Repositório RCAAP

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal potential of three species of medicinal plants: Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium sativum L. (garlic) and Caryophyllus aromaticus L. (clove) in vitro and in vivo, for the control of the pathogen Alternaria solani, causal agent of the black pint. Mycelial growth, spore germination and germination size of A. solani were evaluated in vitro at concentrations of 1.0, 5.0, 10, 15 and 20%. For the in vivo evaluation of tomato seeds cv. Santa Cruz Kada were seeded in styrofoam trays of 200 cells containing commercial substrate. After 30 days the seedlings were transplanted to 5 L pots containing soil and kept in a greenhouse. The treatments for the in vivo assay were aqueous extract of ginger, garlic and clove at 20% concentration. The applications were started after 47 days of transplanting the greenhouse, being carried out once a week until the time of harvest. Evaluations of the area under the disease progress curve (AACPD), mean number and fruit weight were performed. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Clove, garlic and ginger extracts showed a direct inhibitory effect on the fungus and reduced the AACPD in 55.8, 29.5 and 22.5% in relation to the control water, respectively. These results indicate the potential of the extracts evaluated in the control of the black peat of tomato, with emphasis on clove extrac.

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes de produção do feijão-caupi e gergelim, consorciado com a mamoneira no semiárido paraibano. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de março a novembro de 2011 em condições de campo em Pombal, Paraíba. Realizou-se sob delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com três sistemas de cultivo em dois ensaios experimentais: feijão-caupi (cv. BRS Novaera) e gergelim (cv. BRS Seda) em monocultivo, consórcio com mamona cv. IAC 2028 e consórcio com mamona cv. BRS Nordestina, com 4 repetições, totalizando 12 parcelas experimentais em cada ensaio. O consórcio com a mamoneira reduz os componentes de produção e produção do feijão-caupi e gergelim, sendo a cv. BRS Nordestina mais competitiva. Considerando as variáveis estudadas, a melhor opção para cultivo consorciado do feijão-caupi ou gergelim na região é a cv. IAC 2028. Production of cowpea and sesame intercropped with castor bean in semiarid region of ParaibaAbstract: The objective was to evaluate yield components of cowpea and sesame grown as secondary crops, intercropping with castor bean in the semiarid region of Paraiba. The experiment was carried out from March to November 2011 under field conditions in Pombal, Paraíba state. Three experimental systems were used in a randomized block design in two experimental trials: cowpea (cv. BRS Novaera) and sesame (cv. BRS Seda) in monoculture, intercropping with castor bean cv. IAC 2028 and intercropping with castor bean cv. BRS Nordestina, with 4 replicates, totaling 12 experimental plot in each trial. The intercrop with castor bean reduces yield components and yield of cowpea and sesame, with an cv. BRS Nordestina more competitive. Considering the variables studied, the best option for intercropping cowpea or sesame in the region is the cv. IAC 2028.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of methods for overcoming dormancy in Caesalpinia ferrea seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized, with twelve treatments and four replicates of 25 seeds per experimental unit. The pre germinative treatments used were: control (T1); immersion in water at 100, 80 and 65 °C for 5 minutes (T2, T3 and T4, respectively); immersion in sulfuric acid (98%) for 5 and 10 minutes (T5 and T6, respectively); scarification on sandpaper n° 120 (T7); in the region opposite the thread and at the end of the insertion point of the pod (T8 and T9, respectively); immersion in alcohol, red wine and white wine vinegar for 15 minutes (T10, T11 and T12, respectively). The evaluated characteristics were: emergence percentage, emergence speed index, percentage of hard and dead seeds, root length, seedling height and number of leaves. The treatments with immersion in sulfuric acid for 5 or 10 minutes, scarification with sandpaper nº 120 and the tegument sprouting, both in the region opposite the thread and at the end of the insertion point of the pod, are the most suitable for overcoming of coats dormancy in Caesalpinia ferrea seeds.

The objective was to study the emergence and initial growth of corn plants fertilized with bovine manure under two water regimes. The experiment was conducted under plastic tunnel conditions of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus of Pombal, Paraíba, from December 2014 to January 2015. The treatment arrangement consisted of a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to four doses of bovine manure (0.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12 t ha-1) and two levels of available water of 50 and 100% of the Field capacity, maintained after soil irrigation, with 8 treatments and four replications, totaling 32 experimental units. The experiment was carried out in experimental units composed of vessels of 18 dm3 capacity, manually seeding ten seeds per pot. The plants were conducted for 20 days after sowing, where they were evaluated for emergence, initial growth and accumulation of dry mass. Reducing available water to 50% of field capacity does not influence the emergence and initial growth of maize. The dose of 12 t ha-1 of bovine manure favors the highest initial growth and accumulation of dry mass of maize plants AG 1051.

In the face of neglect of the living conditions of asseated families and the lack of environmental sanitation in the brazilian rural areas, this study aimed to diagnose and propose measures for adequacy of rural sanitation in the São João II settlement, located in the municipality of Pombal - Paraíba, as well as propose appropriate sanitation alternative in the social, economic and environmental aspects. For the diagnosis realization, questionnaires were applied, of the structured type, to one member of each family. It was done field visits and photodocumentation for the data lifting referring to the lack and necessity of rural sanitation. From the diagnosis of sanitation, alternatives were proposed sustainable disposal of domestic sewage, solid waste management and improvement of the conditions of water supply, and in the study area. From the results, it was found that the São João II Seating, as well as most rural brazilian communities, has no rural sanitation services. For the improvement the situation of the domestic sewages, have been indicated alternatives of treatment and sustainable disposal of the effluent, as such as the biodigester septic tank and of the biosseptic bed, respectively. In relation to solid waste, it was proposed the adoption of practices from selective collection, recycling and composting, according to the characteristics of each class of waste. With regard to the water supply of have been proposed practical measures aimed at treatment and better exploitation of water in existing water sources in the seating. All proposed techniques are easy aplication and can be used directly by settlement families.

A lettuce is one of the most important commercial and consumer stories in the world. This species presents a great response to organic fertilization, being one of the sources of the most pharmacological organic fertilizers in the country's agriculture region, and in the region of the Paraíba hinterland, mainly sheep. The use of adequate spacing and determinant for the production of the product can express its productive potential in the different production systems. With the objective of evaluating the development of the surface in relation to different spacings and the application of doses of sheep manure in subsequent cycles, two experiments were generated during the period from October 2012 to February 2013, in the experimental area of the Federal University of Campina Grande, located in the municipality of Pombal, Paraíba. In each experiment of the current treatments: three spacings (0.20 x 0.20, 0.20 x 0.25, 0.25 x 0.25 m) and four doses of sheep manure (0, 20, 40 and 60 t ha-1). A randomized complete block design was used, with a factorial arrangement of 3 x 4, with three cultivation spaces and four doses of sheep manure, with four replications. The largest treatments that received 60 t ha-¹. The largest treatments that received 60 t ha-¹.

The correct identification of species and genus of nematodes that affect a particular culture is of great importance to form a quantity of information that will be useful to laboratories for diagnosis and control of these pathogens. Because of the increase in the production of ornamental and medicinal plants in the of Cear. á State, the agricultural importance of the genus Meloidogyne and the scarcity of information on the hospitability this pathogen in these species, in that it was to evaluate the susceptibility testing of 30 species, and 20 ornamental (Antirrhimum majus, Gazania ringens, Carthamus tinctorius, Bryophyllum cayicinum, Ceasalpinia pulcherrima, Thumbergia alata, Petunia hibryda, Exacum affine, Catharanthus roseus, Opuntia sp., Sansevieria trifasciata, Asparagus densiflorus, Hibiscus mutabilis-roreus, Impatiens balsamiana, Celosia spicata, Antirrhimum sp., Dianthus chinensis, Zinnia elegans, Tagetes patula, Capsicum annuum) and 10 medicinal (Peumus boldus, Ocimum gratissimum, Mentha arvensis var. piperascens, Mentha x Vilosa, Plectranthus amboinicus, Ocimum bassilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia alba, Cymbopogon winterianus. The test was conducted in a greenhouse, of the Phytosanitary Sector, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Ceará. The inoculation was conducted with 4,000 eggs/J2 for pot. Evaluation of the plants gave to 60 days after inoculation. Evaluated is the reaction of the plants, measuring up: number of galls and eggs, egg mass index, reproduction factor and reduce the reproduction factor. From these variables it was classified the reaction of plants to the nematode by means of five criterions. Of ownership of the results, it was verified that of the ornamental plants only species T. patula didn’t presented galls in your root system. Concerning medicinal species M. vilosa, C. citrates, L. alba, C. winterianus and P. boldus showed no galls in their root systems. Thus, concluded that the ornamental plants can contribute to the introduction of the knot nematode in areas on a presence, except T. patula. Concerning medical, it was observed behavior distinct, with five species non-host and the other medium capable, few galls, or females isolated from their roots.

Carrot is one of the most produced vegetables in Brazil and, with the growing demand for organic vegetables, it is necessary to develop production technologies that are less dependent on external inputs and more accessible to family agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition to soil of carnauba straw as fertilizer, incorporated under different pre-planting periods, for the organic cultivation of the carrot. The experiment was carried out in the Experimental Horta of the Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Ipanguaçu, using the experimental design in randomized blocks with three replicates and five treatments referring to the times of 15; 30; 45 and 60 days for the incorporation of carnauba straw, in the amount of 14 t ha-1, prior to planting the carrot, and a control treatment without addition of straw to the soil. The evaluated characteristics was dry mass of the aerial part, the length and root diameter, and productivity. There was an effect of the incorporation time of the carnauba straw on the length and productivity, being the highest values observed when the straw was incorporated between 15 and 30 days before sowing.

Often found in some Brazilian biomas as caatinga, brejo, restinga and cerrado, the velame, Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth, is popularly known for its medicinal properties used in stomach ache, gastric reflux, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and to reduce fever. In addition to the pharmacological properties, its essential oil has larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, as well as the ethanol extract showed significant insecticidal activity against Sitophilus zeamais. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of preliminary methanolic extract of Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth on Artemia salina larvae. The bioassay was carried out at concentrations of 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 250 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml, 750 µg/ml, 1000 µg/ml of methanolic extract of leaves. The extract studied showed a moderate toxicity to Artemia salina, with LC 50 values in the range of 637,29 µg/mL.

In this study, we aimed to assess the chemical attributes of a soil fertilized with organic matter, in an agroforestry system. The experiment was carried out at the Miguel Arraes agricultural experiment station of the National Semiarid Institute (INSA), located in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. Experimental design consisted of a randomized block with four replications. We applied four treatments of organic fertilization: (HS) Humic Substances; (SW) Seaweeds; (B) Bokashi; and (C) control treatment, without fertilization. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth, placed in plastic bags and taken to laboratory for the following chemical analysis: pH, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), soil organic matter (SOM), sum of bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V%) and Soil Quality Index (SQI). Organic fertilizers applied to the soil did not affected pH, P, K+, Na+, Al3+ and CEC. Humic substances treatment increased the availability of Mg2+, while seaweeds treatment increased the Ca2+, SB, V% and SOM levels.Atributos químicos do solo em sistema agroflorestal de gliricídia consorciado com palma forrageiraResumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os atributos químicos de um solo adubado com matéria orgânica, em um sistema agroflorestal. Para isso foi conduzido um experimento na Estação Experimental da Fazenda Miguel Arraes, situada na área sede do Instituto Nacional do Semiárido (INSA), Unidade de Pesquisa do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), localizada no município de Campina Grande, Paraíba. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos aplicados foram quatro tipos de adubação orgânica: (SH) Substancia Húmicas; (AM) Algas Marinhas; (B) Bokashi; e (T) tratamentos controle, sem adubação. As amostras foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm, acondicionadas em sacolas plásticas e levadas ao Laboratório de Análise de Solos, Água e Plantas (LASAP) do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPB) campus Sousa para análises químicas [pH, potássio (K+), sódio (Na+), fósforo (P), cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), matéria orgânica do solo (MOS)], soma de bases (SB), capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), saturação por bases (V%) e Índice de Qualidade do Solo (IQS). Os adubos orgânicos aplicados no solo não influenciaram no pH, fósforo (P), potássio (K+), sódio (Na+), alumínio (Al3+) e CTC. As SH promoveram o aumento na disponibilidade de magnésio (Mg2+) e as AM causaram incremento nos teores de Ca2+, SB, V% e MOS.

Objetivou-se realizar um levantamento etnobotânico no Projeto de Assentamento Tabuleiro Grande, localizado em Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte, contribuindo para o resgate do conhecimento popular discutindo as implicações do uso da vegetação arbórea na conservação dos recursos florestais. A condução do estudo foi por meio da observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas (21 entrevistas). Para análise dos dados foram feitas abordagens qualitativas (acesso a informações subjetivas) e quantitativas (Valor de Uso; índices de diversidade de Shannon e de equabilidade de Pielou). Foram mencionadas no levantamento 57 espécies arbóreas, entre nativas e exóticas, distribuídas em 26 famílias e enquadradas nas seguintes categorias de uso: Madeira (móveis e construção), Medicina/Higiene, Apicultura, Lenha, Veterinária Popular, Forragem, Alimentação Humana e Outros. Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a comunidade estudada possui conhecimento sobre um grande número de espécies arbóreas. No entanto, no que diz respeito a “uso”, poucas espécies são, de fato, utilizadas. De forma geral, o conhecimento popular na comunidade está mantido com uma pequena parcela dos entrevistados e não é repassado, tendendo a tornar-se cada vez mais escasso.Ethnobotanical survey of tree species in the Tabuleiro Grande settlement, Apodi, Rio Grande do NorteAbstract: The aim this study was to realize ethnobotanical survey in Settlement Tabuleiro Grande Project, located in Apodi - RN, to contribute to the rescue of popular knowledge and discuss the implications of the use of trees in the conservation of forest resources. The conduct of the study was through direct observation and semi-structured interviews (21 interviews). Data analysis were made qualitative approaches (access to subjective information) and quantitative (use value -VU, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness indexes). Were mentioned in the survey 57 tree species native and exotic, distributed in 26 families and classified in the following categories of use: wood (furniture and construction), Medicine / hygiene, Beekeeping, Firewood, Popular Veterinary, Fodder, Food and Others. With the results, it is concluded that the studied community has knowledge of a large number of tree species. However, with regard to "use", few are actually used. In general, the popular knowledge in the community is maintained with a small portion of respondents and is not passed, tending to become increasingly scarce.

Belonging to the species Capsicum chinense, ‘Pout’ Pepper differs from the other due to its salient characteristics of shape, color and absence of pungency, but its use is currently limited, basically in the ornamentation of dishes in cooking, being left aside the numerous other benefits chemicals existing in it. It was aimed the elaboration of edible lining with different concentrations of 'Pout’ pepper extract, besides applying it in the conservation of guavas marketed in the backwoods of Paraiba. For this, the extracts were obtained following to the method of extracting alcohol, incorporated in the coating prepared edible, applied by immersion in the steal and conducted the analyzes. The microbiological results, fruits in which there was the application of the coating, in other words, with extract present, showed a great efficiency in their conservation, especially under the action of yeasts and molds in the fungicidal action was not observed in the guavas were applied to the coating with a greater quantity of extract. Concerning to physical-chemical, all the guavas have achieved good results, especially in the quantification of vitamin C, that the application of the coating caused a lower degradation of vitamin according to the period of analysis. It remains clear then, the effective proof of the action of the edible coating elaborated, thus understanding the proposed objective.The effective proof of the antifungal action of the elaborated coating was achieved, as expected in previous studies, and could be applied in guavas and delayed in the senescence process.

In the production phase of tomato seedlings, the use of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract can become an organic viable alternative in agriculture, as an alternative biofertilizer, stimulating through its compounds the vegetative growth of the cultures that receive effect of its application. Thus, the present research aimed to verify the growth and development of IPA 6 tomato seedlings under the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum extract. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Science Center of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University, Mossoró campus, Rio Grande do Norte, from June to July 2015. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mL L-1) of doses of foliar fertilizer based on seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, with four replications and each plot represented by 12 plants of the IPA 6 tomato variety. The research evaluated the following characteristics: leaf number, seedling height, root length, stem diameter, total dry matter and seedling height/stem diameter ratio. Except for seedling height/stem diameter ratio, all evaluated characteristics obtained the highest results at the dose of 0.9 mL L-1 applied every 7 days. Thus, we can conclude that this dose provides a better quality of tomato seedlings, being the dose recommended for utilization.

A batata yacon tornou-se popular devido aos inúmeros benefícios que proporciona à saúde, porém seu tempo de vida útil é curto, aliado ao escurecimento enzimático, comum em alimentos ricos em compostos fenólicos, que reduz e restringe o seu consumo. Em virtude de ser um produto de alto valor, e com o intuito de se evitar o seu desperdício, justifica-se o estudo de meios de conservação do mesmo. A secagem seguida por transformação do produto em pó se apresenta como uma alternativa conveniente, segura e capaz de proporcionar longa vida útil ao material processado. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se verificar o comportamento higroscópico do pó obtido pela liofilização do mix de batata yacon e suco de lima ácida Tahiti nas temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40 ºC. Elaborou-se um mix de batata yacon com suco de lima ácida Tahiti, aproveitando a propriedade deste suco de atuar na inativação enzimática da enzima polifenoloxidase, além de ser fonte de vitamina C. O mix com maltodextrina foi seco por liofilização e o pó resultante foi submetido à análise de comportamento higroscópico, determinando-se as isotermas de adsorção de umidade nas temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40 ºC e ajustando-se os modelos matemáticos de Peleg, GAB, Halsey, Oswin e Smith às isotermas. O modelo de Peleg foi o que melhor se ajustou às isotermas de adsorção de umidade do pó da batata yacon com suco de lima ácida Tahiti. As isotermas foram classificadas como Tipo II e a umidade na monocamada molecular apresentou valor em torno de 7% b.s.Application of mathematical models in the prediction of the hygroscopic dehavior of the potato mix yacon powder and lemon juiceAbstract: The yacon potato became popular because of the numerous benefits it provides to health, but their life span is short, combined with enzymatic browning, common in foods rich in phenolic compounds, which reduces and limits its consumption. By virtue of being a product of high value and in order to avoid wastage, justified the study of conservation means where drying followed by processing of the product powder is presented as a convenient alternative, safe and able to provide long useful life to processed material. Given the above, it elaborated a yacon potato mix with lemon juice, taking ownership of this juice to act in the enzymatic inactivation of PPO, besides being a source of vitamin C. The mix with maltodextrin was then dried by lyophilisation and resulting powder was subjected to the hygroscopic behavior analysis, determining the moisture adsorption isotherms at temperatures of 20, 30 and 40 °C, and adjusting the mathematical models Peleg, GAB, Halsey, Oswin and Smith isotherms. The Peleg model was the best fit the moisture adsorption isotherms of powder yacon potato with lemon juice; isotherms were classified as Type II and moisture in the molecular monolayer presented value around 7% b.s.

Rainfall variability is a striking feature in the semi - arid region, not only in annual totals, but also in quantity and spatial distribution. In order to contribute to the understanding of extreme precipitation events in the semi - arid region of Paraíba, it was identified years of extreme events in the Sertão Paraíba micro - region, using the rainfall anomaly index (IAC). The data used came from the CPC (Climate Prediction Center), a center belonging to the NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction), covering the period 1979-2013. The results show a very homogeneous temporo-space distribution in relation to the extreme events, that is, the rainy or dry years, when they occur reaches the entire microregion. It was observed that in the annual panel a very small precipitation period, it is considered the rainy season and after this period a drastic decrease in precipitation occurs. Of the 35 analyzed years of precipitation, it was verified that 19 years presented rainfall below the climatological average (54.3%) and 16 years with precipitations above the average (45.7%).The contribution of the months that do not compose the rainy season to the Sertão Paraibano microregion (May to January - 9 months), presented in a significant way in the rainy events, however, for the dry events had no contribution. The spatial variation of the precipitation in the region for both the climatology and the compositions of the years selected as dry and rainy, shows a distribution in the east-west direction, with high amplitudes, proving the spatial variation.

Bean intercropping cultivation is common practice among farmers in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, which promote the diversification production of their areas aiming mainly the production of food for family consumption. Diagnostics of university extension projects identified family farmers who beside the consortium with coffee trees, use legumes in pre-cultivation to beans for green manure, increasing biological process that contribute to the complexity an sustainability agroecosystems. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate species of leguminous plants in pre cultivation and the influence on the bean in consortium system with coffee under the management in the family farmer. The evaluation was conducted in rural property and jointly with the farmer. The evaluated legumes were the jack bean and the hyacinth bean, besides a witness represented by the spontaneous vegetation. A randomized block design with eight replications was adopted, with each interlayer of coffee trees representing one block. The variables analyzed were: fresh and dry matter productivity; content and accumulation of N; contribution of BNF in preculture; and productivity of beans grown in succession. The jack bean was the legumes that presented the largest production of fresh and dry matter (19.04 and 4.25 t ha-1, respectively), accumulated more N (113.99 kg ha-1) and contributed the largest amount of N-system FBN (49.18 kg ha-1). However, pre-cultivation with legumes did not influence the productivity of the bean grown in succession.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of drying temperature on the nutritional characteristics of pequi pulp flour.The dehydrated pequi pulp was accomplished in a dryer tray with constant air flow of 0,5 m s-1 at three temperatures 55, 65 and 70 °C. The drying kinetic were evaluated by adjusting experimental data using mathematical models by seven non-linear regression. It was determined the effective diffusivity and energy activation required for the evaporation of the moisture from the product. The results showed a reduction of the drying time with an increasing process of the temperature. The adjustment of the models was evaluated according to the values of R2 and ERM. All models showed good adjustments, however, the Page model was the one that best values of the drying kinetics of pequi pulp for the conditions studied. The effective diffusivity values in the temperature studied are from 4,04 to 5,57 x 10-10 m2 s-1 and the activation energy was 2,03 x 104 J mol-1. Drying process have favored on the concentration of some nutrients, such as carbohydrates and proteins. Dehydration at 55 ºC resulted in a product with better visual appearence among the studied temperatures.

Agroecology emerged as a set of scientific and traditional knowledge that aims to make the transition from the conventional agriculture model to sustainable production systems. This new way of thinking about agroecosystems is a way to guarantee healthy food with social inclusion, recovery of traditional values and valuation of family production and environmental conservation, however, it requires a phase of transition. Thus it was analyzed the main motivations and limitations of the producers of the Cachoeira settlement in the construction of the agroecological transition process in the city of Itapura, São Paulo. The study was a qualitative research divided into two stages, in the first one it was applied a semi-structured questionnaire for reality diagnose and in the second stage a meeting with the methodology of the storm type of ideas to survey the motivations and limitations for the agroecological transition in the settlement. The study allowed us to understand that, despite not meeting the prerequisites understood as necessary for the agroecological transition process, families have sought to build, based on their reality and with their resources, new strategies to build a process of change to achieve autonomy, improving the environment and quality of life.

Studies evaluating the natural vulnerability of aquifers have relevant importance for the knowledge of subject environmental contamination areas. The correct application in vulnerability maps needs constant studies, aiming the improvement of the analyzes and the development of representative maps of the studied areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different models for the interpolation of environmental indicators of aquifer vulnerability using the kriging technique. The study was carried out in the Santa Maria River Basin by analyzing the hydrogeological aspects of 255 tube wells, located in six municipalities in the southwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The data indicated that the high vulnerability class prevailed in 47,45% of the evaluated wells, followed by the medium vulnerability class corresponding to 23,14%; the low vulnerability represented 14,50%, the extreme vulnerability class corresponded to 7,85% and insignificant indicated 7,05%. The spherical, exponential, gaussian and linear models were used to interpolate the data, to define the best fit from the application of the semivariogram function. The adjustments were evaluated through the least squares method, which evidenced the best approach from the spherical model among the tested models. The spatial distribution of vulnerability demonstrated the predominance of high vulnerability in the southern portion of the municipality of Santana do Livramento, central portion of Rosário do Sul, north and northeast of São Gabriel and center of Lavras do Sul. In some areas of the basin, in municipalities of Santana do Livramento and Lavras do Sul was found the class of extreme vulnerability aquifer.

Objetivou-se estudar a emergência e o crescimento inicial de plantas de milho adubadas com esterco caprino sob dois regimes de disponibilidade de água no solo. O arranjo dos tratamentos constituiu um fatorial 4 x 2, correspondentes a quatro doses de esterco caprino (0, 4, 8 e 12 t ha-1) e dois níveis de água disponível de 50 e 100% da capacidade de campo, mantido após as irrigações do solo, com 8 tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando as 32 unidades experimentais. O ensaio foi realizado em unidades experimentais compostas por vasos de 18 dm3 de capacidade, semeando manualmente quatro sementes por vaso. As plantas foram conduzidas por 20 dias após a semeadura, sendo avaliadas quanto à emergência, o crescimento inicial e o acúmulo de massa seca. A redução de 50% de água no solo não exerce impactos negativo sobre a emergência e crescimento inicial das plantas de milho AG1051. A dose de esterco caprino de 12 t ha-1 promoveu o maior crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das plantas de milho.Initial growth of maize under manure goat doses and water availability in soilAbstract: The objective was to study the emergence and initial growth of corn plants fertilized with goat manure under two water availability regimes in soil. The treatment arrangement consisted of a 4 x 2 factorial, corresponding to four doses of goat manure (0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha-1) and two levels of available water of 50 and 100% of field capacity, maintained after The soil irrigations, with 8 treatments and four replications, totalizing the 32 experimental units. The experiment was carried out in experimental units composed of pots of 18 dm3 of capacity, manually seeding four seeds per pot. The plants were conducted for 20 days after sowing, where they were evaluated for emergence, initial growth and dry mass accumulation. The reduction of 50% of water in the soil does not have a negative impact on the emergence and initial growth of AG1051 maize plants. The dose of goat manure of 12 t ha-1 promoted the highest growth and accumulation of dry mass of maize plants.