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Bamboos are agents of natural remediation, but its outbreak in an already established landscape mayhave an intense repercussion, completely changing the flora of the area. A study to determine the effects of the presence of Guadua aff. paraguayana Döll  (Poaceae) found in the last remnants of the riparian forest in the areas of permanent preservation of the Wildlife Refuge of Rio Tibagi - a conservation unit in process of stablishment on the Parana’s second plateau, has been developed. This aggressive and opportunistic woody species develops vigorous tussocks in consequence of its pachymorph rhizome system a form of “short neck”; and gets established only on the higher portions of the degraded flood plain. The tussocks have an average size of 2.79 meters, with 11 stems/ m². The shooting season lasts, on average, four months and occurs between spring and summer. The culms have an average length of 13 m, with an increment of 18 cm/day during the stretch period. The average diameter at breast height is 4.25 cm. The tussocks are formed from only one stem that expands from extremely robust sprouts. When it shoots up over the canopy and receives direct sunlight, it forms a kind of braided branches and leaves capable of hardly increase the shade levels and suppress the established vegetation, changing the local succession patterns.doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.05

The present paper has as objective the evaluation of the nutritional aspects, fertilization effect and omission of nutrients in the plants grow of canela sassafras (Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer), in a vegetation house for 24 months, consisting of 11 treatments and five repetitions, with seasonal collections, using the springer material. The treatments consisted of control (natural soil), complete fertilization (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn and B), fertilization with individual nutrients omission (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Zn) and organic fertilization (bovine manure). Natural fertility soil and plants of canela sassafras originally from natural  regeneration dispossess in causality statistical  delineation were utilized. The height, diameter length and biomass were evaluated. To the development in height of the canela sassafras, the more limited  nutrient were sulphur and to the diameter  length was the fertilization with macro and micronutrients, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. The roots dry mass reduced when used macro and  micronutrients fertilization, and the dry mass of the  aerial part with the omission of N and P. The organic fertilization demonstrated to be efficient, so much for the increment in height, as for the production of foliar mass. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.17

The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of Ocotea porosa fruit (rind and seed) (centesimal composition, macronutrients, micronutrients lipids, fatty acid distribution, and α-tocopherol) from matrixes collected in Colombo, PR. The rind and seed components were carbohydrates (54.4 %),proteins(38.5 %) and lipids (5.6 %), and carbohydrates (33.4%), lipids (19.9 %) and proteins (2.9 %), respectively. The fatty acid composition from Imbuia seed oil showed a percentual of 89.9 % of saturated fatty acids, lauric (11.49 %), capric (2.46 %) and myristic (1.54 %) acids were the major components. α-tocopherol was found in both compartment in concentration equal of 180.0 mg.kg-1 (seeds) and 120 mg.kg-1 (rind). Thus, the seeds of Ocotea porosa constitute a significant protein and lipids sources and the high concentration of lauric acid showed a potential use in cosmetic industry. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.29

In vegetative propagation by means of root cuttings, the nutritional status determines the amount of carbohydrates, endogenous auxin levels, among other metabolites, fundamental for the root initiation and to the speed that rhizogenic events progress. An especial  attention should be given to the nutritional status of the donor-plants, in order to better assist the nutritional demands by the adventitious rooting process. Although mineral nutrition and adventitious rooting are intimately related, the subject is rather difficult to study, sincethe later involves multiple steps and few studies have aimed to elucidate the relationship between the mineral nutrition and rooting phases. In this review, the phases of the rhizogenesis are highlighted and the role minerals and nutritional requirements are discussed. It is noticed a lack of information regarding several processes involved on adventitious rooting. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.35

The Eucalyptus is the genus that has the highest number of researchs in micropropagation. However, there are few effective results obtained with their continuous proliferation. Micropropagation includes  disinfection and culture of explants in nutrient medium and aseptic conditions, multiplication in successive subcultures and in vitro or ex vitro rooting. As advantages, the micropropagation allows: high yield per donor plant, freevirus plants, production of saplings at any time of the year, intensive production of healthy saplings in a short period of time and in a limited space, cloning of plants difficult-to-propagate by conventional methods, such as cutting and minicutting, and donor plant preservation without risk of infection. Its disadvantages include the dependence on a tissue culture laboratory, which results in high maintenance costs, as well as the requirement of highly trained workers, high possibility of contamination, variation of conditions within and among clones, the difficulty of finding appropriate culture medium for the species desired and possibility of mutation as a result of the use of growth regulators. Despite having high cost when compared to other cloning methods, the species and hybrids of eucalypt  micropropagation is strategic to maintain superior plant material in vitro or to supply the micro-clonal hedge. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.49

This research had as main objectives the evaluation of cedar’s seeds seed-borne fungi and the Fusariumsp. and Pestalotia sp. pathogenicities. For the fungi detection Potato Dextrose and Agar medium and Blottertest methods were used. For the pathogenicity tests, isolates of Fusarium sp. and Pestalotia sp. were used. The following fungi were observed: Pestalotia sp., Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp., Macrophomina sp. and Cladosporium sp. The fungi observed in the highest frequencies were: Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp. and Pestalotia sp. A reduction of the germination level was observed in seedlings from cedar’s seed inoculated with Fusarium sp. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.81

The objectives of this study were to identify the fungi associated with capororoca (Myrsine ferruginea Spreng) fruits and seeds from different lots and check the incidence of fungi between green and ripe fruits andseeds from these fruits. For fungi detection Blotter test (BT) method was utilized, being 400 fruits and 400 seeds each sample, and incubated at 20 ºC ±1 ºC, 12 h dark light/12 h complete dark, for seven days, followed by the evaluation of the fungi incidence (%). It was possible to verify the transmission of the fungus Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Macrophomina sp. and Pestalotia sp. fruit for seeds. Evaluated in three lots, Pestalotia sp. had the highest percentage of incidence in the seeds. The fungal contamination in fruits were higher than in seeds, indicating that the seed treatment reduces the appearance of fungi. There were differences in the occurrence of fungi among the lots evaluated, and the lot from Colombo County had higher incidence of fungi.doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.87

This study was carried out aiming to fit a volumetric model and a growth function, as well to comparethe growth of teak (Tectona grandis) in a stand located at Iracema (RR) with the growth of teak stands located at different areas in Brazil and Central America. To fit volumetric models 122 sample-trees were used and to fit a growth function to estimate DBH, medium and dominant height, and total volume without bark 18 sampletrees were used. The Chapman-Richards function was used and the data were obtained by stem analysis. The Schumacher-Hall model was selected to estimate total volume with bark of Tectona grandis trees. Chapman-Richards is a suitable function for determination of the growth curves for DBH, medium height, dominant height and total volume without bark. Comparison among dominant height growth curves on different sites indicated that the stand located in Roraima did not present good performance probably due to low soil fertility levels.

The objective of this research was to model the micronutrient content for Mimosa scabrella Benthamabove-ground biomass, aiming to obtain equations to estimate micronutrient content using tree dimensions asindependent variables. Data came from 25 trees sampled in native Mimosa scabrella stands in the northernCuritiba metropolitan region, Parana state, Brazil. The trees were cut down and their components were separatedin: leaves, branches < 4 cm, branches ≥ 4 cm, stem wood and stem bark. From a sample of each component itwas obtained dry matter and micronutrients contents. After fitting and testing several mathematical models, itwas verified that the micronutrient content equations did not present acceptable performance, except for copperin all tree components and iron in tree bole components and above-ground biomass. In some cases, using boleand crown dimensions, age and dominant height as independent variables improved the micronutrient contentequations. Better results could be found if the sampled population presented homogeneous characteristics, likeunique site or age class.

The integrated information of soil characteristics as well as of other elements of the environmentis of fundamental importance for the sustainability and competitiveness of the Brazilian forest sector. Thisstudy was developed in order to identify a set of productive management units for plantations established withEucalyptus species, using the method called “Fuzzy Logic”. Data were obtained from 128 sampling units froma detailed soil survey (scale 1:15,000) of a 4,660 ha eucalyptus plantation, located in Araraquara county, in thewestern plateau of the São Paulo State. The proposed method showed a great potential to be used as a tool tosupport the identification of management units for Eucalyptus sp. planted forests. The following managementunits were identified for the establishment of Eucalyptus plantations: good, moderate, weak, very weak and inapt.

Several species of the Lauraceae family are endangered, due to the high value of their woods,and the consequent exploitation of natural populations. Among them, Ocotea porosa, O. odorifera and O.catharinensis, native from South Brazil, have recalcitrant seeds, what makes even more dificult their naturalregeneration. This work aimed to evaluate in vitro seed germination and multiplication of O. odorifera and O.catharinensis in culture medium supplemented with activated charcoal and/or BAP and in vitro seed germinationand multiplication of O. porosa in culture medium supplemented with several concentrations of sucrose. Theeffect of BAP and activated charcoal were tested in the multiplication of O. catharinensis and O. odorifera andthe effect of sucrose concentration (30, 60, 90 ou 120 g.L-1) was tested in the multiplication of O. porosa. Thegermination percentage was higher than 85% for all species. BAP promoted the highest multiplication rates forO. odorifera. O. porosa showed the best results for in vitro germination and multiplication on 60 g.L-1 sucrose.The establishment of O. catharinensis was achieved, but after some weeks, in all media tested, the explantsshowed abnormalities, and finally died.

The mahogany wood, Swietenia macrophylla King, is valued in the international trade market forits beauty and durability for noble uses like furniture and decoration. Any attempt of commercial plantation ofthis specie to diminish the pressure made by its selective exploration fail due to the incidence of the mahoganyshoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller). Although some works have had relative success in presenting controltechniques over the punctual aspects, a strategy of economic, an economic strategy for efficient and integratedmanagement practice was not established yet for H. grandella in Brazil. This study objective is to updatedata about the insect and its host based in the most recent studies made in Brazil, besides to indicate the mostprominent research areas for its control in S. macrophylla plantations in the Country. The most recommendedcontrol’s strategies for H. grandella are the host plant resistance use, silvicultural management, semiochemicalsand biological control, in which exist the need of income to the long term researches. Natural resistance testsof S. macrophylla procedences must be encouraged due to Brazil’s wide natural resource areas.

Goal was to estimate genetic variability, genetic parameters and gains, as well as germination rateon teca parent trees. Seeds were collected from Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES) county. The trial was carriedout in the Espírito Santo Federal University. Experimental design was randomized blocks with 60 treatments,5 repetitions each and 19 plants per plot. Demonstrated genetic variability, individual heritability and parenttrees mean suggest great likelihood of genetic gain at more advanced ages. The 41, 11, 43 and 37 parent treespresented larger genetic gains associated with increase on rate and germination percentages.

Damages caused by Gryllus sp. in young seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis were analysed. Threeexperimental groups were tested: Group 1 with 7 days-old and stem diameter of 2.5 mm seedlings; Group 2with 49 days-old and 3.33 mm diameter seedlings; and Group 3 with 80 day-old and diameter of 5.75 mm. Eachgroup consisted of 12 plants isolated in a cage with a couple of crickets for 15 days. The following daily evaluationswere made: absence of damage; superficial signs of chewing; deep signs of chewing and stem cuts. Diameter andage influenced the occurrence and intensity of damage.

Canker have been found in field plantings of parica examined in Dom Eliseu county, Para State,Brazil. Several fungal species were associated with the field canker, most notably Lasiodiplodia theobromaeand Pestalotiopsis sp. Isolated cultures of these fungi together with other often associated fungi (includingFusarium oxysporum, Alternaria, basidiomycetes) were tested for pathogenicity on young parica plants, withapproximately one meter height. Only L. theobromae produced canker under the conditions tested when discsof culture were applied using wound inoculation techniques and high humidity, which closely mimicked the fieldsymptoms. Pestalotiopsis sp. proved much less damaging compared to L. theobromae. The acknowledgment ofL. theobromae as the causal agent of parica canker came after the reisolations of the fungus from symptomatictissue of inoculated plants, concluding the verification of Koch’s Postulates. This is the first report of thispathogen in paricá.

The majority of phytosanitary problems in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes) are still restricted to some plantations. However, with the expansion of planted areas, the damages caused by diseases has increased in nurseries as well as in plantations. The anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes) is the most important disease of peach palm in Brazil, but other pathogens (Phytophthora palmivora, Fusarium spp.) also occur in nurseries and peach palm plantations. Other phytosanitary problem is the low quality of the seeds of peach palm. Results from phytopathological studies on this plant are reported in this review including some management aspects. The etiology and management of the major diseases are discussed based on data obtained from Brazil and other countries where this forest species is planted. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.61

This paper aims to aprimorate the technic of offshots rooting and preparing of offshoots and verify the effect of progenies and substrates on the rooting of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth. var. gasipaes Henderson) offshots. Average of survival varying from 26.6 % to 60 %, of rooting from 3.3 % to 10 %. The progenies survivalaverage varied from 16.6 % to 26.6 % and rooting from 10 % to 16.6 %. Technic for extracting basal offshoots,presence of roots with turgid basis and meristematic tissue are principal factor for rooting of basal offshoots. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.69

Metalepis cubensis (A. Rich.) Griseb. known only to Central America and north of South America (Colombia and Equador) is registered as a new occurrence to Brazil, Espirito Santo State. Eight taxa described previously are included here as new synonyms. Description and  illustration are given. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.77