2). In this study, serum VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 levels were quantified in 50 cats with mammary carcinoma and 14 healthy controls. The expression of these molecules in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and in cancer cells was evaluated and compared with its serum levels. Results obtained showed that serum VEGF-A levels were significantly higher in cats with HER2-positive and Triple Negative (TN) Normal-Like subtypes, when compared to control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.020). Additionally, serum VEGFR-1 levels were significantly elevated in cats presenting luminal A, HER2-positive and TN Normal-Like tumors (p = 0.011, p = 0.048, p = 0.006), as serum VEGFR-2 levels (p = 0.010, p = 0.046, p = 0.005). Moreover, a positive interaction was found between the expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 in TILs and their serum levels (p = 0.002, p = 0.003, p = 0.003). In summary, these findings point to the usefulness of VEGF-A and its serum receptors assessment in clinical evaluation of cats with HER2-positive and TN Normal-Like tumors, suggesting that targeted therapies against these molecules may be effective for the treatment of these animals, as described in human breast cancer.

Background: Skin rash and diarrhoea are known side-effects of pertuzumab. Studies with other anti-HER2 agents suggested that adverse events correlate with patient outcomes. In this exploratory cohort of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer included in the CLEOPATRA trial we evaluated the value of rash and diarrhoea as prognostic markers and as predictors of pertuzumab benefit. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the multicenter, prospective, randomised CLEOPATRA trial. We defined two analytic cohorts: cohort 1 (C1) included patients from treatment initiation, and cohort 2 (C2) included patients after discontinuation of docetaxel. A landmark analysis was introduced to deal with immortal-time bias. Study endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used. Results: Of the 808 patients and after application of the landmark analysis, C1 and C2 included 777 and 518 patients, respectively. In C1, rash occurred in 271 patients (34.9%) and diarrhoea in 470 (60.5%). Rash was prognostic for PFS and OS (C1: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.66 [95% CI = 0.48-0.91], p = 0.010]; C2: aHR 0.52 [95% CI = 0.30-0.89], p = 0.018) in both cohorts, while diarrhoea was only prognostic for PFS in cohort 2 (aHR = 0.65 [95% CI = 0.46-0.91], p = 0.011). Rash and diarrhoea were not predictive of pertuzumab benefit (in terms of PFS/OS) in the two cohorts. Conclusions: In patients treated with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel, rash is prognostic whenever it occurs during treatment, while diarrhoea only has prognostic value when occurring after docetaxel discontinuation. However, neither rash nor diarrhoea predict pertuzumab benefit.

The complexity of the sustainability challenge demands for collaboration between different actors, be they governments, businesses, or grassroots movements, at all levels. Nevertheless, and according to previous research, many tensions and obstacles to partnership still exist and results are far from meaningful. By investigating potential synergies, our purpose is to define a sustainability framework to promote better collaboration between community-based initiatives and local governments, in the context of transformation. Specifically, the research aim presented in this paper is to harvest learnings from existing collaborative experiments at the municipal level. As a starting point and using exploratory literature review concerning areas like policy (e.g., public administration) or business and management research, we propose a ‘Compass for Collaborative Transformation’. This heuristic device can support the study of these sustainability experiments. We also introduce a method to map the governance imprint of these collaborations and to provide a ‘proxy’ of transformative efforts. We then present and discuss results from 71 surveyed cases happening in 16 countries in America and Europe, comparing distinctive frameworks involved. Finally, we consider the preconditions of a framework to improve these local collaborations—namely the capacity to support joint navigation through transformative efforts, facing high levels of uncertainty and complexity—and present ongoing efforts to codesign a new sustainability framework.

The social solidarity economy is an approach to the production and consumption of goods, services and knowledge that promises to address contemporary economic, social and environmental crises more effectively than business as usual. The paper employs the concept of commons ecologies to examine the practices, relationships and interactions among actors and organisations in the social solidarity economy, as well as between them and the mainstream economy, which shape the field and its degree of autonomy in relation to capitalism, through a process defined as boundary commoning. Such process shapes both local and regional commons ecologies, as well as the participation of local and regional actors in wider networks at national, international and global levels. The paper takes a case study‐based approach to identify practices, relationships and interactions of commons ecologies in relation to selected community‐led initiatives in the UK, Portugal, Brazil and Senegal. Each case study illuminates different qualities of local/regional commons ecologies and their forms of engagement with wider networks. Further, the paper shows that these cases demonstrate how the social solidarity economy may facilitate delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals in a distinctive way. In each case, SSE acts as a vehicle for expressing participants' values and principles consistent with those underlying the SDGs. Local implementation of SDGs is thus an in‐built feature of these commons ecologies. The participation of community‐led initiatives in international and global networks offers opportunities to learn from local level experiences and successes, potentially strengthening SDG implementation more generally.

Extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, may induce changes in nutrient acquisition by omnivorous ectotherms. Likely modulated by the intensity, frequency and duration of these events, dietary shifts during heat waves may threaten the stability of freshwaters. We investigated the effects of heat wave duration on diet assimilation and life-history traits of the freshwater gastropod Radix balthica. We compared the magnitude of the effects of a short (1 week) and a long heat wave (7 weeks) on the assimilation of animal- and plant-based diets, measuring performance in terms of growth rate and reproduction. We hypothesized that heat waves should increase the proportion of plant material assimilated on the mixed diet and change the performance of snails on the animal and plant-based diets. Both heat waves increased the assimilation of plant material on the mixed diet and growth rate, with minor negative effects on reproduction. However, responses were disproportional to heat wave duration, as the short heat wave elicited swift and relatively stronger responses. Our findings showcase the role of phenotypic plasticity in aiding ectotherms to cope with increased thermal stress and acclimate. Temporarily changing the strength of trophic interactions, heat waves may alter community dynamics in freshwater habitats.

Phylogenetic relatedness is a key diversity measure for the analysis and understanding of how species and communities evolve across time and space. Understanding the nonrandom loss of species with respect to phylogeny is also essential for better-informed conservation decisions. However, several factors are known to influence phylogenetic reconstruction and, ultimately, phylogenetic diversity metrics. In this study, we empirically tested how some of these factors (topological constraint, taxon sampling, genetic markers and calibration) affect phylogenetic resolution and uncertainty. We built a densely sampled, species-level phylogenetic tree for spiders, combining Sanger sequencing of species from local communities of two biogeographical regions (Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia) with a taxon-rich backbone matrix of Genbank sequences and a topological constraint derived from recent phylogenomic studies. The resulting tree constitutes the most complete spider phylogeny to date, both in terms of terminals and background information, and may serve as a standard reference for the analysis of phylogenetic diversity patterns at the community level. We then used this tree to investigate how partial data affect phylogenetic reconstruction, phylogenetic diversity estimates and their rankings, and, ultimately, the ecological processes inferred for each community. We found that the incorporation of a single slowly evolving marker (28S) to the DNA barcode sequences from local communities, had the highest impact on tree topology, closely followed by the use of a backbone matrix. The increase in missing data resulting from combining partial sequences from local communities only had a moderate impact on the resulting trees, similar to the difference observed when using topological constraints. Our study further revealed substantial differences in both the phylogenetic structure and diversity rankings of the analyzed communities estimated from the different phylogenetic treatments, especially when using non-ultrametric trees (phylograms) instead of time-stamped trees (chronograms). Finally, we provide some recommendations on reconstructing phylogenetic trees to infer phylogenetic diversity within ecological studies.

As atmospheric [CO2] continues to rise to unprecedented levels, understanding its impact on plants is imperative to improve crop performance and sustainability under future climate conditions. In this context, transcriptional changes promoted by elevated CO2 (eCO2) were studied in genotypes from the two major traded coffee species: the allopolyploid Coffea arabica (Icatu) and its diploid parent, C. canephora (CL153). While Icatu expressed more genes than CL153, a higher number of differentially expressed genes were found in CL153 as a response to eCO2. Although many genes were found to be commonly expressed by the two genotypes under eCO2, unique genes and pathways differed between them, with CL153 showing more enriched GO terms and metabolic pathways than Icatu. Divergent functional categories and significantly enriched pathways were found in these genotypes, which altogether supports contrasting responses to eCO2. A considerable number of genes linked to coffee physiological and biochemical responses were found to be affected by eCO2 with the significant upregulation of photosynthetic, antioxidant, and lipidic genes. This supports the absence of photosynthesis down-regulation and, therefore, the maintenance of increased photosynthetic potential promoted by eCO2 in these coffee genotypes.

Resolution of population structure represents an effective way to define biological stocks and inform efficient fisheries management. In the present study, the phylogeography of the protogynous sparid Spondyliosoma cantharus, in the East Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, was investigated with nuclear (S7) and mitochondrial (cytochrome b) DNA markers. Significant divergence of four regional genetic groups was observed: North Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Western African Transition (Cape Verde) and Gulf of Guinea (Angola). The two southern populations (Cape Verde and Angola) each comprised reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages, revealed low levels of diversity in Cape Verde and high diversity for Angola despite being represented by only 14 individuals. A complete divergence between North Atlantic and Mediterranean populations was depicted by the mitochondrial marker, but a highly shared nuclear haplotype revealed an incomplete lineage sorting between these regions. Bayesian skyline plots and associated statistics revealed different dynamics among the four regions. Cape Verde showed no expansion and the expansion time estimated for Angola was much older than for the other regions. Mediterranean region seems to have experienced an early population growth but has remained with a stable population size for the last 30000 years while the North Atlantic population has been steadily growing. The lack of genetic structuring within these regions should not be taken as evidence of demographic panmixia in light of potential resolution thresholds and previous evidence of intra-regional phenotypic heterogeneity.

Nesta tese propomos modelos compactos em Programação Linear Inteira envolvendo variáveis com dependências temporais para o Problema da Determinação de Rotas Óptimas de Veículos com Restrições de Capacidade na variante de Procura Unitária. O trabalho apresentado compreende duas vertentes: 1. uma vertente de natureza teórica, em que comparamos os novos modelos entre si e com outros conhecidos da literatura, apresentamos desigualdades obtidas por projecção do conjunto das soluções admissíveis das respectivas relaxações em Programação Linear quer no espaço definido pelas variáveis naturais quer no espaço definido pelas variáveis estendidas; 2. uma vertente de natureza computacional, em que avaliamos a qualidade dos limites inferiores produzidos pelas respectivas relaxações em Programação Linear e onde analisamos o efeito da adição de algumas desigualdades válidas aos mesmos. Os resultados discutidos permitem concluir que o melhor dos modelos propostos não é dominado por nenhum dos restantes modelos compactos publicados para o problema.

Here we present the data obtained from the samples collected as part of a large research project (MACDIV) which aims at understanding the drivers of spider (Araneae) community assembly in Macaronesian islands. To obtain the data, we applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment), in twelve 50 m x 50 m native forest plots and five dry habitat plots on the island of Madeiraand in 5 dry habitat plots on the island of Porto Santo. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Madeiran archipelago.

Através da presente recensão, procura-se uma abordagem da Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, da autoria do geógrafo francês Élisée Reclus, a partir da análise de uma tradução dos capítulos referentes a Portugal e à Galiza, recém-publicada por Iago Bragado e Joseph Ghanime López. Trata-se de uma oportunidade para conhecer a visão deste conhecido geógrafo francês do século XIX relativamente a estes dois territórios da Península Ibérica, assim como uma ocasião renovada para analisar estes capítulos à luz de algumas das mais importantes características comuns a toda a obra de Reclus.

This communication is based on an investigation developed in the scope of the Master's degree in Geography Teaching of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning of the University of Lisbon. Some previous ideas. A sequence of eleven Geography lessons was taught to Secondary Education students in the 11th year (16/17 years), in which were adopted learning experiences that promoted different research skills, looking to explore the possible contribute of geographic education for the development of students’ research skills [...]

A presente comunicação centra-se no contributo da educação geográfica para a mobilização de competências de pesquisa, partindo de uma sequência letiva na disciplina de Geografia A, lecionada numa turma do 11º ano que participou no Projeto “Nós Propomos!” – o que permitiu explorar as relações entre cidadania e a mesma educação geográfica. Em momentos de aprendizagem diversificados e, especialmente, na realização de pesquisas, os alunos recorrem, mais frequentemente, a motores de busca na Internet. Podem, ainda, aperfeiçoar procedimentos neste âmbito, para além de se revelar fundamental um maior cuidado quanto à credibilidade e rigor da informação utilizada. Os alunos envolvidos contactaram com informações e fontes de informação diversificadas, para além da aposta nas suas competências ao nível da cidadania territorial, dimensão incontornável quando pensamos em educação geográfica. Esta experiência pretende ser um pequeno contributo, no âmbito de um processo mais amplo e contínuo, cuja continuação constitui um desafio futuro: avaliar o papel de diferentes experiências de aprendizagem no desenvolvimento das competências dos alunos em Geografia.

Quando cresce o apelo ao compromisso de cada um nas causas comunitárias e globais, a escola e as ciências sociais, em particular, são cada vez mais desafiadas a darem um contributo efetivo para a educação para a cidadania. A disciplina de Geografia, que aborda as sociedades no território, tem uma responsabilidade particularmente grande no desafio de contribuir para que os mais jovens construam comunidades harmoniosas e sustentáves. Em 2011/12, surgiu em Portugal o Projeto nós Propomos! Cidadania e inovação na educação geográfica, hoje divulgado por todo o país e que se difundiu pelo Brasil e por vários outros países – é o projeto de educação geográfica mais internacionalizado. Ao longo dos anos, em Portugal foram apresentadas quase 2000 propostas de alunos que identificaram problemas locais, realizaram trabalho de campo sobre os mesmos e apresentaram propostas de intervenção. Mais do que o conteúdo destas propostas, a mais valia do projeto consiste na educação para a cidadania territorial que promove. Com a pandemia, mesmo com as aulas suspensas nas escolas portuguesas, os mais jovens concluíram os seus projetos, candidataram-se aos vários concursos, numa demonstração de como o projeto Nós propomos!, porque desafio de uma cidadania vivida, lhes é significativo.