Repositório RCAAP

Pretendemos analisar a abordagem materialista da categoria de totalidade desenvolvida por Marx, nomeadamente a sua aplicação teórica na interpretação dialéctica do conceito de produção no sistema económico capitalista.

My article does not aim at a comparison between Hegel’s and Marx’s points of view on Asia as such. The Hegelian motives are employed to understand the place and the significance of the Orient in Marx’s writings from the 1850s onwards. The more Marx learns from original and/or updated sources on the Oriental societies, the more Hegel’s authority seems inadequate to provide a reliable and comprehensive account of their history and social organization. Yet his “spirit” still holds together the different perspectives from which the subject is approached by Marx (economy, history and praxis, above all). In other words, Marx’s interest in Asia is here considered through the lens of Hegel’s legacy in order to reflect on the endless effort of the materialistic dialectic to encompass the complexity of reality and global history.

Taking its cue from the untimely paradoxes manifesting themselves in some of the most visible instances of Hegel’s and Marx’s reception in the twentieth century, this essay proceeds to explore the ground between the two thinkers with particular reference to their philosophico‑historical grasp of repetition. After a number of preliminary observations on the ideological subtext involved in Marx’s reference to Hegel in the Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte and the temporality their intertextual conjuncture stages, I focus on four major complications that attend the comparison of Hegelian and Marxian notions of repetition, as well as on their correlation to the historical events of Revolution, Counter‑Revolution and Restoration. I conclude with some reflections on the “exit strategies” Marx and Hegel adopt vis‑à‑vis the specter of iteration as a sign of submission to the gravitational pull of the past upon the present and future.

A teoria da reflexão de Hegel desempenha um papel tanto lógico quanto ontológico na teoria do trabalho e da propriedade privada de Marx. Qual é o ponto de comparação entre a teoria hegeliana da reflexão e a teoria marxiana? A teoria da alienação. Em Hegel econtramos a alienação do pensamento no pensar reflexionante – o modo de operação do entendimento; em Marx, a alienação do trabalho sob a propriedade privada. Como atividade, o trabalho tem, de acordo com Marx – tal como a atividade do pensar, em Hegel – a estrutura da negatividade: a estrutura da exteriorização e do retorno a si mesmo. Nos Manuscritos Econômicos e Filosóficos (1844), em particular, Marx desenvolveu uma teoria da exteriorização do trabalho na qual a alienação impede que este cumpra o seu retorno a si. O trabalho torna‑se alienado, sai de si e permanece fora de si, pois é apropriado pela propriedade privada.

O texto que apresento incide sobre as representações culturais do feminino e as práticas de exploração da mulher, que se manifestam na cultura ocidental, na sociedade e no trabalho, através de conceitos deformados e mecanismos discriminatórios, num quadro de relações de produção capitalista. Num longo percurso histórico, de confronto entre o capital e o trabalho assalariado, o processo de emancipação social da mulher tem sido objecto de debate e reflexão, nomeadamente através de uma abordagem materialista e dialéctica, mantendo toda a actualidade no plano político e ideológico. Tomando como referência as «Teses sobre Feuerbach», de Marx pretendo contribuir para a reflexão do tema, partindo da tese 8, onde se enuncia: «O viver social é essencialmente prático», mostrando a pertinência das teses do autor sobre relações sociais de classe no viver humano, a sua ligação com as questões do feminino e a condição social da mulher na sociedade contemporânea. Do meu ponto de vista, o contributo do pensamento de Marx permite contextualizar a questão, perspectivar horizontes de orientação teórica e prática, chegar à compreensão do problema e contribuir para o exercício de uma prática transformadora, tendo em vista a emancipação social do ser humano.

In this article we shall try to explore the ethical aspects of the Dao De Jing and the fragments of the pre‑Socratic philosopher Heraclitus based on the symbolism of the infant that they both use. At first a very short introduction needs to be made concerning the basis of morality and the difference between China and Greece. Needless to say we must take into account the general ethical context in the civilizations of ancient China and ancient Greece and indicate (if possible) whether the DDJ is to be seen as a strictly ethical/political text as well as whether Heraclitus’ fragments work as an ethical map for the people of his time and place.63 I intent to structure this article in two chapters each one dedicated to each of the philosophers along with a short introduction in the beginning. As far as the main chapters are concerned the Lao‑Zi’s DDJ will be analyzed at first from the perspective of ethics in connection to the symbol of the infant not rarely used by Lao‑Zi. Secondly I shall deal with the ethical thought of Heraclitus and his perspective of the infant found in some of his fragments. Let us keep in mind that apart from the fragments themselves, the witnesses (i.e. stories about his life) play a not less important role in our extracting his philosophical opinions.64 Lastly we shall try to come to a conclusion concerning the similarities and dissimilarities between Lao‑Zi and Heraclitus regarding their views on ethics and especially regarding the use of the infant as a symbol or a pattern.

Este artigo oferece uma leitura sobre o “perigoso dilema” cético de David Hume, comparando‑o com o pensamento de autores do século XVII como Descartes, Pascal e Huet no que diz respeito à oscilação entre o nosso sentimento natural e a dúvida cética. A partir daí, propomos uma leitura diferente sobre a relação entre sentimento e razão no Tratado da Natureza Humana, muitas vezes, tomada somente de modo negativo e tensionado pelos intérpretes do ceticismo de Hume.

In 1781, prior to any Kantian reference in favor of the epigenesis – a direct, nominal reference, published in life –, two comparative passages of the “Architectonic of Pure Reason” will have drawn no attention from his readers. But, despite omitting that “augmentation” [Vermehrung], such passages shall lead, both on its own and jointly, to the possibility of a retrospective conflict regarding that theory; a conflict of a conceptual nature which may have repercussions on Kant’s position on the epigenesis, be it directly, on a metaphorical-speculative level, be it indirectly, on an embryological level. The present, ongoing study shall deal with the collocation of the problem, the presentation of some elements in view of its analysis and, finally, a possible solution for the difficulties which the two passages of both editions of the Critique indirectly raise.

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This paper analyses grade 6 pupils’ mathematical processes and difficulties in solv-ing proportion problems before the formal teaching of this topic. Using a qualitative methodology, we examine pupils’ thinking processes at four levels of performance in missing value and comparison problems proposed in a written test and in an oral interview video and audio recorded. The results show that pupils tend to use scalar composition and decomposition strategies in missing value problems and functional strategies in comparison problems. Pupils’ difficulties are related to a lack of recognition of the multiplicative nature of proportion relationships.

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The subject of this article is the Wild & Wessel factory in Berlin, one of the foremost producers of kerosene lamps in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. The success of this factory was due in large part to its founding directors’ dual emphasis on art and technology: they hired well-known and respected contemporary artists to design and prototype their lamps, and spent large sums on research and development. This, and their emphasis on catering to an inclusive market with a range of low to high price points, on thoughtful merchandising and branding, and on streamlining production, put Emil Wild and Wilhelm Wessel in the footprint of Josiah Wedgwood, often seen as the pioneer of entrepreneurship.

Este artigo explora temas centrais da epistemologia de Duncan Pritchard intimamente relacionados com a ideia wittgensteiniana de uma “epistemologia- -dobradiça”. A primeira secção chama a atenção para o carácter eminentemente empírico das nossas “dobradiças”. A segunda secção incide sobre a noção de Pritchard de “compromissos-dobradiça a-racionais”, mais especificamente a sua distinção entre o par “compromissos-dobradiça superlativos”/“proposições-dobradiça superlativas” e o par “compromissos-dobradiça pessoais”/“proposições-dobradiça pessoais”. A terceira secção traz para a discussão a compreensão de Timothy Williamson de “conhecimento inexacto” e examina um outro par de noções introduzidas por Pritchard, a saber “compromissos-dobradiça anticépticos”/“proposições-dobradiça anticépticas”. Concluo comuma reavaliação do diagnóstico feito por Pritchard de que, confrontados com um cenário céptico, a nossa “angústia epistémica” pode ser ultrapassada se seguirmos os ensinamentos de Wittgenstein no Da Certeza acerca da “estrutura de avaliação racional”, mas que uma “vertigem epistémica” nunca pode ser em última instância eliminada. O meu argumento é o de que num cenário moral não existe lugar para vertigem.

A Cerâmica Paulista resultou da conexão de tecnologias, práticas, significados e memórias. Ela foi produzida inicialmente pelas tupiniquins, em uma aliança com os portugueses na área de São Vicente e continuada por diversas gerações de mulheres, incluindo as que vieram de fora. No contexto dessas relações, materialidades e alimentos foram usados, apropriados e transformados, através de escolhas que entrelaçaram tecnologias antigas com novidades e mudanças culturais e identitárias. O exame de vasilhas inteiras, de fragmentos e dados publicados, mostra que a Cerâmica Paulista foi produzida desde o século XVI com algumas variações. A persistência das comunidades de práticas levou adiante maneiras de fazer e usar vasilhas cerâmicas, moldando valores e relações sociais que definiram a identidade Paulista.

In this short text we have aimed at stressing the Portuguese's pioneering in the fields of exotic pathology and of the snake poisoning. The accurate accounts and elaborate observations carried out by these builders of our cultural modernity anticipated, sometimes in decades, the descriptions or reports written by foreign authors. However, it is to these ones that the history of sciences recognizes, unduly and unfairly, priorities concerning the scientific discoveries. In this short account, in which some of the features of the scientific reality identified with the Portuguese Discoveries are systematized, the author pays homage to those who, either recognized or not, were the great doers of the contemporary culture and medical sciences.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020. This rapid systematic review synthesised published reports of medical educational developments in response to the pandemic, considering descriptions of interventions, evaluation data and lessons learned. Methods: The authors systematically searched four online databases and hand searched MedEdPublish up to 24 May 2020. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts, performed data extraction and assessed risk of bias for included articles. Discrepancies were resolved by a third author. A descriptive synthesis and outcomes were reported. Results: Forty-nine articles were included. The majority were from North America, Asia and Europe. Sixteen studies described Kirkpatrick’s outcomes, with one study describing levels 1–3. A few papers were of exceptional quality, though the risk of bias framework generally revealed capricious reporting of underpinning theory, resources, setting, educational methods, and content. Key developments were pivoting educational delivery from classroom-based learning to virtual spaces, replacing clinical placement based learning with alternate approaches, and supporting direct patient contact with mitigated risk. Training for treating patients with COVID-19, service reconfiguration, assessment, well-being, faculty development, and admissions were all addressed, with the latter categories receiving the least attention. Conclusions: This review highlights several areas of educational response in the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies a few articles of exceptional quality that can serve as models for future developments and educational reporting. There was often a lack of practical detail to support the educational community in enactment of novel interventions, as well as limited evaluation data. However, the range of options deployed offers much guidance for the medical education community moving forward and there was an indication that outcome data and greater detail will be reported in the future.

Early this year, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor of philosophy presented a new theory of time that caught our interest. One of the key concepts that Professor Skow presented is the "moving spotlight" theory. As Skow asserts, the experiences had a year ago or 10 years ago are still just as real, they're just "inaccessible" because they are now in a different part of spacetime. This was felt to be an elegant notion to inform this 'spotlight' piece on BEME ( www.bemecollaboration.org ).

The exponential growth of the systematic review methodology within health has been mirrored within medical education, allowing large numbers of publications on a topic to be synthesized to guide researchers and teachers. The robust, transparent and reproducible search methodologies employed offer scholarly rigor. The scope and scale of many reviews in education have only been matched by the size of the commitment needed to complete them and occasional lack of utility of reports. As such, we have noticed a growth in reviews across journals in the field that have questions that are more focused in scope. The authors propose 12 tips for performing a focused review in the right settings for the right reasons and discuss why such “focused reviews” may be more beneficial in those circumstances. Focused reviews allow researchers to formulate answers to specific local issues that have explicit utility of findings. Such reviews are equipped to identify what works for specific groups in specific circumstances and even question how and why this may occur. An additional impact of a focused approach can be a rapid turnaround. This article explains the purpose and benefits of focused review and provides guidance on how to produce them.

O objectivo da Newsletter do Instituto de Saúde Baseado na Evidência (ISBE) é a disponibilização de informação sobre áreas relevantes para a prática clínica, baseada na melhor evidência científica. São localizados estudos relevantes e de alta qualidade, criticamente avaliados pela sua validade, importância dos resultados e aplicabilidade prática e resumidos numa óptica de suporte à decisão clínica. É dada prioridade aos estudos de causalidade – revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos, estudos de coorte prospectivos/retrospectivos, estudos seccionais cruzados e caso‐controlo – incluindo‐se ainda, quando justificado, estudos qualitativos considerados de elevada qualidade metodológica e importância clínica.