RCAAP Repository

The water infrastructure projects generally esbaram the problem of lack of financial resources for the construction and operation. It then becomes the hypothesis of obtaining the funds for construction of water infrastructure by charging for the use of raw water. The question is then what is the impact on water charges if the cost of building the water infrastructure was applied to the charging for the use of raw water, together with the costs of AOM (Administration, Operation and Maintenance). We evaluated the financial cost of deployment of storage systems and water transfer activities in water supply, comparing the unit cost of raw water with the ability to pay of water users. data was used for construction of reservoirs and aqueducts in Ceara, we calculated the annuity payment for these works by applying current variables of time and interest payment. With the annual flow regulated and the cost of construction of the works, one could estimate a cost for this water, and thus compare it to the current user fees and their ability to pay. Could observe a relationship between construction costs of infrastructure and flow regulated supply of equipment studied (dams and pipelines). The best trend line that fit the scatter plots between the estimated cost of supply for the payment of infrastructure "versus" flow was regulated power curve. The values ​​obtained for the ability to pay in other published works (Marques, 2009 and Tahal, 2003) were within an order of magnitude of the values ​​obtained in this work, leading to consider that there is the possibility of payment of these works, so amortized, for users not making totally impractical

Este trabalho trata da produtividade das pescarias da frota de linheiros ao largo da costa sudeste do Brasil, segundo o tamanho do barco, número de linhas por pescador e número de anzóis por linha, para conhecer o arranjo que possibilita a obtenção das maiores capturas. Os dados são oriundos de mapas de bordo, correspondentes a pescarias conduzidas nos anos de 1979 a 1985. Os barcos foram agrupados em duas categorias de tamanho: pequeno - com menos de 20 TBA e comprimento máximo de 15 metros; grande - com mais de 20 TBA e comprimento total máximo de 22 metros. As pescarias se realizaram com linhas-de-fundo, estando os pescadores embarcados nos próprios linheiros ou em caíques, havendo de 15 a 20 caíques por barco. Cada pescador trabalha com uma ou duas linhas, com número variável de anzóis por linha (4,5 a 20 anzóis). A maior produtividade dos bascos grandes decorre do maior número de dias de pesca por viagem e/ou maior número de pescadores em operação, não havendo influência do tamanho do barco sobre a produção por pescador-dia. A melhor produtividade das pescarias dos barcos linheiros, independentemente da categoria e tamanho, é conseguida quando cada pescador trabalha com duas linhas, cada uma com 5 anzóis.

CONCEIÇÃO, Raimundo Nonato de Lima et al. Genética bioquímica de los estadios de postlarvas y juveniles de Panulirus argus (LATREILLE): I heterocigosidad relacionada con la actividad metabólica, variación morfologixa y factores ambientales. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza, v.29, p.48-53, 1995.

Natural disasters, mainly those related with water, have always occurred, however, the demographic increase, summed to huge environment degradation's process, gave to these disasters an enormous proportion, with a high, social, economic and ambient, price. This work presents a methodology for the Brazilian's dams security diagnosis, reports the current stage of the work in process, and shows the future actions to be taken in order to accomplish the goal. It refers to the registration of dams, that should match some predefined characteristics by filling a form elaborated in order to provide valuable information which is useful for preventing emergencies. It also brings a methodology for inspecting dams, aimed to those which still do not have a proper methodology, presented through an inspection form and its guidelines

The state of Ceará has experienced a lot of socioeconomic changes in recent years, with an impact in people’s way of transportation. The actions of the local government have sought to monitor this dynamic by drawing up technical studies and new regulatory guidelines for the local and intercity Road Transportation System for passengers from the state of Ceará (Sistema de Transporte Rodoviário Intermunicipal Interurbano de Passageiros do Estado do Ceará - STIP-CE), with strategic, tactical and operational planning actions. However, some equipment that comprise the infrastructure of this system, especially the bus terminals, continued to show weaknesses, being on the list of operational, regulatory and institutional problems. Among the observed problems are situations such as ineffectiveness or idleness of some terminals and infrastructure, while other places show a poor and saturated infrastructure. The lack of technical studies for deployment of terminals, especially its location, can be considered a major cause of this scenario. Given this context, the general aim of this thesis is to investigate the use of location models to make the diagnosis of a terminal network, addressing issues related to macrolocalization (macrolocalização) of such equipment. A case study was carried out in STIP-CE, by using the TransCAD software in order to assist the implementation of the proposed method of diagnosis

In this paper, we have tried to discuss theoretically Kaldor-Verdo- orn's Law, showing its relevance to the determination of how dy- namic an industry of country on region can be. Furthermore, we have made an empirical test of such theoretical proposition for the Brazilian industry during the period 1985 to 1997, using an error correction model (MCE), whose results indicate that the Brazilian industry has been reasonably dynamic, specially after the opening process of its economy had begun, in 1990, when a combination of

Water is an essential natural resource in the planet and nowadays environmental managers around the world concern to the scarcity of clean water. This scarcity is even greater in arid and semiarid regions of the globe. In northeastern Brazil, and particularly in the semiarid region, a number of factors make it particular. The irregularity of rainfall, its poor distribution in time and space, the high rate of evaporation / evapotranspiration, and high temperatures are characteristics of this environment that differs from other places in the world. Thus, the management of lakes to protect and maintain good water quality, aquatic life and other uses should be analyzed according to regional characteristics. The purporse of this study was to identify the impact of meteorological variables in water quality including the influence of the thermal stratification and mixing, and thus, propose a system for monitoring and modeling. The Pereira de Miranda (Pentecoste-CE) was studied with only one sample point to characterize its vertical profile. After selecting the main parameters of water quality and meteorological factors most relevant, was drawn a qualitative discussion and analysis of thermal variability in the water column. It was observed by the vertical profiles of temperature and heat flux a clear thermocline formation and destruction throughout the day, a fact linked to solar radiation and strong winds that imposed significant variation in levels of dissolved oxygen. In possession of all the variables studied was proposed a monitoring system as a key component of environmental protection, based on the Deming Cycle. This routine, coupled with a modeling system of water quality, improves the assessment and management of ecosystems. Thus, in addition to exerting control over the activities of monitoring of water quality, can be used continuously for the management of water resources

This thesis aims to conduct an empirical study on Labor Economics, with the application of microeconometric techniques. We develop two independent chapters. The first chapter deals with the structure of executive compensation: specifically it tries to estimate the elasticity of executive compensation in relation to the performance of firms, measured by revenues. The estimations are carried out in two stages: at the first stage, we use crosssectional data, allowing the comparison of the annual information and at the second, we employ panel data. The main focus of this chapter is the analysis of results coming from the panel data set, because it has the advantage of eliminating the problem of unobserved heterogeneity, giving greater representativeness to the estimates. We found significant effects of the performance of local companies on the remuneration of its executives, with elasticity values similar to those obtained from studies conducted in European countries. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of strikes in Brazil, with emphasis on the impact of the 1988 Federal Constitution in its dynamics. Two different modeling exercises are conducted. The first examines the determinants of the duration of strikes by means of Cox proportional hazards model, controlling for the effects related to the size and characteristics of firms and macroeconomic indicators. The second exercise evaluates the factors that influence the final results of the demands of the strikers through the development and estimation of an ordered logistic model, controlling for size and business characteristics and duration of outages. The results show that the size of strikes is not conducive to agreement between the parties, being inversely related to duration and reducing the likelihood of meeting the demands of the strikers. Analyzing the direct relationship between duration and outcome of claims, it appears that longer strikes tend to have low probability of agreement between the parties. The study also highlights that the State of São Paulo, place of beginning and development of major strike movements in Brazil, is also more conducive to settlements between workers and firms, since the strikes started on it tend to have lower durations and higher proportions of attendance of strikers claims. Regarding the main objective of the chapter, we highlighted differences in the characteristics of strikes in the post-constitutional period compared with the period before the Constitution. The results suggest that the Federal Constitution had a significant impact on the dynamics of the Brazilian strike movements, especially by expanding its regulations and giving greater bargaining power for workers. So, the legislation appears to favored agreements between parties, resulting in a trend of larger strikes and increasing the likelihood of meeting the demands of the strikers.

How are choices made? The understanding of this matter is crucial, for instance, for an automobile industry firm that intends to launch a new model on the market, or for a political party that needs to decide which candidate will run for the office. It happens that buying the A or B car or voting for the A or B candidate are usually individual choices. Therefore, when one understands how the choices are made, the chances of selling more cars or winning the election are increased greatly. That is the primary subject of this study: choices. More specifically, it deals with choices at the light of the Economical Theory. And in order to lead a sequence of three empiric exercises about the theme a forefront technique named Mixed LOGIT is used. In the first exercise the set of the people’s choices contains options for the buying of automobiles, and how the choices are made in that consumption environment will be studied. Consequently, it will be possible to compute ownprice- elasticity, cross-price-elasticity, markups and surplus of the consumer and the producer. In the second exercise the set of choices will represent options of kinds of workers, and how the firms make the choices on how to fill the job vacancies will be studied. Consequently, it will be possible to understand how the social networks can affect the labor market. In the third exercise the set of choices will represent the Presidential candidates running for the 2006 election, and how the voters can be induced to voting to a certain candidate will be studied. Consequently, it will be possible to estimate how a cash transfer programme, such as Programa Bolsa Família (Family Grant Programme) can influence the result of the election

Thesis named " DECOMPOSITION OF INEQUALITY OF INCOME, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY AND INTENSITY OF THE PRO-POOR GROWTH IN SECTORS AND REGIONS OF THE BRAZIL" is organized on three articles. The first one entitled "analysis of inequality income and their determinants in Brazilian´s regions: as having evidence for the years 2002 to 2005" in which it investigates inequality income degree between the Brazilian´s regions and their determinants in the period 2002-05. The results indicate that inequality intraregion is sharply bad and this element contributes to inequality income in the country. The second part of article it has results that one corroborate for assumption such similar variables cause a differential impact on the logarithm of household income per capita in each of the regions. Finally, using the decomposition of Oaxaca, assured the regionalization effect incorporated a new force over the period. The effect, said, of differentiation to factors allocation is reduced further remains as the main responsible for income contrasted between regions. It suggests an equal reduction in the allocation of attributes between those regions. The second article "PRO-POOR GROWTH: DIFFERENCES IN INTENSITY BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN, EVIDENCE FOR THE PERIOD 2002-2005" is the premise of the relationship between economic growth recorded in the first half of the decade and the current behavior to income distribution. Then emphasis is on checking in Brazilian regions, where does in fact growth is more "pro-poor" in urban than in rural areas. The methodology of analysis employs the technical developed by Kakwani, Khandker and Son (2004), which uses the measures of poverty Poor (Proportion P0), Hiato Poverty (P1) and Poverty Severity (P2) quantifying-qualifying issue growth as "pro-poor" or not one. Results show predominance the core of economic growth pro-poor, and suggesting that poverty reduction was present in all regions and sectors, but its intensity is not enough to believe a reduction of distance that separates the region northeast of other regions. Third article issued " GOVERNMENT INCOME TRANSFERS AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION" investigates the impact for governmental changing on based on information through population censuses 1991-2000. They are measured and analyzed the effects of the determinants of presence on Brazilian labor force through a utility randomly model. It appears that publics changing income is strong important for impact on individuals provision to engage in labor market. Other variables that affected significantly the labor force participation are geographic localization, education and fertility.

The objective of this study was to modify the asphalt binder (LA) with 50/70 penetration by incorporating SBS (3, 4 and 4.5%) and the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) (1% w/w). The studies were directed towards assessing and analyzing the rheological master curves obtained from tests on a dynamic-shear rheometer (DSR). In addition, we assessed the effects of additives in relation to the viscosity, storage stability, and oxidative aging simulated at the RTFOT. The results indicated that the addition of SBS increases the stiffness and the elastic response of the binder at high temperatures. The master curves showed improvements in the rheological parameters at intermediate and high temperatures, where the process of permanent deformation occurs. Samples with SBS contents 3, 4 and 4.5% were tested for storage stability for 48 hours. The sample with 3% SBS showed no phase separation when stored under the conditions investigated, however, samples with 4 and 4.5% of SBS showed phase separation. In these samples (4 and 4.5%), the addition of CNSL embedded in the modified binder by SBS show the potential to estabilize the binder-polymer mixture, avoiding phase separation. The CNSL, therefore, proved to be potentially useful to prevent phase separation of the LAs with the polymer. The results also indicate that the presence of CNSL promoted a reduction in viscosity and flow activation energy of the binder modified by SBS, contributing thus to improve the thermal susceptibility of the modified binder. Tests of resilient modulus (MR) and tensile strength (RT) in asphalt mixtures containing modified binder suggest that the presence of SBS makes the mixture less susceptible to deformation and failure than mixtures with pure LA. However, the asphalt mixture containing the binder modified by SBS with the addition of CNSL presents an even greater hardening when compared to the SBS blend containing no additive. It is likely that the presence of polymerized CNSL has contributed to the hardening of the sample.

The intensive fleet’s increase and the trips generated after the implementation of Trips Generators Poles have made worse the mobility in the urban areas of Brazilian cities. One of the most important items studied by Traffic Engineering are the observed conflicts in intersections, in which some control features can be seen: STOP sign, smallroundabouts and traffic lights. The latest are recommended to be installed by several traffic manuals, based in traffic flows, delay levels and accidents observed in the intersection, though those manuals don’t indicate which traffic light control technology shall be used. This Master Dissertation presents a methodology to hierarchize, in a traffic light network, which intersection must receive an update technology in its traffic control dispositive. The City of Fortaleza’s fixed-time traffic light network is analyzed to produce a rank indicating the intersections that need an up-to-date real-time centralized traffic control instead of fixed-time technology. This work was developed using Multi-Criteria Decision Analyzes (MCDA), allowing the knowledge of the relevant aspects in the decision context, according to the value judgments from the Fortaleza’s Traffic Lights Department (CTAFOR) staff.

Abstract: Several states and Brazilian countries already have adopted investment programs to the local productive arrangements (LPA’s) that involves by micro, small and median companies. However, most of the studies on LPA’s has given little attention to the local productive arrangements of agricultural nature. This study intends to analyze the LPA, of irrigated agriculture, called “Drop of water” in Quixeramobim, Ceará. It was used primary and secondary data that were obtained through bibliographical and documental researches, case study and field researches. The resulted were verified through of tabular and descriptive analyze. Inside the arrangement analyzed we could verify the involvement of several partners’ from different segments that participated in higher or lower degree. This involvement of several partners’ establishing important instruments for introduction of innovations of product, process and organizational creating new competences and gains competitive advantages. However, it was verified the existence of obstacles related to the inexistence of inappropriate training centers for qualification of the producers, absence of research laboratories and lack of more appropriate credit lines adjusted producer’s reality. In spite of these problems, we can conclude that there was gain of resulted from the collective efficiency that was created by this productive gathering. This arrangement is a proof that with some social organization of the local actor’s will be possible to change the difficult reality of the families that earn from their income agriculture in the zone semi-arid of the Ceará.

The objective of this research is to estimate the residential, commercial and industrial demand for electric energy in the Northeast of Brazil during the period 1970-2003. Two different methodologies were used to compute price and income elasticities of demand: i) DOLS, proposed by Stock and Watson (1993); and ii)Regime Switching, by Gregory and Hansen (1996). Error Correction Models were estimated using the cointegrating vectors. These models are used to perform long-run forecasts of demand for the period 2004-2010. The main results are then compared to those from other studies about Brazilian’s price and income elasticities of demand for electric energy. Furthermore, an analysis of forecast performance shows that these models predict as good or better than Eletrobrás and Siqueira, Cordeiro Jr. e Castelar (2006).

The high level of naphthenic acidity present in oils processed in refineries requires a high corrosion resistance of equipment and ducts. Among materials used in the Petroleum industry we highlight the Cr-Mo steels and austenitic stainless steel with molybdenum in their composition. These steels have not shown satisfactory performance when in contact with Petroleum rich in naphthenic acid. Iron-Chromium steels with Mo in their composition have become an alternative to this application. The main objective of this work was to study the effect the increasing of molybdenum content on the naphthenic corrosion resistance, microstructural changes, mechanical properties and weldability of Fe-Cr-Mo with Mo content higher than used in commercial alloys. Pseudo-binary diagrams for different compositions of Fe-Cr-Mo alloys were made to identify, phases and possible heat treatments. Solubilized samples of different alloy compositions were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of experimental alloys were determined the through hardness, tensile and impact tests. Welds were carried out with and without addition of material using TIG and MIG processes. HAZ grain size of alloys and microstructural characterization of welded regions and the microhardness survey were performed. The results showed that the alloys Fe-Cr-Mo showed a ferritic microstructure in the solubilized condition, with large grains and mechanical properties superior to commercial alloys. The molybdenum increases naphthenic corrosion resistance and has a significant effect in the mechanical properties. The increase of chromium and molybdenum contents favored a brittle behavior of alloys at room temperature. The studied alloys tend to exhibit a ductile behavior when tested at temperatures exceeding 60 °C. At a first glance, grain size and mechanical properties of the alloys indicated that it would be difficult to weld these alloys. However, it was possible to perform the welding of alloys using TIG and MIG processes. This work deals with phases and carbides that precipitate when welding with different parameters.

The amount of construction waste from cities has been a concerning matter throughout the world due to the impact it has been causing to environmental, economic and social systems. Recycling is a sensible alternative and one of the most simple ways to use the recycled aggregate is in pavimentation. This study analyses laboratorialy the physical aspects and the mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate in the city of Fortaleza, to be used in base, sub-base or subleito enhancement layer, replacing the conventional materials, with focus on urban roads in Fortaleza metropolitan area (FMA). The study involved the characterization of construction and demolition waste (CDW) of mixed type in three forms (natural, with 2% of lime and with 2% of cement) and also of a conventional gravel from Itaitinga quarry - CE. Leaching and Solubilization tests were performed in RCD. Once familiar with the material (RCD and Brita), mechanical tests were performed (California Bearing /ratio, resistance to simple compression, resilient modulus and Tensile Strength) with recycled aggregate (natural and stabilized with lime and cement) and with gravel. Prime test was also performed on the mixtures with RCD. Finally, it was possible to compare technically and economically the aggregates studied. It was concluded that the recycled aggregate can be used in base and sub-base layers of pavements, and it was also economically competitive for use in the FMR.

The Brazilian Semi-Arid Region is marked by physical and climatic factors that influence directly in the survival of the population. The irregular pluviometric regimen, the high taxes of evaporation and the crystalline ground predominance make the Ceará a satiated State of intermittent rivers. x the reservoirs are calculeted to regularize outflows with random character. In this context, the Method of the Monte Carlo Simulation becomes a tool of great importance. The method generates synthetic series of annual outflows, breaks up these outflows in monthly outflows (Method Fragments) and makes the simulated operation of the resevoir. The research makes a comparison enters two models of operation of reservoirs: the monthly model and the bi-sazonal model, to discover which the evaporation equivalent (Eeq.) in the two models that originates one same regularized outflow (Q90) and its duration (months). Also was argued the influence of the modulation of the water withdrawals in the reservoir. For in such a way the Monte Carlo Method was applied in the sizing of the outflows regularized for the two models in 50 reservoirs from the State of the Ceará. Were verified that 5% the values of Q90 for the operated monthly model with constant withdrawals was bigger on average, that the values of the outflows of the modulated monthly model. In the Semi-Arid Region of the State the values of the Eeq evaporation reached its bigger values, approximately 2400mm/ano in the Inhamuns, arriving around 750mm/ano in the monutains regions (humid and semi-humid tropical climate). For the dry station, it was observed that the June to January station if adjusted to the semi-arid hot tropical climate, while stations shorter as August to December was a characteristic of weak climate, as for example the coast of the State (semi-humid tropical climate).

The aim of this work was to evaluate the behavior of welding residual stress in small size pipes of ASTM A106 Gr. B steel, welded by manual and automatic GTAW processes. It was also evaluated the effect of the welding heat input on residual stress profile, as well as to correlate the results with microstructure and hardness. The residual stress measurement was accomplished through X-ray diffraction, using a minidiffractometer for measurement in field. Metallographics analysis were accomplished in the traverse section of the welded joint, using optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness profiles in the outer and inner surfaces of pipe were determined. The results showed that the measures of residual stress by X-ray diffraction with minidiffractometer for applications in field was shown quite effective in the residual stress profile determination, however, it is necessary the accomplishment of diffractograms fittings by analytic functions, to determine the correct peak localization, reducing the measures error. The measurements of the axial residual stress accomplished in the outer surface pipes showed that the profile is formed by compressive stresses in the welds region (fusion zone and heat affected zone - HAZ) and for tension stresses in the areas more distant of weld bead. High levels of compressive axial residual stress were observed in the outer surface of small size pipes, located in the welds region, which can represent a critical situation, because the linear behavior of the through-thickness residual stress due to “tourniquet” effect is consensual and, therefore, indicates the presence of high levels of tension residual stress in the inner surface, especially in the root weld metal and HAZ. The welding heat input of the finish pass caused an intense grain refining and a significant reduction of hardness of the weld metal in the inner surface, exception of 2" diameter sample welded with high heat input. None of the welded samples presented values of hardness above the maximum established for standard, which is 248 HV, showing that the fact of the welded joint to present low hardness, it does not necessarily represent that this is not subject to a high level of residual stress.

This thesis is composed of three works, and they all use dynamic panel data estimation models. The estimation models used are the Generalized Moments system, developed by Arellano-Bond (1991), Arellano-Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The first work is entitled “The Social Security system and Rural Poverty in Brazil”, and it analyzes the impact of retirement through social security on poverty. The results indicate that rural retirement has no significant impact on poverty reduction, thus not corroborating the hypothesis which states that rural social security significantly decreases poverty. The second work is entitled “Inequality Determinants in Brazil”, and it aims to analyze the contribution of different determinants of income inequality reduction in the country. The results show that income transfers from the federal government do not affect the dynamics of income inequality in the period studied. When considering the other determinants, education was the main factor in reducing inequality. The second most important contribution was from income of all kinds of labor. The government’s tax burden contributes to increase income inequality in Brazil. The third work is entitled “Economic Growth and Income Concentration: Its effects on Poverty in Brazil”, and it considers the impact of variations in economic growth and income inequality on poverty alterations in Brazil. Since economic growth in itself is not capable of explaining alterations in poverty, the work takes income inequality into account as a complementary factor in analyzing poverty, aiming to evaluate Bourguignon’s (2002) hypothesis, which states that the higher the inequality in a country, the lesser the effectiveness of economic growth in reducing poverty will be. The results show that the inequality-poverty elasticity is greater than the income-poverty elasticity and the high inequality and low initial development levels of the majority of states are obstacles for reversing the poverty situation via income growth.

This paper tries to explain the influence of agricultural productivity on employment, income and welfare of open economies. Using an extension of Matsuyama (1992) model, the paper proves that does not exist necessarily an inverse relation between growth and agricultural productivity. Crucial to this result are the assumptions that the dynamic of the economy is not solely based on industrial productivity, but it relies also on agricultural productivity; and that there are spillovers among economies. Under this perspective Matsuyama’s result is a particular case of this more general approach. On the other hand, specialization in agriculture does not lead inexorably to welfare losses either in the short or in the long run.