RCAAP Repository

Geomorphic fracture is a natural geologic formation that sometimes forms a deep fissure in the rock with the establishment of soil and vegetation. The objective of this work was to analyze vegetation within geomorphic fractures under the effect of wildfire passage. The biometric variables evaluated before and after fire passage were: diameter, height, leaf area index, timber volume, grass biomass, number of trees and shrubs and of species. Results (in fractures) were compared to adjacent areas (control). The effect of wildfire passage on vegetation within geomorphic fractures was not significant because fire followed plant biomass bed and when it met the fracture (wetter), it changed from soil surface to canopy surface (jump fire effect), affecting without significance the number of plants or species; so, fracture could be plants refuge against fire passage. We could infer in our experimental model that quality of plant biomass bed could be more significant than quantity, and microclimate variability recruits plants to the refuge (geomorphic fracture).

The habitats destruction linked to fragmentation causes serious consequences for vegetation in general, especially considering the Northeast Atlantic Forest. The Northeastern Swamps of Altitudes are areas with microclimates dissociating from extensions where they are inserted. Knowledge of the natural regeneration potential is the key to understanding the dynamics of vegetation. The study aimed to evaluate the recruitment and mortality of Anadenanthera colubrina regenerating occurring in Open Rain Forest fragments. In a population of A. colubrina, ten plots with 10 m x 10 m were established, near matrices plants. All specimens with 1 m height or lower were numbered and monitored for 9 months. The stem diameter of the taxon showed continuous growth. The monthly average increment in diameter was at first 1.8 mm and at the end 2.3 mm, and the average stem increment in height was 20 cm at the first month  and 25.9 cm at the last month evaluate. The mortality rate reached 50%. Environmental and anthropogenic factors and seed predation contribute to mortality of regenerating individuals.

This study aimed to evaluate morphological and physiological characteristics of different canafistula progenies (Peltophorum dubium) under different soil water and nutrient availability. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, under completely randomized design with 12 treatments and four replications, in a factorial scheme 3 (provenance) x 2 (fertilization) x 2 (irrigation). Plant height, stem diameter and SPAD index (soil plant analysis development) were collected throughout the experiment every 15 days. At the end of the experiment, we determined shoot, root and total dry weight, ratio of shoot and root dry matter, leaf water potential and Dickson quality index. Provenances from Serra da Bodoquena and Serra de Maracaju had greater ability to resist water and nutritional stress in relation to Ivinhema, MS provenance. Differences among provenances were intensified when canafistula seedlings were not under water deficit. Water stress imposed on canafistula seedlings causes more morphophysiological damage than stress from lack of nutrients.

Cloning of superior genotypes is presented as an alternative to increase forest productivity, because it allows capturing the genetic gains (additives and non-additives) from forest breeding. Early selection based on characteristics related to adventitious rooting may be important for breeding programs for recalcitrant species, like Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. The objective of this work was to perform the genetic evaluation of E. cloeziana individuals based on adventitious rooting. The genetic control of adventitious rooting of 52 E. cloeziana trees was analyzed by variance components estimation and predicts breeding values. We used REML/BLUP procedure (estimation of variance components - Reml and prediction of breeding values - Blub). The variables were analyzed using univariate mixed linear model. The results showed high degree of genetic control for adventitious rooting (accuracy > 0.85). The genotypes showed high genotypic coefficient of variation (65.8% to adventitious rooting). Genetic correlation estimates showed negative association (- 0.299) between adventitious rooting and callus presence in the cuttings. The differences observed among E. cloeziana genotypes allowed its grouping into two groups. The results indicate the possibility of using adventitious rooting as selection criteria in E. cloeziana breeding programs.

This study aimed to assess the natural regeneration in stands of Araucaria angustifolia (PA) and Pinus sp. (PP) without management in Campinhos State Park, in the Municipality of Tunas do Paraná, Parana State, Brazil. Eighteen plots of 10 m2 were installed, 7 plots for PA and 11 for PP. All trees higher than 1.5 m were sampled and their circumference were measured at 1.30 m above ground level. In PA stand there were 586 individuals, corresponding to 67 species and 29 families and in PP stand 442 individuals of 58 species and 22 families were measured. The most important species in PA were Cordyline spectabilis, Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus and Clethra scabra; and in PP were C. spectabilis, Lonchocarpus sp.1 and Cupania vernalis. PA showed phytosociological parameters and diversity higher than PP. The floristic composition was similar for both stands, which denoted the regenerative potential of PP.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of Jacaranda micranta Cham. seeds, by electrical conductivity test. We used three lots of seeds, stored for different periods. Electrical conductivity tests were conducted at different amounts of seeds and deionised water for soaking, and then they were associated with germination and vigour data. It was observed that the longer the seeds were storage, the greater their electrical conductivity, and therefore the lower were their germination vigour. It was also observed that different quantities of seeds and soaking water did not present significant difference, so it is recommended to use 50 seeds in 75 mL of deionised water.

Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação do desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto sob distintas lâminas de irrigação na etapa de crescimento.  Híbridos de Eucalyptus urograndis (clone A) e Eucalyptus uroglobulos (clone B) foram submetidas às lâminas de 5, 9, 11, 14 e 15 mm. Foram mensuradas a altura, diâmetro do colo, biomassa fresca, biomassa seca e calculado o IQD. Do início ao fim do experimento, a altura das mudas variou de 17,75 a 30,27 cm e de 12,03 a 26,70 cm; o diâmetro do colo de 2,17 a 4,38 mm e de 1,88 a 3,13 mm; a biomassa fresca de 2,60 a 7,86 g muda-1 e 1,66 a 8,04 g muda-1; a biomassa seca de 0,89 a 2,45 g muda-1 e 0,42 a 1,97 g muda-1; e o IQD de 0,06 a 0,238 e 0,04 a 0,189, para os clones A e B, respectivamente. Para o clone A, a lâmina de 11 mm é a melhor a ser adotada para a fase de crescimento, pois permite o desenvolvimento de mudas de boa qualidade. Para o clone B a melhor lâmina foi a de 15 mm. O clone A apresentou desenvolvimento superior quando comparado ao clone B.

This study aims to characterize a native production area (native erval) through silvicultural procedures, productivity and density of Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil. (erva-mate) and also the floristic, phytosociology, and diameter structure. To identify the silvicultural procedures, we used semi-structured interviews. For productivity assessment, the commercial biomass of I. paraguariensis was determined. For vegetation assessment, two permanent sample plots totaling 1.25 ha were installed, considering all individuals with circumference at 1.30 m above soil level (CBH) ≥ 31.4 cm, for which it was registered CBH, botanical identification, XY coordinates in the plot, and all the individuals of I. paraguariensis composing the production system. Silvicultural procedures were characterized by mowing, canopy opening and conduct of natural regeneration, promoting I. paraguariensis, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze, and cattle. I. paraguariensis density was 634 trees.ha-1, with 2,030 kg.ha-1 of productivity in three-year crops. We found 22 species, with a predominance of Myrtaceae and Aquifoliaceae. The species of highest importance value and coverage was A. angustifolia. The diameter distribution showed a higher concentration of individuals in the smaller classes.

The long time required to produce seedlings and the formation of plantations with low-quality genetic material are problems that need to be solved in the culture of yerba mate. Grafting for new plants production or for replacement of mate plants canopy may overcome those restrictions. However, that technique still lacks better investigation, especially regarding adult genetic material. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of serial grafting (subcultures), clones, grafting environments and gender of parent plants in the survival and vitality of yerba mate grafts. An experiment with seedlings in a nursery was conducted in order to evaluate 3 subcultures and 2 clones. In another experiment, field and nursery environments were compared for six clones (three male and three female). The survival and vitality of grafts were evaluated for both experiments every 35 days and at the 105th day. The survival and vigor of grafts were affected by the clones and subcultures, there was a trend for the field ones to be superior to the nursery ones. Two subcultures were concluded to result in higher survival and vigor of yerba mate grafts, and those characteristics were concluded to be favored when grafting was directly conducted in the field and, especially, when the propagules came from female parent trees.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globules essential oils, in sanitary and physiological quality of Schinus molle L. seeds and seedlings. The seeds were treated with essential oils at concentrations of 10%, on 1 μL g-1, 20%, on 2 μL g-1, 30% , on 3 μL g-1 and control. After treatments, seeds were evaluated by sanity test, using filter paper method (“blotter test”) and by germination test, where the seeds were placed between vermiculite substrate. For counts, sprouted and dead seeds were considered. Shoot length, root, total height and stem diameter were measured for seedlings evaluation. The use of citronella and mint essential oils reduced the incidence of different pathogens in S. molle seeds. Mint essential oil at 20% and 30% were effective to promote seeds germination. Eucalyptus essential oil in any concentration was efficient to increase seedlings growth.

The generation of waste has gradually increased due to the large swine production and with this comes the concern about the final destination of the product. This study aimed to analyze the initial behavior of Eucalyptus super clone (AEC 1528), fertilized with swine sludge and compared to chemical fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications, with the volumes: 1.25, 2.5, 5 liters; 0 liters of sewage sludge and chemical fertilizer. The plants were irrigated with water from a well at the Rio Verde University, increasing the amount according to plant growth. After 120 days, we evaluated the height of the plants, stem diameter, relation between stem diameterand plantsheight, weight of the fresh matter, weight of the dry matter,root weight, leaf areaand mortality. There were significant differences in relation to plant height, the fresh matterweightand the dry matterweight. For the other characteristics there was no negative influence with the use of  different volumes of sewage sludge in eucalypts hybrid. It was observedthat, the application of biosolids (sludge from swine) is an effective alternative fertilizer in eucalyptus plantations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mixtures of a commercial substrate and coconut coir dust (CCD) to grow Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (Fabaceae) seedlings. Polyethylene tubes were filled with four mixtures of a commercial substrate HS Florestal® (HSF) and CCD in the following proportions: T1 = 100% HSF, T2 = 80% HSF + 20% CCD, T3 = 60% HSF + 40% CCD and T4 = 40% HSF + 60% CCD. The experiments were conducted independently, with supplement fertilization (experiment I) and without (experiment II). Seedlings growth and quality were evaluated at the end of the experiments, 81 days (experiment I) and 110 days (experiment II) after transplanting. It was concluded that supplement fertilization presented no differences in the growth and quality of I. laurina seedlings until up to 60% of PFC mixed with commercial substrate. Without supplement fertilization the mix of 80% HSF + 20% PFC is indicate for production of I. laurina seedlings. Moreover, the lack of supplement nitrogen fertilization and addition of PFC to the commercial substrate stimulated nodulation.

The proposal of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence among Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis progenies through quantitative traits. Trail was established in lattice design 10 x 10, triple, with 100 treatments (96 progenies from clonal seed orchard of P. caribaea var. hondurensis and four controls). The genetic divergence was estimated using the generalized Mahalanobis distance (D2) and Torcher’s optimization method. Diameter at 1.30 above the ground, total plant height, cylindrical volume, total resin production and resin per panel area were evaluated. The largest genetic distance observed between the progenies was 100% (D2 = 65.51) and the lowest was 0,09% (D2 = 0.15). Clustering by Torcher’s optimization method separated the progeny in four groups, with a concentration of 96.9% of the progenies in a single group. Volume was the largest contributor to the genetic divergence among groups. To include these progeny in breeding programs for resin and wood production controlled crossings should be prioritized among the most productive individuals that presented greater genetic divergence.

Natural regeneration was analyzed on Restinga Forest, located in extensive cattle ranching area in the Municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Two areas were delimited, one with cattle access and the other without (control). Two transects with 20 systematic plots of 2 m x 2 m distant 5 m were used. We collected 27 species from 14 families. In control area 23 species and 316 individuals were registered, while in the area with cattle only 10 species and 36 individuals were sampled. The species with the highest abundance in control area were Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (91 ind.), Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. C. Burger et al. (82), P. brachyceras Müll.Arg. (62), Trichilia elegans A.Juss. (15) and Eugenia uruguayensis Cambess. (11) and in the area with cattle access were Daphnopsis racemosa Griseb. (17 ind.), P. brachyceras (6), Solanum mauritianum Scop. (5), P. carthagenensis (2) and T. elegans (1). The results showed significant differences in natural regeneration, corroborating the hypothesis that livestock activities influence negatively the richness and the structure of natural regeneration of forest communities.

The occurrence of Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze (Lecythidaceae) in secondary forests in different levels of regeneration suggests that this species is more resistant to full sun in relation to Paratecoma peroba (Record. & Mell) Kuhlm. (Bignoniaceae) found in dense primary forest. The aim of this study was to characterize the plasticity of growth, anatomical and structural cell wall variables of C. legalis and P. peroba. As the stem is strong drain on tree, it was proposed the hypothesis that plasticity of lignin and hemicelluloses monosaccharides are higher than of growth and anatomical variables, especially with C. legalis that is more resistant to full sun as suggested by its ecological habit. Young plants with 14 months of age were subjected to 20 and 100% of solar light for 60 days. Unlike expected, the plasticity of lignin was lower than plasticity of growth and anatomic variables for both species. Hemicellulose composition of C. legalis was not affected by light. Proportion of arabinose was lower in P. peroba under full sun. We conclude that the indication of higher resistance of C. legalis to full sun was associated with plasticity index of net assimilation rate and relative growth rate (≥ 0.6), stomatal density (≥ 0.3) and lignins (≤ 0.2).

The homogeneity of wood color in a batch to be marketed is of fundamental importance, as it will reflect in products quality resulting from its processing. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate, through colorimetric technique, the colorimetric parameters of Eucalyptus spp. wood from 25 clones and classify them into groups, according to color similarity degree. It was determined the lightness (L*), red-green color coordinate (a*), yellow-blue chromatic coordinate (b*), chromaticity (C*) and ink angle (h). Radial and tangential faces and three positions in the radial direction were characterized using a colorimeter. Comparing to tangential planes, the results showed that radial plane presented larger values of L* and h in wood near the bark. Furthermore, it was observed higher values of L* in samples from intermediate radial positions. Finally, it was found that, as radial growth ocurred, developed timber showed less intense yellow shades. The definition of the wood color tones will be useful in timber market in the homogenization of their products, which will facilitate their marketing.

Seed dormancy is a phenomenon observed in several tropical species. This condition causes low and non-uniform germination. The present study was designed to identify an efficient method of breaking seed dormancy in Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum. Seeds of four mother plants were subjected to the following treatments: immersion in sulfuric acid for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min and scarification on 150-grit sandpaper. Seeds were sown on substrate containing sand and sawdust (1:1). It was evaluate the days to onset seedlings emergence, seedlings emergence (SE), emergence speed index (ESI), germination (G), hard seeds (HS), dead seeds (DS), dormant seeds (DMS), abnormal seedlings (AS) and dry mass of aerial part (DMAP) and roots (DMR). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds for each treatment. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Significant differences among treatments were observed for ESI, SE, G, HS, DMAP and DMR. Highest HS was observed in control treatment (85%). Highest G was observed in seeds scarified with sulfuric acid for 10 min (82%) and 12 min (74%). These treatments also showed highest ESI, DMAP and DMR, indicating that these scarification treatments were the most efficient in overcoming dormancy.

Despite the development over the years of technical and operational infrastructure for clonal nurseries, very few establishments’present waste and effluents reuse systems in productive process. The present study aimed at evaluating the use of clonal mini garden effluent in growth of eucalyptus clones seedlings.The clones AEC 144, GG 100 and VM 01were used. The experiment was carried out considering a totally randomized design, involving different frequencies and residual fertirrigation blade, as well as the use of conventional fertilization used by the nursery and a control, without fertilizers. AEC 14 clones treatments of daily effluent applications associated with 2- and 3-mm blades, resulted overall seedlings with higher quality. Similar results were observed with clone VM 01, wherein daily application and treatment with a 2 mm blade presented superior results. GG 100 clone presented seedlings with higher quality with applications three times a week independent of the fertirrigation blade; daily application and blade of 3 mm; and conventional fertilization.

Remnant forest structure and increment by diameter class play a decisive role in the recovery volume for the next cutting cycle. Tree species in the Amazon Forest do not present a defined pattern of diameter structure, which is discussed here using Cedrela odorata L. as a case study The aim of this study was to identify, by simulation, recovery from logging in a real situation at three timber production sites, and the alternatives that are available to ensure commercial timber volume to a second cut cycle in the Brazilian Amazon. The study is concerned regarding the diametric classes of productive trees to the next cycle, the comparison demonstrates that one of the strategies recovers stock volume more quickly than expected in the cut cycle defined by Brazilian law. The number of trees remaining at the sites does not corroborate the common assumption that forest management depletes large diameter trees. This paper presents assessment strategies to evaluate and establish the diametric structure that would enable the possible recovery in the second cut cycle, depending on the volume logged during the first cut cycle.

This work aimed to describe the frequency distribution of soil organic carbon contents under different conditions of Araucaria forest (concentration of araucaria trees, imbuia trees and mixed forest, with record of fire) in Paraná State, Brazil. Fitness quality of probability density functions (normal, Weber, Weibull 3P, log-normal, SB of Johnson and Gamma) were determined, using Kolmogorov Smirnov test. All functions fitted adequate, so they can all be used for any tested condition. Functions were ranked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Gamma function was selected as the most appropriate for all tested conditions. However, after a comparison of fitted distributions by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, we concluded that modeling must be performed separately.