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Dentinal hypersensitivity is a complex sensorial condition which can cause considerable concern in the dental office. Despite the large number of different proposed kinds of treatment, there is no product or therapy reported in literature that could be considered ideal to eliminate this uncomfortable situation. The aim of this study, comprised by two manuscripts, was: (1) to critically review the literature related to the main evidences about the etiology and the management of dentinal hypersensitivity; (2) to evaluate the clinical performance of different dentine desensitizers in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. In study 1, the scientific literature related to the issue was analyzed through the results of laboratory and clinical investigations searched using medline and manual tracing of references cited scientific papers. In study 2, a total of 164 teeth, from 30 patients with clinical diagnosis of moderate or severe dentinal hypersensitivity, were randomly divided into three groups and clinically evaluated according to the desensitizing treatment under study: gallium-aluminun-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser therapy, 3% potassium oxalate application and placebo gel application. Treatment sessions were performed at seven-day intervals for four consecutive weeks and the degree of sensitivity in response to tactile (probe) and evaporative (air blast) stimuli was assessed according to a visual analogue scale at baseline, immediately after and three months after the last treatment session. Data scores were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis (p=0.05) and were analyzed by dentinal hypersensitivity reduction for each observational moment in relation to baseline. The critical review presented in study 1 showed that the reviewed literature points out several treatment modalities ranging from simple procedures, which can be performed by the patient him/herself, to complex procedures that involve the combination of therapies. The results of study 2 demonstrated that the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity performed with both active and control groups produced statistically significant reduction of pain in response to evaporative and tactile stimulation immediately after and three months after treatment (p<0.05). No significant differences among the three groups could be detected in both immediate and mediate evaluations irrespective of the applied stimulus (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results of these studies suggest that knowledge about the available desensitizing products and the factors involved in the mechanism of the dentinal hypersensitivity is indispensable in order to perform an effective treatment. Besides, it could be concluded that the three treatments performed in the clinical study were effective for treating dentinal hypersensitivity and that the placebo effect plays an important role in sensitivity reduction.

Through an analysis of French speech , this work has the objective of analyzing the marks and values that sustain the identity of Brazilian northeast. This identity once materialized in speech, appears to us that is configured through a link between language and social reality, that means through manifestations such as string literature , religiousness, folklore , beliefs, popular medicine, among others. Focusing string literature, we can see how the man from the northeast becomes the subject of his speech,recreating his identity through symbolic objects that built their senses from the memory of a people that is historically marked by their poverty, social exclusion and drafty: points that tell us and always echo when we talk about Nordestinidade , because they come from the history , context , and do not ask to be present. String literature will always be seen as a manifestation where who speaks is not the subject , but his social position, the discursive formation in which he is inserted, so he can impose and make significant his ideology. From the moment you give voice to this subject, we perceive the mounting and remounting, that is, the construction and reproduction of the speeches in chain, because they never end, because they ratify, because they go beyond the textual limits, establishing themselves through historic/symbolic/ideological limits.

The malocclusion is considered a problem of public health because, beyond being enough prevalent, it is capable to cause important aesthetic and/or functional damages. However, the adults rarely are enclosed in programs or action of public health that to study problems of dental occlusion, although to be susceptible to the consequences of these disturbances in the same way, or with bigger intensity, that the younger. Moreover, in the most part of the research which search to esteem the prevalence malocclusion and the orthodontic treatment need, it is observed the exclusion of orthodontic treated already people, therefore it supposes that they would present significantly lesser need than the ones that had been never treated. Thus, this dissertation, comprised by two manuscripts, had as objectives: to verify the prevalence and the severity of the malocclusions, beyond determining the orthodontic treatment need, in a group of young adults and, in a second moment, to investigate if to exist difference between individuals with and without orthodontic treatment. For this, it was evaluated a sample composed for 241 individuals, with 17-to-33-years old, regularly registered in the College of Dentistry of the Federal University of the Ceará. The students were divided in two groups (with and without previous orthodontic treatment) and examined according with the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). In article 1, it was studied the prevalence and the severity of the malocclusions, and also the orthodontic treatment need, of the individuals untreated. In article 2, these same variables were compared between the treat and untreated groups. The results of the manuscript 1 demonstrated that the anterior irregularity on the mandible and the crowding were the most prevalent malocclusions with 94,6% and 91,9%, respectively. The mean DAI score was 25,94 (CI 95% 25,07; 26,81). Little more than the half of the students (51,4%) were classified as without orthodontic treatment need, while 15,3% of the sample presented severe or very severe malocclusion, which implies a highly desirable or mandatory orthodontic treatment need. In the second article, it was observed that, differently of the problems deriving of lack of the space, which it showed lesser prevalent in previously students treated (p<0,001), the majority of the malocclusions was not different between the two groups (p>0,05). The mean DAI of the treated group was 24,77 (IC 95% 24,03; 25,51) and the untreated group was 25,94 (IC 95% 25,07; 26,81). It can be concluded that the malocclusions related with the lack of the space were the most prevalent, although without very severity. The orthodontic treatment need presented no difference statistically significant between treated and untreated students (p>0,05), in spite of the severity malocclusion of the ones treated had been lesser (p<0,05).

MACIEL, Maria Esther. De enciclopédias e bestiários: lugares incomuns. Revista de Letras, Fortaleza, v.1-2, n. 28, p. 52-56, 2006.

The treatment of diseases caused by oral biofilms involves mechanical removal and use of antibiotics and antiseptics which can lead to problems of bacterial resistance. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) represents an alternative option to conventional treatment, promoting bacterial killing by photo-sensitization of microbial components. This study assessed the antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy on oral biofilms produced in vitro and in situ using a light emitting diode (LED) associated with the photosensitizer toluidine blue O (TBO). Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans UA159 were grown on hydroxyapatite discs immersed in bathing culture and submitted to PACT after 5 days. For the in situ study, twenty-one volunteers were previously selected to use intra-oral palatal appliances containing eight blocks of human dentin during 7 days. Sucrose solution (10%) was dripped onto the dental blocks 8 times a day. The biofilm formed on one side of the device received treatment (PACT), and the opposite side acted as control. The collected material has gone through a process of disruption to the dispersion of cells and diluted in decimal series (10-1 to 10-4). In both experiments, specific culture media for the growth of total streptococci and mutans streptococci were inoculated and incubated under optimal conditions for growth of these microorganisms. Significant reductions in excess of 99.99% (p<0.05) were observed in the viability of colonies of S. mutans UA159 when exposed to TBO and LED on in vitro study. However, the biofilms formed in situ and subjected to the same experimental conditions showed no statistically significant differences (p≥0.05) in the microbiological counting when compared with control group. Therefore, we conclude that PACT was effective in microbiological reduction of S. mutans UA159 grown in an in vitro biofilm model, but very little effective on oral streptococci biofilms produced in situ.

The aim of this study was to assess the bond strength at the adhesive interface of fiber glass posts and root dentin, in three regions of the canal, fixed with three cementation systems. Twenty-four healthy human teeth, recently extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons, had their crowns removed at the cement-enamel junction with a diamond disk, under irrigation. The roots were endodontically treated and were filled with gutta percha and an endodontic cement containing eugenol (Endofil). One week after endodontic treatment ended, the obstruction was removed at a mean depth of 9mm in the cervical region of the root. The posts (Reforpost Fibra de Vidro No. 3) were cemented in the canals prepared with one of the three fixation systems described as follows (n = 8): in group 1 the Single Bond 2/ RelyX ARC system was used; in group 2 the ED Primer/Panavia 21 system, and in group 3 RelyX Unicem cement was used. All the cements and adhesive systems were used in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions. Afterwards, the roots were sectioned in a cutting machine under irrigation, into three portions corresponding to the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the root canal region prepared for the post. The specimens were submitted to the pushout test in a universal test machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min and the maximum bond strength values were recorded and submitted to statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant difference between the cervical, middle and apical thirds only for the Panavia 21 cement group, in which the apical third presented a lower mean bond strength value than the cervical and middle thirds (the Tukey´s test). When the bond strength in each region of the root was compared to assess the cementing materials, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant different for the three regions of the canal. For the middle and apical thirds, the Panavia 21 cement presented significantly lower mean bond strength than the Single Bond 2/RelyX ARC and RelyX Unicem cements, these being statistically equal between them. For the cervical third, RelyX Unicem cement presented higher bond strength values than the Panavia 21 cement and the Single Bond 2/RelyX ARC cement was statistically equal to the other two materials.

The aim of the present study was to compare caries experience (dmfs), severity of early childhood caries (S-ECC), salivary mutans streptococci (MS) levels, total protein concentration (TPC) and salivary protein profi le (SPP) between nourished and malnourished children. One hundred and twenty 12-70 month-old malnourished children, with and without ECC were separated into being mildly (GI, n=31), moderately (GII, n=59) or severely (GIII, n=31) malnourished, according to WHO standards. Forty-seven nourished children (GN) were used as controls. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from all participants, subsequently centrifuged. Supernatants were lyophilized and stored at -20o C for posterior TPC analysis by the Bradford method. Salivary protein profi le was obtained by electrophoresis in SDSpoliacrilamide gel through the Laemmli method. Stimulated whole saliva was collected and used for MS detection in MSB agar medium. MS concentration in saliva was reported in cfu/ mL. Dental examination was performed and dmfs scores and S-ECC were calculated. Age (p=0,0000), MS counts (p=0,0321) and nutritional status (p=0,0316) demonstrated positive contribution for the development of dental caries. However, gender (p=0,7094) and TPC (0,2720) did not signifi cantly contribute with caries experience. When compared to GN, children in GI (p=0,0042) and GIII (p=0,0372) presented higher risk of experiencing dental caries. In addition, no differences in SPP were observed between these groups. GIII children did not express one protein band (123,56+4,35 kDa) in the presence of dental caries. TPC was not associated with caries experience (p=0,5651), severity of ECC (p=0,6015) or MS counts (p=0,2162). Our results suggest that nutritional status increases caries risk in mildly and severely malnourished children, and salivary protein profi le differs among severely malnourished children with dental caries.

The increase of dental fluorosis has been observed in fluoridated and non-fluoridated locations, suggesting the fluoride intake by others sources besides water fluoridated. The aim of this study was to investigate the dental fluorosis in children aged 6 to 8 in Fortaleza, Ceará, to identify risk and protection factors for dental fluorosis and to verify the possible associated of fluorosis with socioeconomic status. It was a case-control study realized at the health center Terezinha Parente. A total of 57 controls and 67 cases were examined by the Dean index. Data was obtained by interviewing the parents of the children, based on a structured questionnaire. Analyses of the data occurred at the Epi-Info Windows program by the Fisher test with p<0,05 and the odds ratio was calculated, with confidence interval of 95%. Statistically associated between dental fluorosis and the variable condition of live was observed (p=0,024 e OR=3,82), while no association was observed by the others socioeconomic factors. Fluoride intake by children from water, dentifrice and fluoride supplement demonstrated no significant results. But, the children who consumed powdered milk reconstituted with water before 2 years old presented 4,53 more chance to have dental fluorosis (p=0,036). And the children who have not breastfeeding presented 6,66 more chance to have fluorosis than that who breastfeeding for more than 6 mouths (p=0,007). Breastfeeding showed to be a protections factor to dental fluorosis and the consume of powdered milk reconstituted with water before 2 years old demonstrated to be risk factor in this population. It’s important to health workers recommend breastfeeding to guarantee the oral health of children.

DANTAS, Elisalva de Fátima Madruga. A negritude poética do gaúcho Oliveira Silveira. Revista de Letras, Fortaleza, v.1-2, n. 28, p. 74-77, 2006.

SANTOS , Adilson dos. A luta entre impulso de vida e morte em “Viver!” de Machado de Assis. Revista de Letras, Fortaleza, v. 1-2, n. 28, p. 101-104, 2006.

Periodontitis is a disease which involves the presence of bacteria and it is characterized by inflammatory events that lead to loss of periodontal tissues such as root cementum periodontal ligament and alveolar bone Strontium Ranelate (RS) is a recent developed drug used for osteoporosis treatment that different from other anti-osteoporotic drugs it possess a dual effect on bone metabolism: it decreases bone resorption by the time it stimulates bone formation The aim of this study was to evaluate the RS anti-resorptive effect in experimental periodontitis considering local and systemic aspects and the inflammatory response through classical inflammation experimental models in animals Periodontitis was induced by placing a suture (nylon 3.0) around the left 2nd upper left molars of rats (± 200g) using their contralateral hemimaxillae for control. The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/each) which received RS (70, 210 and 630 mg/kg) or saline 0.9% (SAL) orally during 11 days Two more groups were added (RS and SAL) for histological analysis Alveolar bone loss (ABL) was evaluated by macroscopic mm2) histologic and immunohistochemistry analysis and by serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels In order to evaluate possible systemic repercussions body weight variation (g) leukocyte count and serum levels of: transaminases (AST and ALT) urea and creatinine were assessed In order to investigate inflammatory response peritonitis model and paw edema we used both of them induced by carrageenan (Cg 700 g) a potent anti-inflammatory agent by intraperitoneal and in rat hind paw, respectively Animals were divided in groups (± 200 g; n = 6/each) which received 0.9% saline-vo (SAL); Dexamethasone 1 m/kg-sc (DEX) and RS 630 mg/kg-vo before Cg injection. On peritonitis model a group of non-handled (Normal) animals was added After the 4th hour of peritonitis animals were sacrificed in order to collect peritoneal fluid and to evaluate neutrophil migration On paw edema model the dislocated liquid volume by rats paw (edema) was measured by a hydropletismometer before (0h) and 1 2 3 and 4 h after Cg injection It was observed that RS (70, 210 and 630 mg/kg) prevented ABL (p<0.05) by 16.9% 39.4% and 37.5% respectively On immunohistochemical and histologic analysis RS reduced TNF-a but not reduced IL-1b expression and additionally promoted important (p<0.05) decrease on leukocyte infiltrate and osteoclast number as well as alveolar bone periodontal ligament and root cementum preservation [RS 630 = 1.5 (1-3); SAL=2.5 (2-3)] These analyses were corroborated by the increase (p<0.05) of BALP serum levels (RS70= 94±4.6; RS210= 90.9±6; RS630= 107.5±14.2; SAL= 57.9±6.9 U/l) Initially animals presented loss of weight followed by a normal tendency but as well as in leukogram or in the other serum biochemical dosage it was not observed any significant alteration (p>0.05) between groups About inflammatory response RS 630 mg/kg was able to reduce neutrophil migration induced by Cg [RS=5.7±0.6; Sal=8.3±0.6 (x103/mm3); p<0.05] besides paw edema decreased on the 3rd and 4th hour after Cg administration In summary RS was able to prevent ABL confirming its anti-resorptive potential and also exhibit anti-inflammatory activity which can be an important tool as adjuvant to periodontitis treatment.

This study evaluate the degree of conversion of composite resin Filtek Z 350 (3M ESPE), on shade A3, using halogen light VIP (Variable Intensity Polymerizer) Junior (Bisco) utilizing three light curing protocols, they are: standard 500mW/cm² by 40 sec; soft start 300mW/cm² by 3 sec and after 500mW/cm² by 30 sec; pulse delay 300mW/cm² by 3 sec, stop by 3 min and 100mW/cm² by 30 sec. The degree of conversion of the resin was analyzed by the test of microhardness Knoop and Raman spectrography. Five samples of each type of protocol for the microhardness test had been confectioned and one sample of each protocol for the test of Raman. The tests had been made 24 hours after the polymerization of the samples, that had been stored the dry one, protected from the light and at room temperature. In the microhardness, five indentations had been made in each surface (top and bottom) of the sample with a load of 10gf for 10s. The Raman was obtained from the center of the sample of the top and the bottom surfaces. The results had been submitted the Two-Way ANOVA and to the test of multiple comparisons of Student-Newman-Keuls, to a level of significance of 5%. It can be observed that it had statistical significant differences between the used curing protocols when the analysis was made in the top of specimens, being that the standard curing protocol presented biggest values of hardness. However, when the value of the hardness was obtained from in the opposing extremity of specimens (bottom), statistical significant differences between the curing protocols had not been observed. In the comparisons between the values of hardness observed in relation to the localization of the indentation, it can be observed independently that the values obtained in the top of specimens had been statistical differences, with exception for the protocol pulse delay, where had not significant statistical difference between the surfaces of top and bottom. The test of Raman confirmed the results finds in the microhardness, with the degree of conversion of resin higher in top surface, and with bigger degree of conversion of the conventional and soft start protocols.

This study comes with the objective of developing a prototype of a mouth prop adequate for the use in patients with an age ranging from 30 to 78 months. The first part of the work evaluated the measurements between the antagonists canines and second deciduous molars, as well as the angle formed with the upper and lower oclusal planes in the maximum opened bite. The children used in this study into 4 groups: G I (children with an age ranging from 30 to 42months), G II (children with an age ranging from 42 to 54months), G III (children with an age ranging from 54 to 66 months) and G IV (children with an age ranging from 66 to 78 months). As a result, it can be observed that concerning the linear measurements in relation to the age, there was a rising statistically significant, but no differences were observed considering the gender. It was observed that GI was statistically different from the other groups. It also could be seen that there was no difference between the groups G II and G III, although both were different from G IV concerning inter-molar distance. In consideration to the inter-oclusal angle, no statistically significant differences could be seen comparing the other groups. It can be concluded that for the age observed in this study, considering the measurements used, it is necessary the elaboration of 3 different types of mouth prop. The second part of the work had the objective of developing a prototype of a mouth prop considering the angular and linear measurements, that emerged from the first part of this work. The prototype is composed of 4 connected parts: 1. Tower or mouth opener maintainer; 2. cheek retractor; 3. Stabilizer; 4. Connector. This prototype presents form specific characteristics, considering anatomical mouth measurements, using a soft, flexible material and should not be kept by the assistant for it presents stability by itself during clinical use.

The orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is an inflammatory process,that combines pathologic and physiologic answers to forces applied to teeth. One of the main mediators responsible by OTM is prostaglandin, which is also related to pain events. Paracetamol (PAR) and Sodium Dypirone (DYP) are analgesic drugs that do not interfere significantly in peripheral inflammatory mediators. Knowning that PAR does not interfere on bone remodeling process during OTM, it seems reasonable to evaluate the DYP effect on bone remodeling process. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the DYP effect on bone remodeling process using OTM model in male Wistar rats, distributed in groups: Saline (SAL=2 ml/kg), Paracetamol (PAR 200 mg/kg) and Sodium Dypirone, which was divided in 3 subgroup (DIP 25; 75 or 225 mg/kg), given by oral gavage, daily 30 min before installation of orthodontic device between 1st left superior molar and incisive during 4 days, when, then, they were sacrificed and the following parameters were evaluated. 1) microscopic analyses of periodontium through: a) semi-quantitative histological study, morphometric study and immunohistochemical staining to TRAP; b) analyses of mieloperoxidase (MPO) activity in gingiva; 2) Serum dosage of Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP); and 3) Systemic evaluation through: a) leukogram; b) serum dosage of TGO and TGP and c) body mass weight variation. The animals submitted to 4 days of OTM presented large hyalin areas, reduced periodontal ligament thickness and irregular frontal bone tissue [Median: 3 (2-3)], when compared to Normal group (p<0.05). The treatment with PAR [3 (0-3)] was histologically similar to SAL. DYP did not reverse the histological findings [DYP 25=3 (0-3); DYP 75=3 (3-3); DYP 225=3 (2-3)] when compared to controls SAL and PAR. The SAL group presented percentual of hyalin area by 12.5±0.9%, different from Normal group (0%) (p<0.05), but it was similar to groups treated with PAR (12.2±1.2%) and DYP (25=10.7±0.7%; 75=11.0±0.8%; 225=10.8±1.0%). All experimental groups presented positive immunostaining to TRAP. DYP did not prevent the raise of MPO activity when compared to Normal group (p<0.05), however it caused significant reduction of MPO, DYP (25=48.9%; 75=43.1%; 225=43.5%) when compared to SAL or PAR (p<0.05). All groups presented significant reduction of BALP serum levels, SAL=54.3%; PAR=62.4%; DYP (25=59.7%; 75=76.1%; 225=71.2%). The hematological study showed leukocytosis on 4th day on animals of SAL group (23.8±2.1) and PAR (22.3±2.1), marked by neutrophilia ([7.5±1.2] and [5.7±0.9]). DYP reversed leukocytosis DYP (25=16.1±2.2; 75=16.7±1.4; 225=15.4±2.4) reducing the number of neutrophils (p<0.05) DYP (25=2.4±0.6; 75=3.1±0.6; 225=2.8±0.2). There was no significant difference on TGO or TGP serum levels between the groups. DYP did not reversed the initial loss of body weight seen on groups SAL and PAR, however there was a tendency on following the weight curve of normal animals from the 3rd day on. In this way, the results of this study revealed that DYP did not affect the inflammatory response and bone resorption in rats submitted to OTM. Besides, the treatment with DYP did not caused either neutropenia, or alterations in TGO and TGP, and it did not affect significantly the body mass weight, when compared to animals from SAL and PAR groups. Therefore, it is suggested that DYP can be an important pharmacological tool to pain control after orthodontic activation without interfere on tooth movement, or induce systemic risks.

Marine macroalgae have been considered promising sources of bioactive compounds. These compounds exhibit different biological properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antihelminthic, antileshmaniose, antimalaria, antioxidants, and antitumor. Their use as medicine has spurred the interest of many researches. The objective of this work was to carry out a phytochemistry investigation of the ethanolic extract of green marine macroalga Ulva fasciata. The plant material was collected in April 2008 at Pacheco Beach, Caucaia-CE. Macroalgae in natura were dehydrated in an air-circulation oven at 40°C for 15 hours. After the drying process, the material was cut into small pieces. 500 grams were submitted to a cold extraction with hexane (UFH) followed by an extraction with 70% ethanol (UFE). Both isolation and purification from fixed constituents were performed using a combination of classic chromatographic techniques. Three samples were isolated and named UF-1, UF-2 and UF-3. The presence of a major constituent (86.17%) with retention time of 24.940 min was observed in the first sample (UF-1), and its mass spectrum was characterized by the molecular ion M+ 284. The GC-MS analysis suggestion and the comparison of its spectrum with literature reinforce its identification as ethyl hexadecanoate with a similarity index of 96%. Compounds UF-2 and UF-3 have been taken to the Northeastern Center of Application and Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CENAUREMN) of Federal University of Ceara, to determine the chemical structure by spectroscopy techniques such as uni- and bidimensional (1H, 1H-COSY, gs-HMQC, gs-HMBC, ROESY, NOESY and TOCSY) 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, as well as mass spectrometry (MS).

Phylogenetic relationships among many animal groups have been considered unclear by zoologists for many years, as morphological markers sometimes led to unsatisfactory results. The development of molecular techniques allowed the understanding of evolutionary relationships of many taxa, questioning previous phylogenetic recosntructions based on physiological and morphological aspects, fossil records, and other sources of data. As a result, there was a great development of scientific production regarding phylogenetic studies of distinct groups, including Tunicata and Ascidiacea. Despite the many works proposing hypothesis about relationships between those taxa, there are many conflicting data. The aim of the present work is to review the phylogeny of Tunicata, focusing on the taxon Ascidiacea, by analyzing the 18S nrDNA region of Microcosmus exasperatus, which was obtained through extraction based on CTAB reagent, along wiht other species whose sequences were available on GenBank. In order to achieve the desired target sequence, PCR reactions using universal primers that matched that region were performed and the consensus sequence obtained was compared to other sequences to produce phylogenetic trees. Tha analysis of the cladograms obtained indicated that Chordata and its subphyla are indeed monophyletic. Regarding the Tunicata, Appendicularia was identified as the most basal group. It was not possible to confirm the division of Ascidiacea into two distinct orders: Pleurogona and Enterogona. However, Phlebobranchia, Aplousobranchia and Stolidobranchia were present in most of the trees. Appendiculariaa was considered monophyletic, and Ascidiacea and Thaliacea were identified as paraphyletic groups, where the latter presented a close relationship with phlebobranch ascidians. Stolidobranchia appeared as a monophyletic group in most of the cladograms, showing Molgulidae also as monophyletic in a basal position. Phlebobranchia is also monophyletic and included the family Cionidae as one of its representatives.

No summary/description provided