Repositório RCAAP

A crescente demanda do mercado de pimentas tem impulsionado o aumento da área cultivada no Brasil anualmente, no Nordeste brasileiro esse cultivo vem sendo feito não apenas em hortas caseiras para o consumo doméstico, como também em áreas comerciais que abastecem o mercado local e externo. Diante disso objetivou-se verificar os efeitos da utilização da adubação orgânica no cultivo de espécies de pimenta no intuito de possibilitar aos agricultores desenvolverem sua produção utilizando-se de práticas onde produtos alternativos e de baixo custo econômico e ambiental disponíveis em suas propriedades como é o caso da urina de vaca que pode ser utilizados como fertilizante além de possuir outras propriedades favoráveis a este cultivo. Foram usadas as espécies Cambuci, Dedo-de-moça, Bode Amarela e as proporções de urina de vaca utilizadas nas pulverizações foram de 1 a 5%. As variáveis analisadas foram à altura, diâmetro do caule e matéria seca do caule das plantas após a semeadura. A dosagem de urina nas concentrações a partir de 2%, 4% e 5% obtiveram médias maiores de alturas que nas demais concentrações exercendo maior influência sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas. No diâmetro do caule verificou-se um desenvolvimento maior nas aplicações com concentração de urina aplicada a 4%, 5%. E na matéria seca os melhores resultados foram obtidos nas plantas que receberam adubação com urina a 3 a 5% na maioria das amostras indicando que os melhores efeitos foram atingidos nas maiores concentrações. Development of pepper species on effect of doses of cow urineAbstract: The growing demand of the peppers market has driven the increase of cultivated area in Brazil annually, in the Brazilian Northeast this cultivation has been done not only in home gardens for domestic consumption, as well as in commercial gardens that supply the local and foreign markets. Therefore, it was decided to observe the effects of the use of organic fertilization on the cultivation of peppers in order to enable farmers to develop their production using practices where alternative products and low economic and environmental cost available on their properties as is the case of Cow urine that can be used as fertilizer besides possessing other properties favorable to this crop. The species Cambuci, Finger, Yellow Goat and the proportions of cow urine used in spraying were 1 to 5%.The analyzed variables were the height, stem diameter and dry matter of the stem of the plants after sowing. Urine dosage at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 5% obtained higher mean values of heights than the other concentrations exerting greater influence on the development of plants. In the diameter of the stem a greater development was observed in the applications with concentration of urine applied to 4%, 5%. And in the dry matter the best results were obtained in the plants that received fertilization with 3 to 5% urine in the majority of the samples indicating that the best effects were reached in the highest concentrations.

Os extratos vegetais atualmente representam uma alternativa importante no controle de insetos-praga. Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar os efeitos de extratos aquosos de folhas de pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens) e eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.) sobre Zabrotes subfasciatus em fava. Foram realizados dois bioensaios no laboratório de Entomologia, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências da Natureza da Universidade Federal do Piauí, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, totalizando cinco tratamentos [0% (testemunha), 30%, 60%, 80% e 100 %], cada um com quatro repetições, onde os parâmetros, número de insetos mortos, número de ovos e emergência de adultos foram avaliados. O extrato aquoso de folhas de pimenta malagueta não foi eficiente contra o caruncho Z. subfasciatus, pois, houve mortalidade média de 20% dos insetos nas concentrações de 80 e 100%, e com o aumento da concentração teve-se um estímulo a oviposição e emergência destes. O extrato aquoso de folhas de Eucalyptus sp. foi eficiente sobre a mortalidade, oviposição e emergência de Z. subfasciatus, com o aumento da concentração observou-se maior mortalidade, atingindo 40% dos indivíduos; redução da oviposição, 13% em relação a testemunha e as demais concentrações, e emergência dos besouros.Bioactivity of the aqueous extracts of chilli pepper and eucalyptus leaves on Zabrotes subfasciatus in fava beansAbstract: The plant extracts currently represent an important alternative in the control of insect pests. The objective of this paper was to analyze the effects of aqueous extracts of leaves of chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) on Zabrotes subfasciatus in fava. Two bioassays were performed in the entomology laboratory, Department of Biology, Nature Sciences Center of the Federal University of Piauí, in a completely randomized experimental design, totaling five treatments [(0% (control), 30%, 60%, 80% and 100%], each one with four replicates, where the parameters, number of dead insects, number of eggs and emergence of adults were evaluated. The aqueous extract of leaves of chilli pepper was not efficient against the weevil Z. subfasciatus, because, there was an average mortality of 20% of the insects in the concentrations of 80 and 100%, and with the increase of the concentration there was a stimulus to oviposition and emergence. The aqueous extract of leaves of Eucalyptus sp. was efficient on the mortality, oviposition and emergence of Z. subfasciatus, with the increase in concentration, a higher mortality was observed, reaching 40% of the individuals; reduction of oviposition, 13% in relation to control and other concentrations, and emergence of beetles.

A Caatinga apresenta uma grande diversidade de espécies vegetais, dentre elas Luetzelburgia auriculata é uma das espécies predominantes no bioma, desempenhando papel fundamental para o ecossistema local. Este trabalho objetivou descrever as características biométricas de frutos e sementes de Luetzelburgia auriculata.  Para a descrição das características da semente foram coletados 200 frutos e 200 sementes de plantas nativas do município de Santa Helena, Paraíba. As amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas do Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural de Universidade Federal de Campina Grande para a realização das devidas aferições biométricas. Os frutos foram analisado pelo comprimento, espessura superior, mediana e inferior; largura superior, mediana e inferior. Para as sementes, foram analisados comprimento, espessura e a largura. Verificou-se que o comprimento dos frutos variou de 50,7 a 98,2 cm, a espessura de 6,00 a 17 mm e largura variando de 12,4 a 21,8 mm. Em relação às sementes, 46% se enquadraram na classe de comprimento com intervalo de 19,9 a 20,8 mm. A espécie Luetzelburgia auriculata apresentam variabilidade nas características biométricas de frutos e sementesBiometrics of fruit and seeds of Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) DuckeAbstract: The Caatinga presents a great diversity of plant species, among them the woodpecker (Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemao) Ducke.) is one of the predominant species in the biome, playing a fundament al role for the local ecosystem. This work aimed to describe the biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds of Pau de Pedra. For the description of the characteristics of the Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke seed, 200 fruits and 200 seeds of native plants of the municipality of Santa Helena, Paraíba state were collected for biometry and seed mass. Afterwards they were packed in plastic bags and properly identified and taken to Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas do Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, where the biometric measurements were continued. The fruit was analyzed for its length, the upper, median and inferior thickness; Upper, median and lower width. The seed was analyzed for length, thickness and width. It was verified that the length of the fruits varied from 50.7 to 98.2 cm, the thickness with 6.00 to 17 mm and width ranging from 12.4 to 21.8 mm. Regarding the seeds, 46% were in the length class with a range of 19.9 to 20.8 mm. From the evaluations we conclude that the species Luetzelburgia auriculata present variability in the biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds, and the morphological description of the fruit and the seed constitutes the importance of the species recognition. 

O morango é um fruto de estrutura frágil e muito perecível. Uma alternativa para agregar valor ao fruto é a produção de um fermentado de morango. O mel de abelha é conhecido como ingrediente versátil e altamente fermentável que apresenta sabor e aroma característico.. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir uma bebida mista de mel de abelha e morango, com teor alcoólico de 10° GL e avaliando a cinética de fermentação alcoólica na produção da bebida. A bebida mista de mel de abelha e morango foi obtida seguindo etapas de seleção, sanitização, preparo do mosto, sulfitação, inoculação, fermentação, trasfega, clarificação, envase, rotulagem e armazenamento. O processo fermentativo foi avaliado em oito tempos de fermentação quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis totais, produção de etanol, acidez titulável, pH e contagem de células. A bebida produzida apresentou um sabor seco com leve aroma de morango, pH de 3,18, acidez titulável de 0,5% e teor alcoólico de 10,1 °GL estando em conformidade com os padrões exigidos pela legislação brasileira sobre bebidas. O morango e o mel de abelha utilizados na produção da bebida mista apresentou características adequadas para o processamento industrial, a graduação alcoólica da bebida mista de mel de abelha e morango foi de 10,1°GL, estando dentro das especificações exigidas pela legislação brasileira. A produção de bebida mista de mel de abelha e morango é tecnicamente viável em função da qualidade do produto e pode ser considerada como uma forma promissora de aproveitamento do mel nos excedentes da safra.Kinetics of mixed beverage production of honey from bees and strawberriesAbstract: The strawberry is a fruit of fragile and very perishable structure. An alternative to add value to the fruit is the production of a strawberry fermented. Bee honey is known as a versatile and highly fermentable ingredient that has a characteristic flavor and aroma. The present work had as objective to produce a mixed drink of honey of strawberry and honey, with alcohol content of 10 ° GL and evaluating the kinetics of fermentation In the production of the beverage. The mixed drink of honey and strawberry honey was obtained following the steps of selection, sanitization, preparation of the must, sulphitation, inoculation, fermentation, racking, clarification, packaging, labeling and storage. The fermentation process was evaluated in eight fermentation times for the total soluble solids content, ethanol production, titratable acidity, pH and cell count. The beverage produced had a dry flavor with a slight strawberry flavor, pH of 3.18, titratable acidity of 0.5% and alcohol content of 10.1 ° GL in compliance with the standards required by Brazilian legislation on beverages. The strawberry and bee honey used in the production of the mixed drink had adequate characteristics for industrial processing, the alcoholic strength of the mixed beverage of honey and strawberry was 10.1 ° GL, being within the specifications required by Brazilian legislation. The production of mixed honey and strawberry honey is technically feasible depending on the quality of the product and can be considered as a promising way of harnessing honey in crop surpluses.

Os sensores de satélites têm a capacidade de fornecer informações sobre regiões afetadas pela atividade do fogo, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente para a detecção e quantificação destas áreas. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento da regeneração natural da candeia Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less, após a ocorrência de incêndio florestal por meio do índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI) de forma a identificar a capacidade de resiliência da espécie. O incêndio ocorreu em 1999, ao lado do Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó no município de Morro do Pilar, Minas Gerais. Foi selecionada uma série temporal de quatro imagens adquiridas entre os anos de 1999 a 2005 do satélite Landsat (TM e ETM+). Foram geradas as imagens NDVI e em seguida foram obtidos seus valores de reflectância nas diferentes datas para analisar o comportamento espectral das áreas em regeneração. Posteriormente esses parâmetros foram utilizados para analisar as alterações na cobertura vegetal. Ao comparar os valores de NDVI antes e pós-incêndio, observou-se que num período de 6 anos a candeia apresenta valores de reflectância próximos àqueles encontrados antes do incêndio, o que sugere que a cobertura vegetal está num estágio similar à antes da ocorrência do fogo. O índice aplicado mostrou-se eficiente na análise da capacidade de resiliência da espécie após o fogo. Multitemporal analysis of natural regeneration of Candeia after occurrence of forest fireAbstract: Satellite sensors have the ability to provide information on areas affected by fire activity, being an efficient tool for detection and quantification of these areas. The aim of this study was to analyze the natural regeneration pattern of the Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less, after the occurrence of forest fire, using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in order to identify its resilience capacity. The fire occurred in 1999, next to the Serra do Cipó National Park in Morro do Pilar city, Minas Gerais. A time series of four Landsat (TM e ETM+) images acquired between the years 1999-2005 were selected. The NDVI images were generated and their reflectance values were obtained at the different dates to analyze the spectral pattern of regenerating areas. Later, these parameters were used to analyze the vegetation cover changes. Comparing the NDVI values before and after the fire, it was observed that, over a period of 6 years the reflectance values were close to those found before the fire, which suggests that the vegetal cover is at a similar stage before the fire occurrence. The applied index proved to be efficient in the analysis of the species capacity of resilience after the fire occurrence. 

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de concentrações do fertilizante orgânico a base de Spirulina platensis sobre a produção, crescimento, teores de N, P, K e sódio e sobre as trocas gasosas de alface cv. Elba em condições de campo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, constituídos das concentrações do fertilizante (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5%) com seis repetições. No ponto de colheita da cultura foram avaliadas variáveis de produção e crescimento, os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e sódio, bem como, as trocas gasosas das plantas com o medidor de gás infravermelho (IRGA). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as concentrações do fertilizante, não afetaram a produção, o crescimento, os teores de nutrientes avaliados, assim como não influenciaram as trocas gasosas das plantas.Production, mineral nutrition and physiological aspects of lettuce under foliar fertilization with Spirulina platensis Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of concentrations of organic fertilizer based on Spirulina platensis on yield, growth, in N, P, K and sodium contents and on gaseous changes of lettuce cv. Elba in field conditions. Use the design of randomized blocks, with six treatments consisting of different concentrations of fertilizer (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 7.5%) with six replications. At the harvest point were evaluated the growth and production, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium, as well as gas exchange plant with infrared gas meter (IRGA). The results showed that the fertilizer concentrations did not affect production, growth, levels of nutrients evaluated, and did not influence the gas exchange of plants.

O juazeiro é uma planta bastante conhecida dos sertanejos, que além de servir de sombra e arborização de ruas, seus frutos são amplamente consumidos por animais. Algumas pesquisas são direcionadas a essa cultura, no entanto, não existem pesquisas no que diz respeito à natureza respiratória dos frutos. Assim, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a taxa respiratória de frutos de juazeiro colhidos de plantas localizadas no município de Queimadas, Paraíba, armazenados à temperatura ambiente controlada (23±1 °C e 55±2% UR) por quatro dias. A taxa respiratória foi determinada por meio da metodologia descrita por Crispim et al. (1994) com adaptações, também foi estimada a massa fresca do fruto e a perda de massa durante o período de armazenamento . Os resultados demonstraram redução de massa fresca do fruto, aumento de perda de massa, bem como, picos climatéricos no terceiro dia de armazenamento, podendo assim, serem considerados frutos de natureza climatérica. Respiratory rate of juazeiro fruits (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) stored under ambient temperatureAbstract: The juazeiro is a well-known plant of the sertanejos, that besides serving of shade and arborization of streets, its fruits are widely consumed by animals. Some research is directed to this culture, however, there is no research regarding the respiratory nature of the fruits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the respiratory rate of juazeiro fruits harvested from plants located in the city of Queimadas, Paraíba, stored at controlled ambient temperature (23 ± 1 ° C and 55 ± 2% RH) for four days. The respiratory rate was determined using the methodology described by Crispim et al. (1994) with adaptations, it was also estimated the fresh mass of the fruit and the loss of mass during the storage period. The results showed a reduction of fresh mass of the fruit, increase of mass loss, as well as, climacteric peaks on the third day of storage, thus being considered fruits of climacteric nature.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ideal amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to be used in the titration breath analysis in juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) Fruits harvested in the city of Pombal, Paraíba. For this, two volumes of NaOH, 0.5 and 1.0 mL were tested during the 24 hour period. The results demonstrated that the volume of 0.5 mL was efficient only for short periods of analysis, more precisely for up to 16 hours. The results obtained for the volume of 1.0 mL showed to be efficient during the whole period of analysis and become more feasible, because it fixed a greater amount of CO2, when compared to the results obtained when using 0,5 mL of NaOH.

O pimentão (Capsicum annuum. L.), é uma hortaliça extremamente perecível, que deteriora facilmente gerando elevados índices de perdas após sua colheita.  A aceitação dos produtos hortícolas no mercado depende da análise visual, sendo a primeira ocorrência no momento da compra. Para identificar frutos e hortaliças de qualidade é necessário observar alguns atributos sensoriais, que são indispensáveis na confirmação da qualidade. Objetivou-se avaliar parâmetros como aparência, odor, cor e perda de massa de pimentão verde por um período de 15 dias, identificando o tempo aproximado de estabilidade dessa hortaliça na temperatura controlada. Foram utilizados cerca de 5 kg de pimentões verdes provenientes no Centro Econômico de Abastecimento Sociedade Anônima, localizada na cidade de Patos, Paraíba. Os pimentões foram selecionados e lavados em água corrente. Os mesmos foram pesados e colocados em bandeja de poliestireno sem revestimento, emparelhados sob uma bancada e mantidas na temperatura controlada (24±1 °C). Os pimentões mudaram a sua coloração no decorrer da análise, passando de verde brilhante para metade verde e metade marrom. Os pimentões verdes sofreram modificações visuais no decorrer do armazenamento, a estabilidade dessa hortaliça na temperatura controlada foi de aproximadamente 6 dias.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas e físico-químicas dos frutos de juazeiro colhidos em cinco estádios de maturação. Os frutos foram colhidos no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar (CCTA) da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus Pombal, foram acondicionados em sacos plásticos e transportados ao laboratório de Análise de Alimentos do CCTA. Os frutos foram classificados em cinco estádios de maturação, selecionados quanto à coloração da casca do fruto. Avaliou-se a massa fresca dos frutos, polpas e sementes; espessura longitudinal e transversal do fruto e polpa, rendimento da polpa e semente. Após o processamento da polpa com a casca, foram avaliadas as seguintes características físico-químicas: umidade, cinzas, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e vitamina C. Os frutos do IV estádio de maturação se destacaram em relação aos demais nos atributos físicos, apresentando elevado rendimento (80,16%), tornando o processamento industrial, no que diz respeito a rendimento de polpa, viável. Os frutos de todos os estádios de maturação também apresentaram níveis significativos de vitamina C.Evaluation physical and physical-chemical of fruit juazeiro (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.) in different stages of maturityAbstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physico-chemical characteristics of the fruits of juazeiro harvested in five maturation stages. The fruits were collected in the Center of Sciences and Technology Agroalimentaria (CCTA) of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus Pombal, were packed in plastic bags and transported to the Food Analysis laboratory of the CCTA. The fruits were classified in five stages of maturation, selected for the color of the fruit peel. The fresh mass of fruits, pulps and seeds was evaluated; longitudinal and transverse thickness of fruit and pulp, yield of pulp and seed. After the pulp was processed with the peel, the following physicochemical characteristics were evaluated: moisture, ash, pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and vitamin C. The fruits of the IV stage of maturation stood out in relation to the others in the attributes with high yield (80.16%), making the industrial processing, with respect to pulp yield, viable. Fruits at all maturation stages also showed significant levels of vitamin C.

The juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) Popularly known as juá is a plant typical of the Brazilian Northeast, widely used in animal feeding in times of prolonged drought, however, its fruits are little studied and characterized. In this approach, the objective was to evaluate the post-harvest quality of juazeiro fruits at different maturation stages. The fruits were harvested from plants located at the Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentaria, of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus Pombal-PB. The fruits were selected for the absence of injuries and classified in five maturation stages, according to the color of the fruit peel. Physical, physical-chemical characteristics, centesimal composition and bioactive compounds were evaluated. The results indicate that the fruits of juazeiro present high yield of pulp, high concentration of soluble solids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, indicating the probable antioxidant potential of the fruits, especially in the stage of maturation I and IV.

Pepper Capsicum annuum L., belongs to the Solanaceae family, which contains approximately 31 species. Bioactive compounds also known as phytochemicals are chemical and biochemical components that are present in most fruits and vegetables. The objective of the present study was to verify if the bioactive compounds of the green pepper remain after being submitted to the drying process. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 5 replicates. Green peppers were used from the (Economic Center of Supply Corporation) of the city of Patos, Paraíba. The peppers were packed in plastic boxes and transported to the Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Food Analysis of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus Pombal. Where they were selected, washed and sanitized. After that, the minimum processing was done and the drying was carried out in a circulation oven at 60 ºC. At the end of the drying, the samples were crushed and sieved. After this process, the analyzes of ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanin flavonoids and phenolic compounds. It was found that there was a significant difference between treatments. The bioactive properties of green pepper were not lost after the heat treatment. Some phytochemicals as ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds were concentrated. Therefore the loss of water during the drying process increased the concentration of the bioactive compounds of dehydrated pepper, the product obtained with this method exhibited high levels of phytochemicals, the use of drying may be an alternative to prolong the shelf life of the vegetable.

A ocorrência de longos períodos de estiagem e a irregularidade anual das precipitações no Semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro torna a prática da irrigação imprescindível para garantir a produção agrícola com segurança, no entanto, as fontes hídricas disponíveis nem sempre são de boa qualidade. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da irrigação com águas de distintos níveis salinos associado a doses de nitrogênio sobre o crescimento de mudas de mamoeiro 'Formosa' em condições de semiárido nordestino. O experimento foi conduzido em sacolas plásticas sob condições de ambiente protegido no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal da Campina Grande, campus Pombal- PB. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com 4 repetições, sendo os tratamentos compostos de cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água – CEa (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (70, 100, 130 e 160% de N recomendada). A condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação a partir de 0,3 dS m-1 afetou negativamente altura da planta e fitomassa seca de caule. Observa-se que a dose de 70% de N e de 100% proporcionou respectivamente, maior produção de fitomassa seca de raiz e número de folhas. Não foi verificado efeito significativo para as variáveis diâmetro do caule e fitomassa seca do caule submetida a distintas CEa e adubação nitrogenada; assim como, não houve interação entre os fatores (CEa x Adubação com N) sobre o crescimento das mudas, As variáveis NF, FFF, FSF, FSR apresentaram tolerância ao aumento da condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação.Irrigation with saline water and nitrogen in seedlings papaya production "Formosa" Abstract: The occurrence of long periods of drought and the annual irregularity of precipitation in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast make irrigation practice essential to ensure safe agricultural production, however, the available water sources are not always of good quality. In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation with waters of different saline levels associated with nitrogen rates on the growth of 'Formosa' papaya seedlings under northeastern semiarid conditions. The experiment was carried out in plastic bags under protected environment conditions at the Center of Science and Technology Agrifood of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal - PB campus. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications, being the treatments composed of five levels of electrical conductivity of the water (EC, 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four nitrogen doses (70, 100, 130 and 160% N recommended). The electrical conductivity of irrigation water from 0.3 dS m-1 negatively affected plant height and dry stem biomass. It is observed that the dose of 70% of N and of 100% provided, respectively, greater dry matter production of root and number of leaves. No significant effect was observed for the variables stem diameter and dry stem biomass submitted to different CEa and nitrogen fertilization; As well as, there was no interaction between the factors (CEa x Fertilization with N) on the growth of the seedlings. The variables NF, FFF, FSF, FSR presented tolerance to the increase of electrical conductivity of irrigation water.

The objective of this study was to perform the physico-chemical characterization of 'Rosa powder' mango pulp obtained by lyophilization. Integral pulp and a formulation containing 30% maltodextrin (drying agent) were used. Samples were homogenized and frozen at -18 ° C for further lyophilization for a period of 72 hours. Analyzes of the pulps (integral and formulated) and the post-obtained were performed for unit parameter, water activity, total soluble solids, pH, total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and instrumental color. It was verified that the addition of the road agent altered as characteristics of the pulp with decrease of the unit, water activity, titratable total acid and ascorbic acid, increasing the total soluble solids content. In the formulated pulp a 34% increase of the total soluble solids was observed, whereas the reduction of the water activity was almost 80%. In relation to the powder, the maltodextrin product presented a reduction in moisture contents, water activity and titratable total acidity when compared to whole fruit powder. As for color, there was an increase in luminosity (L *), from 72.45 to 78.85 and a decrease in the intensity of yellow (b *), from 62.72 to 35.33, of the formulated powder when compared to the powder without addition of coadjuvant. It was possible to verify that the inclusion of maltodextrin altered the physical-chemical paramedics studied, both in the pulps and lyophilized powder, being the parameter of a unit, water activity and luminosity of the most affected.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the production and the quality of fertirrigated cherry tomatoes with pisciculture wastewater with and without probiotics. The experiment was conducted in pots, under ambient conditions protected by 50% sombrite. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates, the experimental unit consisting of thirty-two plants. Four water slides were tested: water; water from fish farms without the use of probiotics; water with probiotic and probiotic pisciculture wastewater. Probiotic addition was performed every 48 hours, with 0,5 g of probiotic containing at least 5x109 billion colony forming units per viable gram for every 8 L of water, each plant receiving 1 L of water manually in the morning. The soil used in the experiment to fill the vessels was classified as a NEOSOLO QUARTZARENIC dystrophic sandy texture caatinga stage, mixed with organic compound. The results showed that there was no difference between treatments for yield, number of fruits, fruit weight and pH. The treatment of water with probiotic was the one that presented lower acidity and better relation SST / ATT. The reuse of fish water with and without addition of the probiotic for fertirrigation of the cherry tomato crop did not interfere in the fruit production.

Objetivou-se caracterizar blend de abacaxi com acerola liofilizado quanto à composição físico-química. O estudo foi conduzido no Laboratório de Armazenamento e Processamento de Produtos Agrícolas da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba. As polpas foram homogeneizadas em liquidificador durante 1 min e filtrado em peneira com malha de 2,5 mm, as amostras foram liofilizadas em liofilizador de bancada (Terroni, LS 3000), onde foi desidratada na temperatura de -50 °C por 76 h. A amostra in natura e a liofilizada foram submetidas às analises físico-químicas. Onde foi obtido um teor de água de 92% da amostra in natura e, após o processo de liofilização houve uma redução de 70%. A atividade de água (aw) foi inferior a 0,30 após a desidratação. Observou-se que houve um amento significativo nos teores de sólidos totais, acidez total titulável e sólidos solúveis totais. No tocante a relação SST/ATT houve um decréscimo de 8,37% e, com relação ao pH não houve diferença significativa entre a amostra in natura e a liofilizada. Com relação aos parâmetros de cor observou-se que houve um aumento de 33,91% para luminosidade e para intensidade de vermelho (+a*) de 3%, no entanto para a intensidade de vermelho (+a*) houve uma redução de 9,27% após a liofilização. O processo de secagem por liofilização concentrou as características físicas e químicas das amostras avaliadas, sendo considerado um método eficiente para redução da atividade de água e para conservação dos alimentos.Physical-chemical characterization of pineapple blend with acerola obtained by the lyophilization methodAbstract: The objective of this work was to characterize the blend of pineapple and lyophilized acerola as regards the physicochemical composition. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB. The pulps were homogenized in a blender for 1 min and screened with a 2.5 mm mesh, the samples were lyophilized in a bench freeze dryer (Terroni, LS 3000), where it was dehydrated at -50 ° C for 76 h. The in natura and lyophilized samples were submitted to physico-chemical analysis. Where a water content of 92% of the sample was obtained in natura and after the lyophilization process there was a reduction of 70%. Water activity (aw) was less than 0.30 after dehydration. It was observed that there was a significant increase in the contents of total solids, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids. Regarding the SST / ATT ratio, there was a decrease of 8.37% and, regarding pH, there was no significant difference between the in natura and lyophilized samples. Regarding the color parameters, it was observed that there was an increase of 33.91% for luminosity and for red intensity (+ a *) of 3%, however for the intensity of red (+ a *) there was a reduction of 9.27% after lyophilization. It was concluded that the drying process by lyophilization concentrated the physical and chemical characteristics of the evaluated samples, being considered an efficient method to reduce water activity and to preserve food.

Powdered chocolate is a sucrose-rich food and other ingredients such as cocoa powder. He is marketed in labeled packagings which present the nutritional information of the product as well as other obligatory items under the rules of specific national legislation. The labels allow consumers access to information on the nutritional composition of the food, enabling healthier choices for consumption. In this way, this work aims to evaluate the labels of chocolate powders commercialized in the city of Pau dos Ferros, Rio Grande do Norteand verify their conformity with the legislation in force. Ten brands of different types of powdered chocolate commercialized in different parts of the city were analyzed. Nutrition information and other mandatory information were verified using the checklist, according to mandatory data established by current legislation. It was observed that only 60% of the samples of chocolate powders were in accordance with the Brazilian legislation for nutritional information and 100% for the obligatory information. It is concluded that most brands comply with laws, however, interventions in companies are necessary to repair nonconformities through regulatory agencies such as the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance and the Ministry of Agriculture, Supply and Livestock.

Resíduos sólidos são todos os restos sólidos ou semi-sólidos das atividades humanas ou não-humanas, que embora possam não apresentar utilidade para a atividade fim de onde foram gerados, podem virar insumos para outras utilizações. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento da população à respeito das atitudes e percepção com relação aos resíduos sólidos na cidade de Coremas, Paraíba. Os dados referentes a atitudes e percepção dos atores sociais foram coletados na cidade de Coremas por meio de questionários, previamente estruturados com perguntas de múltipla escolha a fim de conhecer o perfil dos entrevistados através das seguintes variáveis: sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, estado civil e renda. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva para verificar a percepção dos residentes no município segundo as variáveis relacionadas aos resíduos sólidos. A relação entre variáveis socioeconômicas e o comportamento ambiental referente aos resíduos sólidos dos moradores da cidade de Coremas foi verificada por meio do teste qui-quadrado de independência, mostrando que houve forte dependência entre essas variáveis, sugerindo que, a escolaridade, a renda e a localização dos residentes influenciaram em suas atitudes e percepções ambientais naquele município.Environmental Awareness and perception about solid waste by the residents of the City of Coremas, ParaíbaAbstract: Solid wastes are all the solid or semi-solid residues of human or non-human activities that, although do not show utility for the order in which they were generated, can become to inputs for other activities. The study’s aim was to evaluate the population’s behavior about the attitudes and the perception connected to the solid wastes in the city of Coremas, Paraíba state. The data on attitudes and perceptions of the social actors were collected in the city of Coremas through questionnaires, previously structured with multiple choice questions in order to know the profile of the interviewed using the following variables: gender, age, education, marital status and income. The Descriptive analysis were performed to verify the perception of residents in the city according to the related variables to solid wastes. The relationship between socioeconomics variables and environmental performance related to solids wastes from residents of Coremas were verified by the chi-square test of independence, showing that there was a strong dependency between these variables, suggesting that the educational level, the income and the location of residents influenced in their attitudes and environmental perceptions in that city.

Vegetables are subject to various types of damage after harvest due to inadequate handling and storage, disease and mechanical injury. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey of the main causes of post-harvest losses in peppers, potatoes and onions marketed in the fairsand supermarkets of Santarém, Pará state. The work was conducted in the retail trade, in the following places: Supermarket, Cohab Fair, Old Airport Fair and Mercadão 2000. The damages in the vegetables were evaluated and classified in: physiological, microbiological and mechanical damages. In all the evaluated places all the vegetables presented some damage, that was attributed like responsible of the losses of direct or indirect form. On the onions the main damages were: thick stalk, poorly formed bulbs, flaccid, discolored and sprouted. All the evaluated peppers presented rectangular and green color, the main damages were: crushed, rotted, skinned, burned and attacked by insects, wounded, withered, cracked and poorly formed. Tubers with superficial cuts did not differ among the different locations, but the most frequent damages were the deep cuts and sprouts. These results reveal the need for investment in the structuring of the retail markets to promote the reduction of undesirable losses and financial losses.

In studies concerning the use, as an fuel for agricultural tractors, of the mixture of diesel  with vegetable oil, it must be verified the economic viability regarding its use as renewable fuels and the performance of agricultural machinery in the field. Therefore, it was evaluated the economic viability and performance of an agricultural tractor, fueled with diesel fuel and the diesel mixture with sunflower oil. The assay was conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Maringá Experimental Farm, in Maringá Paraná, Brazil. It was used an MF 275 agricultural tractor, coupled to a horizontal straw chopper. It was used B S10 diesel (100%) and a mixture of diesel (80%) with sunflower oil (20%). The mechanized set was subjected to three travel speeds (3.00; 4.00; 5.00 km h-1) into two workload conditions, with load (CC) and without load (SC). It was used the experimental design in strips, with four replications, in a factorial scheme 2 x 3 x 2. The data was submitted to the tests (variance analyses) F and Tukey at the level of 5% of probability. The engine consumption did not differ between the tested fuels. The tractor with load presented a higher wheel  slip. The tractor fueled with the diesel mixture with sunflower oil had a higher cost per hour.