RCAAP Repository

Nurseries has presented Pinus taeda seedling with symptoms of wilt, tip blight and death, in Southern Region of Brazil. Isolation on PDA medium, moist chamber, pathogenicity test and microculture were made to identify the pathogen. A species of Fusarium was isolated, which is under identification. It was verified by Koch postulates that Fusarium sp. was the causal agent of this disease.

The Grevillea robusta A. Cunn is utilized for coffee plantation shading, crops growing and pasture shading, apiculture, ornamentation and wind breaks. It is also used to produce sawn wood. One test of 28 second generation half-sib progenies was planted in Forestry Institute of São Paulo, with 20°03’S latitude and 48°54’W logitude geographic coordenates and 630m of altitude. The main objectives of this paper were to select genetic material capable to produce more volume of wood. The total heigth and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured on the three yars old second generation half-sib progenies test. The volume was calculated and the results led to the following conclusion: The best second generation progeny was the number 12, which came from an australian progeny called GJM980 from Boyd River (NSW) provenance. The volume gain of the best second generation progeny when compared with the experiment average mean was greater than 138%. By the same token, the volume gain of 12 second generation half-sib progenies was superior to 32%.

This paper deals with the prognosis of the individual volumetric growth of Eucalyptus species in the Brazilian South Region. It was accomplished in a fertilizer trial with Eucalyptus dunnii and a competition trial among species (E. bicostata, E. “cambiju” - natural hybrid, E. deanei and E. viminalis) implanted in Vila Velha, PR. The method of successive regressions, modified to the exponential form, including the volume at three years of age and survival was applied. The results gave evidence of acceptable efficiency of the method to estimate individual volumetric growth of the trees of the stands, especially for E. deanei and E. dunnii, species well adapted to the region. However, species with low growth potential, for example E. bicostata, presented low individual and stand volumes at the end of the rotation, despite its high survival. It was necessary to include survival in the model, for better accuracy for E. “cambiju” with decreasing survival along the rotation. 

Earthworms are known to increase soil bulk density, soil porosity, mixing of organic matter, and to strengthen aggregation of soil particles. They perform important functions in the maintenance and stabilization of the soil matrix. So, earthworms can be used as indicators of the quality and health of soils. More emphasis on studying underground components, such as earthworms, is required in order to better understand the mechanisms of silvopastoral systems function. The purpose of this study was to examine the presence and the distribution of earthworms in a silvopastoral system (SSP) with Grevillea robusta trees, planted in rows, in comparison with a pasture without trees (PNA). Sampling in six areas (five in SSP and one in the PNA) was carried out in October, 2005 at Cianorte, Parana, Brazil. The samples (n=162) were collected at three distances from the tree rows and/or bulk terraces. Significant variation in earthworm quantity was found between the two pastures conditions. Sample variance was higher than average in all areas, indicating trend to negative binomial distribution and, consequently, to aggregate distribution of earthworms. The average number of earthworms and cocoons were higher in the PNA and we found significant differences (p < 0.01) between SSP and PNA employing a contrast analysis. The distribution of individuals were positively influenced by trees, whereas the number of individuals seemed to be influenced by the capacity of some species to colonize environments with scarce resources. So, to complement the present study it will be necessary to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of individuals and species. Furthermore, the understanding of the interaction between Grevillea obusta and the population of annelids depends on studies of litterfall, other organisms and microclimatic conditions under canopies.  

In order to study the influence of mineral nutrition on quality and the growth of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Mimosa scabrella Benth. and Allophylus edulis (ST. Hil.) Radl, a experiment was conducted in the nursery facilities of Embrapa Florestas, Colombo – PR. The three species were sown in plastic containers of 50 cm3 in February 2004. The substrate was a mixture of a commercial formula (pine bark and vermiculite) and granulated coconut fiber in a proportion of 70% and 30% respectively. The treatments were three different dosages of mineral fertilizers, which were divided in two applications, base fertilizaton (mixed to the substrate) and covering. A completely randomized design was used, with 7 repetitions and 9 seedlings per plot. After 4 months the seedlings were assessed, by measuring their height and diameter, and after selecting a medium size seedling in each replicate, a destructive analysis of dry biomass content (aerial part and root system) was performed. The S. terebinthifolius was the specie that showed the best response to fertilization, followed of M. scabrella. Differently, A. edulis presented low requirement of fertilization in nursery. The growth rate for the three species was slower than useful due to the low temperatures verified during the winter season. 

Twenty and twenty three seed provenances of Grevillea robusta Cunn were imported from Australia, in 1993 and 1994 respectively, by Embrapa Florestas. This genetic germoplasm was utilized for starting a breeding program in the State of Paraná, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. Total surface occupied by Grevillea experiments managed by Embrapa Florestas reachs 27,13 ha, being provenance tests, embracing 11,22 ha, installed in 1994, and progenies tests, comprising 15,91 ha, planted in 1994. In the Presidente Castelo Branco District it was introduced a provenance/progenie test with 104 progenies and 20 provenances. In 2001, it was selected the best genotypes and the experiment was transformed in a Seed Orchard. In 2002, 37 genotypes were selected at the same area, whose seeds were utilized for the installing second generation of progenies test in Londrina, PR. Randomized blocks was the statistical design utilized, with linear plots of five plants, adjusted in a compass 3m x 3m, with 8 replications. Total height, DAP (diameter at (the) (high) (of) breast height) were the characteristics considered in the evaluations. Height was measured with the help of a telescopic ruler and diameter with a ruler of mensuration. Volume was calculated with height and DAP measures. Estimation of variance components, genetic parameters selection and genetic gain was made by SELEGEN/REML/ BLUP - model 1. Conclusions: 1- enetic gains were superior of 55%, remaining 266 genotypes (18% from the total amount of trees) in the Seed Orchard; 2 - Selecting the best 50 genotypes, the genetic gain would be superior from 120%. The installation of clonal orchard with the selected genotipies would lead to a major production of pollen and seeds, bacause of the better spacial distribution of the clones, what would not happen in seed production areas originated of progenies installed in a randomized blocks design. 

The coast region of Paraná State, Brazil, has a great potential for growing of pupunha trees aiming palm heart production due to climate conditions. There were around one million pupunha trees planted at small farmers area, totalizing about 200 ha, in this region by the end of 2004. This fact confirms the specie as a sustainable and economicaly viable alternative for small farmers as long as the natural stands of juçara (Euterpe edulis) are raryng. This paper aimed to evaluate the palm heart production, at ages 24 and 39 months after planting, from plants growing instands varyng on plant density and soil class and considering processing as heart, ring and chopped. The experiment was set up in two areas located along the Alexandra-Matinhos Road (km 7 and km 10), Paranagua City, in March 2001. Randomized blocks was used as the statistical design on 100 plants per sample, four treatments and six replicates. The treatments considering spacing and plant density were: 3 m x 1 m (3.333 plants/ha); 2 m x 1 m (5.000 plants/ha); 1 m x 1 m x 1,5 m (6.666 plants/ha) e 1 m x 1 m x 2 m (8.000 plants/ha). The results showsed that: the productivity of palm heart from pupunha trees increase according to plant numberper hectare for processing as heart, ring and chopped; further harvests in theexperimental area will allow to establish the ideal plant density per hectare aiming palm heart production.   

This research work was developed in order to evaluate progeny trials of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden using the software SELEGEN-REML/BLUP. The best trees were identified in order to be used in seedling and clonal orchards. Fifty three half-sib progenies of three Australian provenances were tested in the municipalities of Mogi Guaçu, Boa Esperança do Sul and Caçapava, all located in the State of São Paulo. A compacted families block experimental design was used with variable number of replicates, linear plots of six trees each, and a 3.00 x 2.00 m spacing. Two methods of data standardization or transformation were used in order to evaluate their efficiency in the reduction of the genetic, environmental and phenotypic variances. The transformation or  orrection of the data, performed with the ratio (hi/him) between the square root of heritability in locality i and the mean of square roots of heritability in each locality, presented higher efficiency than the non-correction as well as the data correction obtained with the phenotypic standard deviation ( f sˆ ) usually used. Additionally, results of joint analysis of data from different locations have confirmed that high magnitude gains can be obtained for diameter growth though the selection of individuals based on their genetic values. This can be achieved either by thinning of the trial, resulting in a Seedling Seed Orchard or by vegetative propagation of the best individuals for the establishment of a clonal seed orchard. From the results obtained for genetic correlation among locations, one single Selected Population and only one Clonal Seed Orchard can be established which represent all the three experimental locations, which in turn result investment savings. Genetic variability was achieved with the moderates values obtained from individual heritability, in the narrow sense, for growth in DBH in the three locations studied. The adoption of strategies and criteria proposed for the selection provides the composition of a selected population with two hundred individuals of high genetic value and an adequate effective number of progenies, producing gains for DBH between 12.89% and 24.33% in relation to the overall experimental average, for the establishment of a Seedling Seed Orchard. The selection of twenty individuals with the highest breeding values, for the establishment of a clonal seed orchard may provide gains for DBH between 17.18% and 50.95% in relation to the experimental average. On the other hand, the selection of the best twenty individuals, with the highest genotypic values for the establishment of a Seedling Seed Orchard, may provide gains for DBH between 22.40% and 82.16% in relation to the experimental average, for clonal plantations established with the selected material. 

The aims of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters for 59 half-sib progenies of maté under runing for formation, and to evaluate the ecophysiological properties for four progenies (P15, P18, P41 e  47) and two controls (P61 and P62), components of one maté breeding experiment combining  rovenances and progenies, established in Erechim, RS. The ecophysiological properties (stomatal  onductance (gs) - mol m-2s-1, net photosynthesis (A) - μmol CO2 m-2s-1, and transpiration (E) -mmol H2O  - s-1) were measured during one year in five epochs (from September 2002 to August 2003). The variance  omponents, genetic and phenotypic parameters and genetic values (for data of foliar mass collected in  runing of formation) were obtained using a genetic-statistic program "SELEGEN - REML/BLUP". The analysis of ecophysiological parameters, showed the seasonality of responses, turns it important in  valuation. The seasonality of gas exchange followed the occurrence of growing pauses and growing lushes. Between the studied progenies two pointed out - P47 (20th position on genetic value and estimation of gain of foliar mass) and P18 (5th position) that was accompanied by higher photosynthetic rate (A), water  conomy (lower transpiration rate with higher A) and higher survival - compared to P15 (23rd position) and  41 (40th position). With an individual heritablity of 22.7%, in narrow sense. Breeding methods exploring  imultaneously the information about the individual and the average of its family for foliar mass weight of  até plants were necessary. The coherence between genetic responses in foliar mass and ecophysiological  nalyses suggests that evaluation of ecophysiological components could accompany the evaluation of foliar  ass and/or total mass on selective process and breeding of maté.

Brazil produced in 2004, around 8 million tons of paper and 9,4 million tons of cellulose. Through the increasing production of paper and cellulose, the industries of this segment have generated a great amount of residues that requires viable future alternatives of disposal. Among these alternatives there is an application proposal of the cellulose residues in the forest growing. Thus, an experiment composed by 5 treatments and 4 repetitions was done entirely randomized. It was installed in 1996, in Arapoti Municipal District, State of Paraná, Brazil. These treatments received increasing doses of cellulose residues, such as: 0 (testimony), 20, 40, 80 and 100 t.ha-1. This soil was classified as red-yellow Oxysol of medium texture and it is under the cultivation of Pinus taeda L. with space of 3 x 2 m. Evaluations for growing trees were done in the area, its nutritional status, biomass production in the different part of the trees, its accumulation, nutrient exportation and quantity of wood production. As a result, the treatment of the trees which received 80 t.ha-1 of residue, presented, till the age of 7 years, larger total elevation and BHP, better concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in aciculas, rising production of biomass in different parts, better accumulation of nutrients and a 147% gain in the production of wood stock. From these results it is possible to conclude that the application of the cellulose residues presented encouraging effects on the growth and nutrition of Pinus taeda L. increasing the production of biomass and wood volume.

Grevillea robusta Cunn is not only utilized for coffee plantation shading, ornamentation and wind breaks. It is also used in apiculture and different wood utilities. The purpose of this study was to identify genetically superior individuals for wood volume production in order to select material for future seed orchards in the Londrina region of Northern Paraná State, Brazil. The genetic material tested was 37 second generation half-sib progenies from a provenance trial located on Presidente Castelo Branco county, also in the State of Paraná. The experiment was planted in EMBRAPA’s Maravilha farm with the following geographic coordinates: 23°23’30"S and 51°11’05"W. Progenies were evaluated in a experimental design in the form of eight replications and five plants per plot. Height, diameter and volume were statistically analysed in order to determine the effect of progenies on the wood production. The results led to the following conclusion: Considering the growth in volume and survival, the best progeny came from Duck Creek (NSW) Australia. 

Leaf anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum loeosporioides, is the most important disease of seedlings and young peach palm plants (Bactris gasipaes). The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of some fungicides for controlling anthracnose on leaves of young peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), in Northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. An assay with randomized block design was carried out, with five different fungicides and a control, with four replicates. The fungicide evaluated were: chlorotalonil (2 g L- ), chlorotalonil+methyl tiophanate (1 + 0,4 g L-1), tebuconazole (0,2 g L-1), azoxystrobin (80 mg L-1) and calda Viçosa (boric acid 3 g L-1; copper sulfate 5 g L-1; zinc sulfate 6 g L-1; hydrated lime 3,5 g L-1). Each fungicide was sprayed five times, at 15 to 20- day intervals. All fungicide treatments reduced the disease intensity; however, the most efficient were chlorothalonil and chlorothalonil+methyl thiophanate.  

Fruit-eating bats are amongst the main seed dispersers, so that any technique that improves this ecological role may have large application in forest restoration projects. Following this idea, we conducted tests with essential oils isolated from mature chiropterochoric fruits that revealed that these oils are able to attract frugivorous bats both inside forest remnants and in open areas (as abandoned agricultural or pasture fields). Additionaly, our results showed that the feces of most bats attracted by the oils contained seeds, indicating that they were already fed. So, the use of essencial oils of fruits consumed by bats in specific sites, as along a river whose riparian forest was destroyed or in a property that no longer has forest reserve, potentially increases seed rain in these sites. Due to the large application of this new technique, we are presently conducting further studies in order to measure seed rain and forest regeneration induced by essential oils, as well as to identify the components responsible for bat attraction and sinthesize them. 

The objective of this study was to find effective fungicides against eucalypt powdery mildew. Fungicides tested were chlorothalonil, fenarimol, sulfur, tebuconazole, propiconazole, benzothiazole, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and triadimenol. These fungicides were sprayed on Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings in a greenhouse infested with powdery mildew. Severity was evaluated at 9, 16, 23, 30 and 37 days after spraying, classifying symptoms observed with a scale 0 (symptoms absent) to 4 (strong symptoms). Best treatments were obtained with pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin and triadimenol, with an infection index average of 0.39, 0.63 and 1.01, respectively.

This work aims to carry out a multitemporal analysis of the forest cover of Arroio Grande small hydrological basin located in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Four satellite images were used: LANDSAT 5 (1987), LANDSAT 5 (1995), LANDSAT 7 (2002) and CBERS 2 (2005). The images were classified according to the Bhattacharya algorithm. After the classification of such images, the crossing of the thematic maps was accomplished. Maps with different land uses were obtained: unaffected forest cover, regeneration and deforestation for the period 1987 – 2005. During 18 years, the forest cover increased 10,24% in the basin area, changing from 14.135,42 ha (40,01%) in 1987 to 17.752,20 ha (50,25%) in 2005. This happened because the State Forest Law has become effective as well as the rural owners’ consciousness and also due to increment of exotic forest plantations in the State. 

The perennial plant selection is based on individual genetic values predicted from phenotypic observations. The more adequate the control of environmental variability, the more accurate the prediction. This paper  aimed to investigate: 1) the test ability by using the  significance of Snedecor F test for block effects; 2) the  spatial variability within blocks by using the plot  intraclass correlation coefficient; 3) the experimental  design efficiency in terms of the local control, by using  the significance of Snedecor F test for block effects and  the plot intraclass correlation coefficient (c2),  simultaneously; 4) the genotype x environmental  interaction within site, by using the genetic correlation coefficient across replications. The used data concerned  to leaf weight of 141 erva-mate half sib families, grown in a randomised complete block design  with 10 replications and six plants per plot spaced 3 x 2 meters. The data were collected at age six in the third leaf harvesting. The design efficiency was high and the  test ability adequate, as a result of the significance of  block effects and low c2 value (0.0799). There was a loss of 3.48% in genetic gain due to the genotype x environmental interaction within site.

The injuries of Ctenarytaina spatulata Taylor, 1977, were characterized through observations in field,  laboratory and greenhouse. The first injuries of C. spatulata in Eucalyptus grandis are caused during  oviposition. At the point where the egg is inserted, a   small black spot appears, which may grow larger, causing the bud death. The insect eliminates large  amount of honeydew, accumulating on leaves and  apical parts, which starts the proliferation of sooty mold,  and fitopathogenic fungi. Leaves of the attacked  lants become deformed, smaller than the  normal ones, distorted, or with flaws among the ribs and sooty mold reducing the photosynthetic capacity.  Due to damages provoked by the bites, oviposition,  sooty mold accumulation and other fungi, the sprout  die and the plant loses the apical dominance, which  induces an over sprouting. In addition, the attack of C. spatulata causes a decrease of diameter growth and the formation of shorter internodes, resulting in a  higher fragile area. Anatomical cuts of the seedlings,  infested with C. spatulata where there was an over  sprouting, presented areas with larger number of  gelatinous fibers, less  lignified. These fibers are less  resistant, turning the stem more fragile and susceptible  o breaking due to wind or even its own weight. Besides, the attacked  plants presented anatomical modifications in pores arrangement and thicker bark.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and partial least square (PLS) were used to determine chemical and anatomical wood properties. Solid wood samples from seven eucalyptus and one pine species were  characterized for lignin content, total extractives, fiber length and diameter, cell wall thickness and heat  content. NIR spectra were obtained from wood flour  samples and used to generate calibrations for the  measured chemical and anatomical properties.  Relationships were good for lignin content and cell wall   thickness with coefficients of determination greater than  .9 and 0.8, respectively. The calibrations developed for lignin content had the highest coefficients of determination and show that it is possible to develop  eneral calibration for this important wood property across the tested eucalyptus species. Other  statistical tools should be studied for improvements in  the predictions of the measured properties.

This paper aimed to select progenies of “erva-mate” (Ilex paraguariensis St. HiI.) in Ivai - PR based on leaf weight productivity, stability and adaptability across three harvests. This can be achieved by the method MHPRVG (harmonic average of relative performance of genetic values) which is comparable with the methods by Annichiaricco and Lin & Binns. The genetic material was constituted by 25 half sib progenies evaluated in a complete block design with ten replicates and six plants per plot, in a 3 x 2 meters spacing. Leaf weight per tree  was evaluated at ages two, four and six years  after planting. There were some changes in progenies  ranking across harvests. The methods MHPRVG, Annichiaricco and Lin & Binns led to selection of the  same progenies, considering the three attributes  simultaneously. However, the MHPRVG method presented the advantage of providing results in the  scale of the measured trait, which can be interpreted  directly as genetic values.

Pau-de-leite (Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax., Euphorbiaceae) is a native tree of several Brazilian biomes, with great interest for rehabilitation of  degraded ecosystems due to its rusticity and intense seed dispersal by birds. However, its sexual  propagation is difficult because the majority of the  flowers are male and the percentage of germination of  the seeds is very low. Considering the propagation difficulty using seeds, during 2001 and 2002 a trial on  vegetative propagation by cuttings were done at  Embrapa Florestas (Colombo-PR), where stem cuttings 15 cm length and two half leaves left, collected during  the four seasons of the year, were tested. The stem  cuttings were treated with 0, 6000 and 12000 mg L-1 of only indolebutyric acid (IBA) or associated with 100 mg L-1 of uniconazol (UZ) in solution by 10 seconds. Once treated the cuttings were planted in polypropylene boxes with vermiculite and carbonized rind of rice growing media, remaining in greenhouse under  intermittent mist during 70 days. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design with 12 treatments with four replications each, the  experimental  nit being 20 cuttings. The treatments  represent a factorial arrangement of the six doses  tested over the two growing media, totaling 960 cuttings for each season. The highest rooting value (11.3%)  occurred in the spring of 2001 with 6000 mg L-1 IBA + 100 mg L-1 UZ in carbonized rind of rice growing media. Dead stem cutting was greater than 88% in all seasons for all tested treatments.