RCAAP Repository

The main fungal species present in self-heated chip piles of eucalypt wood in Brazil were Aspergillusfumigatus, Chrysosporium thermophilum, Dactylomyces thermophilus, Penicillium bacillisporum, Rhizomucorpusillus and Thermoascus aurantiacus. This study determined the micelial growth and spore germination of these species at several temperatures on PDA medium ranging from 20 °C to 70 °C. Optimum growth temperatures were observed at 30 °C for A. fumigatus and P. bacillisporum; 40 °C for R. pusillus and 50 °C for D. thermophilus, C. thermophilum and T. aurantiacus. Growth was not observed at 60 °C and 70 °C. Incubation of spores on wateragar medium at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C showed that only A. fumigatus, P. bacillisporum and R. pusillus could germinate at 20 °C.

In the present work the dendrochronological potential of six species of the Araucaria Forest is analyzed. The trunks of 20 trees were collected in Candoi, State of Parana, Brazil, from an area that belongs toELEJOR, Centrais Elétricas do Rio Jordão, for the following species: Araucaria angustifolia, Clethra scabra, Cedrela lilloi, Ocotea porosa, Podocarpus lambertii and Sebastiania commersoniana (3 to 6, from each species). The trunks were sawed, and at breast height a sample was taken from the center of the board, from bark to bark, crossing the pith, for macroscopic analysis. These samples were dried and polished, making possible the recognition and measurement of growth rings The historical climatic data series were provided by SIMEPAR, the State weather institute. The trees presented diameter at breast height (DBH), varying from 14 cm to 40 cm, with age of 60 years, annual diameter increment of 0.6 cm, in average. Although the number of trees was small, it was possible to observe that the site was not limiting for the species, as the growth rings showed very low sensitivity.However, the very extreme growth condition of 1999 and 2000, when  occurred a very low precipitation period followed by a very severe winter, was registered in the growth ring series of most of the disks analyzed

The development of new urban areas and the necessity of disposing of goods production and increased movement of people requires the intervention of man in areas previously not inhabited or preserved of the human interference. Infrastructural work sites have direct effects on ecosystems and RS/486 causes, beyond the visual impact on the landscape, a strong fragmentation in Atlantic forest. The removal of vegetation around the highway can facilitate the occurrence of natural disasters related to changes in geomorphology and weathering processes may result erosion and soil accommodation. To study the vulnerability and susceptibility the mass movements of the sub-watershed Três Forquilhas river along the highway RS 486 were employed techniques of GIS and remote sensing to produce maps of environmental vulnerability from employment of such variables as land use, geomorphology, geology, digital elevation model (DEM), slope and normalized digital vegetation index (NDVI) by applying analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) to support decision. The resulting maps matchie the purpose of defining priority areas for action of the Rio Grande do Sul State Civil Defense.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.61.61

The aim of this study was to calculate the ratio of Liocourt and evaluate the diameter distribution in natural forest with 84 hectares of Araucaria angustifolia serving as a parameter for its management in a farm of 176 hectares, located in White Stone Farm, Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, to achieve the concept of balanced forest. Diameter distribution behaved as expected for native forests, generating a distribution curve in J-shaped, showing that it is a forest inbalanced phase of succession as it has lack of trees in higher  diameter classes. The value of the ratio of Liocourt was 1.33, similar to other studies with native forests. By using the ratio of Liocourt would it possible to remove 54 trees per hectare in all classes of frequency, to a desired maximum diameter of 35 cm with a reduction of 7.4 m² ha-1 of basal area or 620.8 m² to the  settlement, avoiding the stagnation of the forest and 39 trees per hectare for the maximum diameter of 40cm with a reduction of 5.27 m² ha-1 of basal area or 442.7 m² for the forest.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.337

The stock of timber species was evaluated in a 64 ha experimental area 28 years after logging. The study was carried out in the Tapajos National Forest, state of Para, Brazilian Amazon. The study area was logged in 1979 and tree species were measured from 1981 to 2007 in 36 permanent sample plots. In 2007 tree species were classified in three groups: commercial timber (MC); potentially commercial timber (MP); non-commercial timber (MS). During that period all trees with DBH>5cm were measured. In 2007, 28 years after logging 9,859 trees from 239 species were recorded. Considering the species groups 35.5% belong to MC, and from these only 53% are available for harvesting, representing a timber volume of 75.5m3 ha-1. In 2007 some species as Carapa guianensis and Virola michelii had higher timber volume than before logging but other species as Astronium lecointei and Manilkara huberi had timber volume lower in 2007. In the end of the studing period, 28 years after logging, the timber volume was recovered but the harvested species did not recuperated their original basal area. Even with the high intensity of harvest occurred in the area but considering the timber volume in 2007 of those species that were not harvested in 1979, a second cutting mainly for those species could be admissible now.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.265

The aim of this work was to evaluate, in vase, the effect of cellulosic residue in soil and chemical characteristics of effluents resulting from that application in Litholic Humic Neosol layers collected in the 0 to 10 and 10 cm to 30 cm. Doses of sludge, equivalent to 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1 were implanted in a randomized design. Aliquots corresponding to doses of sludge, collected on the treatment were mixed to the soil layer of 0 to 10 cm and placed in vessels after the completion of the soil layer from 10 cm to 30 cm. At 117 days after implantation of the test, samples were collected from the soil layer from 0 to 20 cm and from the effluent resulting from the application of water for irrigation. The treatments changed the characteristics evaluated, except the levels of organic carbon and Mg. There was an increase in pH CaCl2, in the levels of Ca, P and K and in the base saturation, with greater impact on the content of P. The concentration of exchangeable Al, the potential acidity and exchangeable Al saturation were reduced with increasing doses of the residue. There is no evidence of contamination of soil and water by the application of the residue.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.27

This paper presents an approach to the technique of aerial sketchmapping in respect to its characteristics, applications and potential for use in Brazil, mainly to monitor changes in forest cover in Paraná state. The method consists of observation and annotation of features or phenomena from overflights in the area of interest flying at low altitudes along a predetermined route. It also presents the advantages obtained with the introduction of digital aerial sketchmapping, which defined the new name for the technique as Digital Aerial Sketchmapping. In this case the annotations are performed digitally on the screen (touch screen) of a notebook and not on paper map, as in the conventional technique. The development of methodologies that demonstrate technical efficiency and economic viability has received increased emphasis on research, according to the necessity of obtaining reliable information to support decision making at the government level, for an appropriate monitoring procedure and/or planning a  given region. Considering the dynamics of land use and the need to monitor land cover, it can be stated that the Aerial Sketchmapping has high potential for application to brazilian conditions and still excelent cost/benefit relation.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.245

In this study we evaluated the uptake, decomposition and nutrient release of the deciduous material in summer in areas of secondary forest and eucalyptus plantations in Redenção da Serra, SP. Were installed ten collectors in each area to evaluate the contribution of deciduous material (litter). It was collected every 15 days from December 2003 for 75 days. Part of the litter was placed in decomposition bags and distributed in surface areas, being collected every 15 days for evaluation. The area under eucalyptus showed greater intake of dry matter, lower decomposition constant and longer half life. There was a higher proportion of the fraction in the forest leaves and branches on the fraction area of eucalyptus. At time zero, the area of secondary forest showed higher accumulation of N, K, Ca, Mg and P. As for the area of eucalyptus, there was a sequence of N, Ca, K, Mg and P. At the end of 75 days, the area of eucalypt in plantation showed higher percentages of N, P, K and Ca. For the climatic conditions of Redenção da Serra, in summer, the area with eucalyptus showed greater intake of dry matter and nutrient content remaining compared with the area of forest.

One of the first areas investigated for commercial applications of LiDAR was for forest applications. Topography and forest coverage are of extreme importance for forest resources managers. Accurate information on trees height and density, besides being fundamental for planning, are hard to obtain by conventional methods. Laser scanning technology, as opposed to satellite images and aerial photographs, can concurrently map the ground and obtain estimates of trees height. The use of modeling associated with LiDAR data allows to obtain estimates of several other forest variables such as basal area, diameter, volume,  biomass and fuel material. Besides these applications, LiDAR technology presents a great potential for planning forest harvesting activities, road construction and maintenance. However, there are great challenges to be overcome in developing technologies and computational applications more robust and reliable for modeling data from this type of sensor.

This study aimed to determine the artificial form factor and confection table form factor for teak in Brasnorte and Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. A hundred tress were measured and 162 were cubated in stands from 20 to 10 years of age. The volume was estimated using Smalian and form factors by the reason between the estimated and cylindrical volumes. Sixteen models of artificial the form factor werw tested, and the equation ln(f1,3)=0,774+0,697.ln(d0,5/d²)-0,647.ln(d0,1/d²)+0,199.ln(1/h.d) presented the best fit with the diameter of Hohenadl (d0.5 e d0.1) estimated by the respective equations: ln(d0,5)= -1,066.ln(1/d)+0,234.ln(1/h) and ln(d0,1)= 0,753 – 0,535.ln(h/d²)+0,199.ln(h). The form factor table covered a amplitude from 0.4038 to 0.6443.

The use of silicate is a practice that has been frequently adopted in annual crops, although few studies have been conducted in order to verify its efficiency in forest tree species. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of calcium and potassium silicates in the growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Alambari county, State of São Paulo. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, with eight treatments, three replications and 25 plants per plot, maintained at the field capacity moisture level. Seedlings were planted in plastic tubes using local substrate, basic fertilization and silicates. Diameter, height and fresh and dry biomass of the seedlings were determined 150 days after silicates treatments were applied. The use of silicates either in the substrate or through foliar application, in the production of eucalypt seedlings has proven to be inadequate when the substrate presents a balanced basic composition in terms of nutrients and pH.

This study aimed to show the effect of silvicultural treatments to improve the health and productivity of forests mecrusse (Androstachys johnsonii Prain, 1. c.), in the Mabote District of Inhambane province. The experiment design was based on a complete randomization design, comprising of a group of three plots (20 m x 50 m) and three treatments (Control - C, phytosanity - P and thinning - T). The results showed that the silvicultural positively treatments influenced the health and growth. The periodic annual increment (PAI) observed during the period under review was 1.22 mm year-1. There was an PAI of 1.3 mm for the treatment phytosanity (P) and thinning (T), and 0.9 mm year-1 for the control plots. The interventions did not affect the structure of the stands for the diameter distribution since remained the j-reverse shape.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.63

To quantify the stock of commercial timber in forests demands efficient methods, making possible to estimate efficiently and accurately the present and future timber volume. The aim of this work was to  adjust the mathematical models used to estimate timber volume, allowing the determination of the timber potential of a region with greater accuracy and lower cost. The study was conducted at Lábrea, State of  Amazonas, Brazil in an area of 6,000 ha, inserted in the Project Forest Management Seringal Iracema II. The forest is predominantly dense with emergent trees, also with the occurrence of open forest with bamboo and palms. For the process of adjusting the models to estimate the volume of commercial timber, 141 trees of commercial species were cubed by Smalian method. The equations developed for the Forest Management Project Seringal Iracema II are valid for diameters between 50 cm and 140 cm and for forests with similar structure; to standing trees due to its simplicity and accuracy, the best equation was Kopezki-Gehrardt (V = - 0.6870 + 0.00103 d²); for felling trees or for studies of biomass and carbon stock, the equation indicated is Schumacher-Hall (LnV = -9.5452 + 2.12837 Ln (d) + 0.72209Ln (h)).doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.283

The expansion of the human land use leads to a severe fragmentation of the natural habitats. Biological corridors may facilitate the movement of organisms among habitat patches and have been frequently adopted as a tool to conserve and restore biodiversity. Metapopulation theory gives the theoretical starting point for the actual biological corridors studies, which are still in their infancy. There are not yet a solid scientific knowledge to recommend the use of biological corridors as a tool in conservation biology. Nevertheless, the effects of forest fragmentation are so severe that the planning and executing of strategies to attenuate it are justifiable, even though research results demonstrating its effectiveness and benefits are not  available. doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.207

The variation of soil attributes along with peculiarities of riverine ecosystem process, determines strong influence on the vegetation distribution in these environments.  The restoration strategies of riverine vegetation need to observe these peculiarities and, in this case, choosing of appropriate species is a key element to initiate the process of establishment of a functional community. The present study aimed at to evaluate the survival  and initial growth of nine tree species in different plantation densities and in two soil types – Neossolo Flúvico (RY) and Cambissolo Flúvico (CY). Field experiments were conduced on Itajaí-Açu floodplain,  Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The species that showed better performance to promote the restoration in fluvial environment, in a RY soil type, under a semi-hydromorphic condition in the soil profile, with high level of fertility and submitted to recurrent inundation pulses, were: C. myrianthum, A. glandulosa, I. marginata, S. terebinthifolius and A.sericea. A. cacans is a promising species to the same areas but only under conditions of no permanent flooding.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.171

Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is an insect of Australian origin which can cause severe damage on the production of different species of Eucalyptus. In Brazil, its presence was first described in the State of Sao Paulo in 2003 and it is present in several states such as Paraná, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Espírito Santo and Bahia. The occurrence of this insect in Pernambuco in Petrolina municipality on a small stand of Eucalyptus spp. confirms the dispersive and adaptive potential of this specie.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.253

Physic-chemical parameters were used to evaluate the quality of fresh palm hearts of palm in the breeding program for quality of material produced. We monitored the pH, acidity (TA) and soluble solids (SS) of palm fresh during storage under refrigeration of the two most important populations of peach palm cultivated in Brazil. Were analyzed for microbiological and significant differences between the populations of Benjamin Constant (Brazil) and Yurimaguas (Peru) to ATT and SS, but not for pH, which shows that the first two are suitable to differentiate populations of peach palm. Although levels were  slightly acid pH (5.6 to 6.2), Microbiological analysis showed that the palm remained fresh during storage with microbiological standards for  minimally processed vegetables. Variations in pH, acidity and soluble solids during storage were generally small.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.261

Identifying areas of similar ecological conditions, such as climate, soils and vegetation have many potential uses, since land use planning, including agroforestry planning, to conservation of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to produce a climate zoning chart, supported by statistical analysis and also using geomorphological criteria to define the geoclimatic units. As a result of the interpretation of cluster analysis using metereological data, the Paran State was divided,at first, into two broad groups: hotter areas and colder areas. Among the hotter areas, the coastal areas were separated from continental areas and others divisions were obtained. A relevance table, presented in this paper consists in a great practical tool, because it is useful to allow species to be planted more suitably, since we have the knowledge about the species weather conditions requirements, such as the best minimum and average temperature, frost resistance, drought seasons, etc. This chart may be supplemented with information from others newer climatic stations installed in the Paraná State and can be transformed into edafoclimatic chart, using soils and water balance information.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.129

Chrysomelids are important pests in forest plantations because they cause injuries and affect tree growth. Among the chrysomelid, Eumolpinae subfamily presents the greatest number of species recorded as pest. The purpose of this study was to register the occurrence and evaluate the attack of Costalimaita lurida (Lefévre, 1891) in a plantation of Eucalyptus spp. in the northern of Minas Gerais state. The attack was observed in September 2006 on a twelve months old plantation of age with the following species being injuried: Eucalyptus grandis, E. saligna, E. urophylla, E. robusta, a hybrid of E. grandis and E. urophylla and also Corymbia torelliana.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.257

The objective was to evaluate the induction of epicormic shoots in strains and techniques of cutting, grafting and minicutting for Cupressus lusitanica cloning. For cutting, concentrations of IBA and substrates in plants of 5 and 10 years of age were tested. In minicutting evaluated the type of propagules. Grafting seedlings of trees 10 years as grafts for the first sub-culture, and from this, the shoots were collected for the second subculture. The species presented difficult rooting. The grafting showed the best result. Shoots induction of strains showed low viability.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.161