Repositório RCAAP

This dissertation is based on the analysis of the audio listen bugging case of Gürtel, in which the judge Baltasar Garzón, while investigating a case regarding economic and financial crimes from an outlaw organization, ordered the bugging of conversations taken place in prison between the lawyer and the accused. He did so in order to understand if the defendants were maintaining the criminal organisation even after being arrested. This would only be possible if the defendant’s lawyers were condoning it. The judge’s action may have compromised the constitutional rights of de defendants, valid to all citizens, and consequently the Democratic State of Law, thus revealing that those who are in charge of the jurisdictional enforcement power are not applying the law in an impartial and rightful way.

Decorridas algumas décadas da criação e evolução do direito à reserva da intimidade da vida privada do trabalhador, esta constitui-se, não obstante, ainda hoje, como área de plúrimas projeções em virtude do desenvolvimento dos meios tecnológicos de informação e comunicação de tratamento automatizado. A necessidade de implementação de um regime jurídico específico resultou, em termos gerais, da consciencialização do perigo, uma vez que o contrato de trabalho pressupõe uma relação assimétrica, através da qual o trabalhador aliena parte importante da sua disponibilidade para a colocar ao serviço de outrem, que sobre ele exerce poderes de autoridade. Este vínculo torna particularmente vulnerável a proteção dos direitos de personalidade do trabalhador na vigência do contrato, sendo nessa medida, um tema de grande pertinência e atualidade, uma vez que, assistimos, cada vez mais, a violações dos direitos dos trabalhadores nas mais variadas vertentes. É indiscutível que, nos últimos anos, temos vindo a assistir a uma autêntica revolução tecnológica, a qual indubitavelmente relacionada com o despontar de sofisticadas tecnologias, responsáveis não só pelo inegável progresso e melhoria das condições de vida dos cidadãos, como também pela modificação do processo funcional e estrutural das empresas. Este desenvolvimento assume extraordinária importância no seio das relações laborais hodiernas, na medida em que o vínculo de subordinação jurídica característico do contrato de trabalho pode dar origem a graves abusos e intromissões, através do número crescente de controlos, que, pela sua intensidade, propiciam uma monitorização praticamente contínua, imprimindo, desse modo, forte incidência na privacidade do trabalhador. Nesse sentido, e atendendo ao supra exposto, cabe ao legislador garantir um justo equilíbrio entre o princípio da liberdade de gestão empresarial do empregador, e a tutela da esfera da privada do trabalhador, sendo certo que, este último, não aliena a sua condição de cidadão pelo simples facto de ter celebrado um contrato de trabalho, sendo assim premente que o direito laboral moderno, virado para o futuro, caminhe, cada vez mais, no sentido da valorização do trabalhador enquanto cidadão pleno de direitos.

O duplo grau de jurisdição em matéria de facto foi consagrado em 1995. A segunda instância já tem capacidade para alterar a matéria de facto se assim o decidir. Função que é importante para a integração do caso em matéria de direito e para a decisão de mérito da causa. Com a atribuição de poderes à segunda instância, foi imposto ao recorrente um ónus de impugnação da matéria de facto. No caso de incumprimento deste ónus, deve ser dado ao recorrente a chance de aperfeiçoar o seu requerimento de recurso.

En partant d’une pratique de peinture dans laquelle l'existence préalable d'une matrice physique est récurrente, nous avons étudié le concept de matrice et sa valence dans le contexte des méthodes d'exploitation de l'art, en particulier, dans le cadre d'un cours et d’un projet personnel de la peinture; on soumet l'hypothèse que la proposition de réalisation plastique peut être présenté comme une nouvelle possibilité au sein d'un large panorama de la peinture, en respectant les médias et des matériaux traditionnels, que nous croyions être pertinents dans le contexte de la recherche théorique et pratique dans la région. Nous étudions en particulier les conséquences du faire, en ce qui concerne la construction de métaphores visuelles lesquelles, par hypothèse, peuvent opérer un changement de perception du spectateur devant la peinture

O presente trabalho tem como objeto o regime especial dos grupos de sociedades comerciais à luz do direito angolano. O principal objetivo é dar o nosso contributo para a estrutura académica do país, para um melhor conhecimento do regime, da sua grande dimensão e aplicabilidade. Dada a possibilidade de ser benéfico para diversas áreas que envolvem o regime dos grupos de sociedades. Numa época em que o país está passar por uma crise económica e sofre uma grande restruturação, o conhecimento desse regime especial é importante, não apenas para a parte académica como para muitos empresários conhecerem outros regimes societários alternativos e dinâmicos com uma outra perspetiva. Tendo uma abordagem expansiva e o conhecimento não apenas do regime angolano como dos outros países que fazem parte da comunidade lusófona. Por fim, terminamos o trabalho com a apresentação de algumas soluções e propostas compostas por um leque diversificado devido à falta de atenção por parte das instituições públicas e conhecimento dentro do sector académico.

O marfim de morsa é uma matéria orgânica utilizada na concepção de objectos artísticos desde tempos remotos da história. As suas práticas de utilização conhecem-se desde a pré-história até aos dias de hoje, de tal modo que o interesse da história da arte nas peças produzidas em marfim tem vindo a aumentar nos últimos anos. Ao longo de cinco séculos a Europa medieval produziu peças em marfim de morsa e não em marfim de elefante, fenómeno que coincidiu com as incursões vikings e com o cessar do comércio árabe com a Europa. Esta dissertação tem como principal objectivo o de fazer uma compilação das peças em marfim de morsa produzidas entre os séculos IX e XII na Europa, desenvolvendo uma análise iconográfica diferenciando as duas tipologias mais recorrentes em termos de temas e funções, implicando o sagrado e o profano, tendo por base a comparação com fontes visuais e a contextualização histórica. A dissertação divide-se em dois volumes, sendo que o primeiro apresenta a seguinte estrutura: o primeiro capítulo consiste na exposição das fontes e estudos. O segundo capítulo, subdividido em duas partes que dizem respeito à apresentação do marfim de morsa enquanto material e à contextualização histórico-geográfica dos mesmos. O terceiro capítulo subdivide-se entre a análise das duas principais temáticas, o sacro e o profano. O segundo volume dedica-se exclusivamente ao inventário das peças analisadas no primeiro volume.

Bryophytes are poikilohydric organisms that play a key role in ecosystems, while some of them are also resistant to drought and environmental disturbances but present a slow growth rate. Moss culture in the laboratory can be a very useful tool for ecological restoration or the development of urban green spaces (roof and wall) in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, we aim to: (i) determine the optimal culture conditions for the growth of four moss species present in the Mediterranean climate, such as Bryum argenteum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Tortella nitida, and Tortella squarrosa; (ii) study the optimal growth conditions of the invasive moss Campylopus introflexus to find out if it can be a threat to native species. Photoperiod does not seem to cause any recognisable pattern in moss growth. However, temperature produces more linear but slower growth at 15 C than at 20 and 25 C. In addition, the lower temperature produced faster maximum cover values within 5–8 weeks, with at least 60% of the culture area covered. The study concludes that the culture of moss artificially in the organic gardening substrate without fertilisers is feasible and could be of great help for further use in environmental projects to restore degraded ecosystems or to facilitate urban green spaces in the Mediterranean area. Moreover, this study concludes that C. introflexus could successfully occupy the niche of other native moss species, especially in degraded areas, in a future global change scenario.

Lactic fermentation of unripe green tomatoes as a tool to produce food ingredients is a viable alternative for adding value to industrial tomatoes unsuitable for processing and left in large quantities in the fields. Fermentation using starter cultures isolated from the fruit (plant-matrix adapted) can have advantages over allochthonous strains in obtaining fermented products with sensory acceptability and potentially probiotic characteristics. This paper details the characterisation of the unripe green tomato lactic microbiota to screen LAB strains for use as starter cultures in fermentation processes, along with LAB strains available from INIAV’s collection. Morphological, biochemical (API system), and genomic (16S rDNA gene sequencing) identification showed that the dominant LAB genera in unripe green tomato are Lactiplantibacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella. Among nine tested strains, autochthonous Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and allochthonous Weissella paramesenteroides showed tolerance to added solanine (200 ppm) and the best in vitro probiotic potential. The results indicate that the two LAB strains are promising candidates for manufacturing probiotic fermented foods from unripe green tomatoes.

1. Indices of environmental associations such as the Community Temperature Index (CTI) and Community Precipitation Index (CPI) can be derived from occurrence data to extend the geographic scope or time frame of evidence for responses of insect diversity to global change. 2. We tested whether occurrence records from 1901 to 2016 from the Iberian Peninsula could shed light on butterfly community responses to changes over space and time in the climate; and whether local climatic variation caused by topographic heterogeneity could buffer communities against the effects of climate change. 3. CTI and CPI were closely related to variation in temperature and precipitation across 115 well-sampled 10 km grid squares. However, whereas temperature and precipitation changed systematically from 1901-1979 to 1980-2016, and these changes were positively related to changes in CTI and CPI, community climatic associations did not change significantly over time. Butterfly communities became more associated with closed vegetation, suggesting that land cover changes overshadowed the effects of climate change. 4. Local (1 km) climatic variation generally exceeded change over time at 10 km resolution, and heterogeneity in elevation slowed rates of warming. In turn, spatial variation in climatic conditions dampened butterfly community responses to heating and drying. 5. Occurrence data are limited by their spatial resolution but can inform understanding of insect community responses to global change for regions lacking long-term monitoring data. Our results suggest that local climatic variation accompanying topographic heterogeneity can shield regional butterfly faunas from the impacts of climate change.

This research aimed to estimate the splash erosion and its evolution during the first months in specific land uses after a forest fire. The study area was located in Congosto (North-West Spain), in the margins of Spanish drylands, after a wildfire occurred in May 2012, which burned 15.56 ha of scrubland and Pinus reforestation. Two different burned land uses were selected and compared to control areas: i) burned pine forest; and, scrublands. Rainfall intensity and the number, sizes and speed of raindrops were measured by an optical disdrometer and soil loss by funnels. Moreover, infiltration, soil moisture content, aggregate stability, water repellence, pH and organic matter were also measured. Results showed that the highest soil losses occurred in the burned areas, especially in the scrubland plots. The most influential factors were the presence of bare soil and the low vegetation recovery rate. Changes in soil properties did not significantly influence splash erosion, although an increase in the presence of smaller classes of aggregates could promote erosion in the scrubland. We conclude that the vegetation ecosystem restoration is the key issue to be considered after a wildfire, especially, in those types of land uses which are severely affected by the fire in the margins of drylands.

Wolbachia are maternally-inherited bacteria that induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in many arthropod species. However, the ubiquity of this isolation mechanism for host speciation processes remains elusive, as only few studies have examined Wolbachia-induced incompatibilities when host populations are not genetically compatible. Here, we used three populations of two genetically differentiated colour forms of the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae to dissect the interaction between Wolbachia-induced and host-associated incompatibilities, and their relative contribution to postmating isolation. We found that these two sources of incompatibility act through different mechanisms in an additive fashion. Host-associated incompatibility contributes 1.5 times more than Wolbachia-induced incompatibility in reducing hybrid production, the former through an overproduction of haploid sons at the expense of diploid daughters (ca. 75% decrease) and the latter by increasing the embryonic mortality of daughters (by ca. 49%). Furthermore, regardless of cross direction, we observed near-complete F1 hybrid sterility and complete F2 hybrid breakdown between populations of the two forms, but Wolbachia did not contribute to this outcome. We thus show mechanistic independence and an additive nature of host-intrinsic and Wolbachia-induced sources of isolation. Wolbachia may contribute to reproductive isolation in this system, thereby potentially affecting host differentiation and distribution in the field.

Developmental plasticity can match organismal phenotypes to ecological conditions, helping populations to deal with the environmental heterogeneity of alternating seasons. In contrast to natural situations, experimental studies of plasticity often use environmental conditions that are held constant during development. To explore potential interactions between day and night temperatures, we tested effects of circadian temperature fluctuations on thermally plastic traits in a seasonally plastic butterfly, Bicyclus anynana. Comparing phenotypes for four treatments corresponding to a full-factorial analysis of cooler and warmer temperatures, we found evidence of significant interaction effects between day and night temperatures. We then focused on comparing phenotypes between individuals reared under two types of temperature fluctuations (warmer days with cooler nights, and cooler days with warmer nights) and individuals reared under a constant temperature of the same daily mean. We found evidence of additive-like effects (for body size), and different types of dominance-like effects, with one particular period of the light cycle (for development time) or one particular extreme temperature (for eyespot size) having a larger impact on phenotype. Differences between thermally plastic traits, which together underlie alternative seasonal strategies for survival and reproduction, revealed their independent responses to temperature. This study underscores the value of studying how organisms integrate complex environmental information toward a complete understanding of natural phenotypic variation and of the impact of environmental change thereon.

- Butterfly eyespots play a role in predator avoidance and mate-choice, but more field studies and a better account of animal color vision are needed to better understand the selective pressures shaping eyespot evolution - Comparative analyses of eyespot development have shed light on the evolution of eyespot gene regulatory networks and on the origin of eyespot developmental plasticity - Eyespot development involves two patterning processes responsible for first placing eyespot organizing centers in larval wings, and then placing color rings around them in pupal wings; both of these have been subject to recent modelling and genetic analysis - CRISPR-Cas9 has made it easier to test the function of genes expressed in developing eyespots and to test predictions of models of eyespot patterning - Next generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches, including RNA-seq, GWAS, and ATACSeq, will boost the genetic dissection of eyespot development and diversification

The characteristic declination is the declination for the day on which the daily extra-terrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface is identical to its monthly average value. It was introduced as a means to determine monthly average values of irradiation. This paper explores its potential usefulness to reduce computing time when mapping solar potential in complex urban areas. This simplification reduces computing demand by a factor of 30x while introducing a +5 to +8% error in the annual monthly irradiation on a typical urban neighborhood for a low and mid-latitudes. Errors are larger (+10 to +12%) for high latitudes. The magnitude of the errors is comparable to other relevant uncertainties in solar mapping tools, associated with solar radiation modeling, the layout and details of the buildings or the PV energy yield models.

Esta tese parte da análise dos filmes The Birds, de Alfred Hitchcock, e Journal d'un curé de campagne, de Robert Bresson, e dos depoimentos destes dois realizadores, para fazer uma descrição geral do cinema e da importância do espectador na construção do significado de um filme. Nela são tratadas questões linguísticas, literárias e epistemológicas, sobre usos de palavras em filmes, sobre interpretação, e sobre a percepção, o conhecimento e a construção de sentido.

This study aimed to find possibilities for the coexistence of digital and analogue media in the independent music scene. In order to contextualize the study it starts by describing the landscape of the musical industry since the beginning of the recorded music. It begins with a chronological review of the recording media to understand the progressive dematerialization levered by de digital technology. The dematerialization and the internet are the milestones for a changing paradigm with an impact on the music industry. Next it describes the way the digital media is changing the graphic design for musical projects. Some aspects are important like the democratization of the production resources and the possibilities of publishing provided by the internet. Some artists, who already grew up on the digital era, are using analogue processes as an inspiration. They produce physical objects which they promote using their digital skills and the potential of the internet. To try to identify publishing and disclosure habits in the independent music in Portugal we created a survey. Having the main findings of the research and the survey as a reference, we created a project entitled Colanimal. The purpose of this project is to spread and promote printing techniques and encourage the collaboration between musicians and designers creating posters and publications

In this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of B. macrocarpa from southern Portugal. B. macrocarpa occurs only in southern Portugal and frequently in sympatry with B. vulgaris subsp. maritima, showing genetic introgression. B. macrocarpa has a better-defined structure than B. vulgaris subsp. maritima, which has a high degree of admixture. A great differentiation (FST ranging from 0.277 to 0.184) was observed among the northern populations of B. vulgaris subsp. maritima. In contrast, only a small differentiation (FST ranging from 0.000 to 0.026) was detected among the southern B. vulgaris subsp. maritima populations. The inland B. vulgaris subsp. maritima populations (“RIO” and “VMT”) are distinct from each other, which also occurs with the two islands’ populations (“MAD” and “AZO”). The existence of two distinct Atlantic Sea currents can explain the fact that Madeira is related to the southern populations, while the Azores is related to the northern populations. We consider that understanding the relationships existing within Beta spp. is key to future genetic studies and for the establishment of conservation measures. Our results show that the southern coastal areas of Portugal should be considered as a potential site for in situ conservation of the beet wild relatives. Special attention is needed in what concerns B. macrocarpa because this is a rare species that also occurs in a sympatric relationship with B. vulgaris subsp. maritima.

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Global change and growing human population are exhausting arable land and resources, including water and fertilizers. We present inoculation with the endophytic plant-growth promoting bacterium (PGPB) Herbaspirillum seropedicae as a strategy for promoting growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Because plant nutrient acquisition is coordinated with photosynthesis and the plant carbon status, we hypothesize that inoculation with H. seropedicae will stimulate proton (H+) pumps, increasing plant growth nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency at low nutrient levels. Plants were inoculated and grown in pots with sterile soil for 90 days. Herbaspirillum seropedicae endophytic colonization was successful and, as hypothesized, inoculation (1) stimulated root vacuolar H+ pumps (vacuolar H+-ATPase and vacuolar H+-PPase), and (2) increased plant growth, nutrient contents and photosynthetic efficiency. The results showed that inoculation with the endophytic bacterium H. seropedicae can promote plant growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency, which will likely result in a more efficient use of resources (nutrients and water) and higher production of nutrient-rich food at reduced economic and environmental costs.

Drylands are highly susceptible to degradation and climate change, which has important ecological and socio- economic consequences worldwide. To halt drylands degradation, plant species selection for restoration is starting to include also a functional approach, but does not integrate belowground functional traits yet. Therefore we tested the use of mycorrhizal traits to identify native plant species which host guilds of beneficial microbes and therefore enhance multiple soil functions simultaneously – soil multifunctionality. We used a soil organic matter (SOM) gradient (0.9–1.9%) and evaluated the effect of 14 common and abundant native herbaceous plant species (+bare soil) on soil functionality. We measured several soil functions (soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and enzymatic activities – dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and phosphatase) and built a soil multi- functionality index. Soil multifunctionality was strongly associated with mycorrhizal traits across the analysed SOM gradient. Bare soils and soils under non- or low-mycorrhizal plant species displayed the lower soil func- tionality (both individual functions and multifunctionality), while soils under Fabaceae species (Medicago truncatula, Astragalus corrugatus and Lotus halophilus) displayed the highest. For each plant species, the highest soil multifunctionality was observed at the SOM-richer site. Soil multifunctionality was strongly associated with all the mycorrhizal traits but mycorrhizal intensity and AMF spores abundance were more correlated with soil multifunctionality than mycorrhizal frequency. Our data show that: i) AM traits can be good indicators of simultaneous multiple soil functions in drylands; and ii) soil multifunctionality in drylands can be improved by management practices promoting SOM accumulation and favouring specific native plant species.