RCAAP Repository

To develop this study it was used Eucalyptus grandis seedlings planted in three-liter pots, filled with soil collected on areas where dieback occurred (Arapoti, PR). The experiment consisted of six soil water level treatments, with and without insects. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 6 replications, arranged in six cages inside a green house. Three cages received insects and other three, not. The experiment consisted of the following treatments: 1. Sat. - soil water content maintained on the saturated conditions; 2. CC – soil water content maintained on field capacity; 3. 60 - humidity of the soil to 60% of the field capacity; 4. 30 - humidity of the soil to 30% of the field capacity; 5. A7 – soil water content maintained 7 days on the saturated condition and 7 days on 60% of the field capacity; 6. A15 - being 15 days in the saturation point and 15 days 30%da field capacity. The biomass accumulation (leaf, stem, branches and total), increased with the increase of the water supply on the soil. Same behavior was observed for the insect population. Plants infested with Ctenarytaina spatulata Taylor, 1997 presented a smaller biomass accumulation on average, except for the treatment with water stress alternation. The largest seedling growth and leaf production induced the dilution effect of some nutrients. The water stress, decreasing water supply did not enhance the C. spatulata Taylor, 1997 population growth. Even on presence of large N contents, due to the nutrient concentration effect for the smallest growth, possibly there was a decrease of the amount of appropriate insect food.

An experiment was established in Paranaguá, located in the costal region of the State of Paraná, in southern Brasil, in order to evaluate commercial yield of hearth-of-palm produced by Peach-Palm (Bactris gasipaes) established under the following four different initial spacings: T1 2x1m (5000 seedlings/ha); T2 3x1m (3333 seedlings/ha); T3 1,5x1x1m (8000 seedlings/ha); and T4 2x1x1m (6666 seedlings/ha). Mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied at planting as well as subsequently. Results obtained by the time of the first cutting, 24 months after planting, allowed the following conclusions: a) the quantities of the NPK fertilizer used promoted changes in the chemical soil characteristics; b) commercial yield of hearth-of-palm improved as a function of stand density; and c) each kg of hearth-of-palm yielded 3.3 pots of the final commercial product.

This work aimed to analyze the performance of peach palm progenies seeds and to estimate genotypic values (additive and dominant effects) and heritability in the broad sense for seed weight collected in 40 trees. Heritability in the broad sense and not in the narrow sense was considered because a major amount of the variability for seed weight arises from the mother trees. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between progenies for seed weight. Heritability in the broad-sense was 0.95. The genetic values accumulated in the ten better trees ranged from 1.73 to 0.25, while genetic percentage gains ranged from 68% to 23%, showing a high amount of genetic variability for seed weight. This characteristic is potentially related to early development that can be considered in a selection program.

Black-spot is the main disease in maté (Ilex paraguariensis), causing serious damages and losses in nurseries and in the field. Frequently the chemical control is used, even so these products are not registered nor tested about its efficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate and select some fungicides to control black-spot in maté. After In vitro and in vivo tests were performed in seedlings, “benomyl” and “captan” have presented the best efficiency when compared with others commercial products.

The objective of this work is to generate information about the distribution of the levels of genetic variability in two provenances of Euterpe oleracea. A sample of seeds of each individual from distinct regions had been collected at Curralinho and Limoeiro of Ajuru, localities of Pará State placed on the Estuary of Amazon river. The experiment was installed in randomized blocks with two replications and five plants per plot. Seedlings were evaluated, at 10 months of age for: height, diameter and number of leaves. Significant genetic variations between provenances for number of leaves were detected. Curralinho provenance presented greater genetic variability than Limoeiro do Ajuru. Small levels of coefficients of genetic variation among provenances shows that the strategy for collecting germplasm must be concentrated in few provenances,each one represented by a great number of individuals.

Germination of half-sib progenies of Euterpe oleracea Mart., promising for palm heart production were studied. A cluster with seeds of each progenie was selected at Embrapa Experimental Sation placed in Eastern Amazonia. Fruits were immersed in warm water and the chosen seeds were sown immediately. Randomized blocks design with 25 treatments (progenies), three repetitions and parcels of 100 seeds were utilized. Evaluation of the following characters were made: days for beginning (IG) and end (FG), average time (TM) and percentage (PG) of germination. Progenies presented genetic differences for germination characters. Beginning of germination (IG) and the average time (TM) showed the biggest estimates of heritability related to b index.

This study aimed to register the occurrence of phyllophagous insects attacking seedlings of Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr. (grapia), a native species to Brazil, which is on the red list of endangered native flora in Rio Grande do Sul State. In February 2012, adults of the pest Caliothrips phaseoli were identified causing damage to the leaves of 168 two-year-old grápia seedlings (mean stem diameter = 2.3 cm; mean height = 22.5 cm) in Santa Maria, RS. This is the first record of the occurrence of Caliothrips phaseoli in Apuleia leiocarpa seedlings in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Eucalyptus grandis, E. dunnii, E. benthamii, E. badjensis and E. urograndis hybrid, in relation to survival and forest productivity in an experimental area located in Alegrete county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The forest-livestock integration systems were composed of triple lines of trees, planted in 3 m x 2 m spacing, apart 30 m of each line, resulting in an initial density of 417 trees ha-1. This corresponds to 22.2% of the area occupied by the tree lines, with the rest of the area allocated to livestock (77.8%). Diameter at 1.3 m (DBH) and tree height were measured annually, up to seven years of age. A completely randomized experimental design with six replicates per treatment and the Assistat software were used for the statistical analysis. It was possible to highlight survival, growth and productivity of Eucalyptus grandis and E. urograndis hybrids, although the performance of. E. dunnii and E. benthamii was not good. E. badjensis should not be recommended for planting under environment conditions analogous to this research.

The objective of this study was to identify the response mechanisms to water stress Schizolobium parahyba Vell. Blake seedlings. At 90 days after emergency the plants were subjected to 10 days of water deficit, then they were irrigated with different percentages of evapotranspiration (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) for ten more days. In the initial stage of development, seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba were partially tolerant to the caused water deficit. They presented dehydration delay as a strategy, reducing growth in height, diameter and number of leaves and directing the production of photoassimilates for maintenance, with low transpiration rate.

With the increasing demand for agricultural, livestock and forestry production in Brazil and in the World, it has become necessary to maximize production in the same area, in a sustainable way, where the silvopastoral system becomes a form of integration of increasing performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical attributes of two land use systems: pure pasture with Panicum maximum cv. Aruana and a silvipastoril system with Peltophorum dubium in the lines and Aruana grass between the lines. Four mini trenches (repetitions) were opened in each area (line, between lines and pure pasture of Aruana grass), subdivided into 4 depths (00-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm), composing 48 soil samples, collected with volumetric ring. The samples were analyzed for density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity. Macroporosity and microporosity varied with depth, inversely and directly, respectively. The highest soil density occurred in pure pasture, however, without reaching values that limit root growth. Although the total porosity of the soil did not present statistically significant differences, this one undergoes interference of the applied management over the area. The effect of the use of leguminous wood species in silvopastoral system may already be noticed, although still incipient.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Criterion RD 1000® optical dendrometer in a crop-livestock-forest integration system for measuring total volume and sections with bark of eucalyptus trees. Selected trees were felled, having their actual strict volumes obtained. The Smalian method was used for destructive Non-destructive scaling was using carried out using criterion. Bartlett’s test for total volume (p-value 0.5125) and diameter along the stem (p-value 0.1891) was found to be homogeneous. There were no statistical differences between the total volumes obtained by the destructive method compared to the non-destructive and the average form factor. The diameters along the bole obtained by the destructive scaling were the same as those obtained by the non-destructive scaling. For the volume by sections of the bole, it was verified that only in the sections closest to the top and considering the volume up to the top, there was difference with the actual volume. However it corresponded to a small proportion of the total volume (9%). Measurements obtained with the Criterion RD 1000® showed no trend, providing efficient measurements for both diameter and volume along the bole.

The objective of this work was to test the effect of essential oils in pathogens control and physiology quality of Bauhinia variegata seeds.  We used essential oils from Carapa guianensis Aubl., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. and Ocimum basilicum L. in the concentrations 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 µL and fungicide Captan (240 g 100-1 kg-1 seeds). We used sterile distilled water as control. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 50 seeds. Satisfactory effect was observed in physiological quality and health of B. variegate seeds treated with C. zealanicum and O. basilicum essential oils.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the Brazilian law parameters for tropical forest management regarding forest recovery and to propose alternative criteria to achieve sustainability, using Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez as case study. The diameter structure was obtained from a 100% forest inventory of a 500 ha forest compartment. The assessment of M. itauba growth, ingrowth and mortality were carried out in a two sample plot of 50 ha located on the compartment, where all commercial species were measured both before and 7 years after logging. First it was evaluated the species structure and its most productive diameter class. The species recovery of timber volume has been simulated for the minimum logging diameter (MLD) of 50, 60, 70 and 80 cm. The largest volume recover was reached for the 60 cm MLD class. We showed that there is a diametric limit to achieve net timber volume production and that different remnant structures produce different increments.

Global demand for food and energy has grown intensely in recent decades, facing an estimated 10 billion people in the world by 2050. Along with this phenomenon, there are also growing areas for planting grains and commercial forests. In this context, the main objective of this work is to map the areas of forestry in the state of Goiás by remote sensing techniques, between the years of 2002 and 2015, verifying the location and quantification of the main planting areas. Therefore, images from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) of the Landsat-8 satellite were processed in the Arcgis® and ENVI® softwares. Thus through a  supervised digital classification by the maximum likelihood method, we estimated the area with planted forests in the state. After the classification, it was verified that there were considerable advances in terms of areas planted in Goiás, noting that in 2002 there were approximately 50,425 ha of planted forest, reaching 162,516 ha in 2015. The Goiás mesoregions with the largest forest plantations were the South, East and North, while South and East are the largest producers of firewood and timber. The spatial distribution of the plantations is characterized by small areas and non-vertical production of the producers. This unprecedented and strategic information can better guide the expansion and increase the productivity of the sector, reconciling this process with the environmental conservation of the Cerrado biome.

Pinus plantations cover approximately 1.6 million ha in Brazil. Since pines are considered to be alien invaders with the potential to modify natural environments, the aim of this study was to evaluate seed dispersal, establishment and control of Pinus taeda L., in order to characterize its biological invasion potential under different situations. We studied the dispersal/viability of pine seeds at 25 m, 50 m, 75 m, 100 m, 125 m and 150 m for from the border of a commercial stand, in North, South, East and West directions. Besides, 800 seeds of this species were sown in 11 different sites, ranging from a preserved natural forest to open habitats, in order to evaluate the regeneration potential. Regrowth was also monitored in stumps cut at 10 cm above ground, in well drained or moist sites. Seed dispersal and germination were higher in the South direction and up to 25 m. In the preserved forest no seed germinated, probably due to low light incidence, while in more open habitats they not only germinated but also established. Regrowth was not observed under any studied condition.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of addition of vermicompost to the substrate of Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings. We tested five treatments composed by the addition of vermicompost on Carolina Soil® substrate (T1: 100% Carolina Soil® (CS); T2: 75% CS and 25% vermicompost (VC); T3: 50% CS and 50% CV; T4: 25% CS and 75% CV and T5: 100% CV). The morphophysiological characteristics evaluated at 150 days after seedling emergence were: stem diameter (d), shoot height (h), photosynthetic pigment content, shoot dry mass (SDM), roots dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (DMtotal), Dickson quality index, h/d ratio and SDM/RDM ratio. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The correlation and the growth response curve for the seedlings, due to the different proportions of vermicompost and commercial substrate showed that the additions of 50 or 75% of vermicompost were the ones that favored the growth of S. terebinthifolius seedlings.

The seeds of Araucaria angustifolia are also known as Brazilian pine nut seeds or Brazilian pine seeds. They are a typical food from Southern Brazil having cultural and historical roots and they provide income for small producers. Brazilian pine seeds present high nutritional value with high energy, containing resistant starch and bioactive compounds. The use of Brazilian pine seeds as food may contribute to the conservation of Araucaria angustifolia, thereby reducing deforestation. In order to reach this objective, it is important to know the consumer profile of the Brazilian pine seeds along with their habits and preferences. Surveys were conducted among 183 consumers of Brazilian pine seeds in Curitiba in supermarkets, small stores, fairs and with street vendors, during the growing/ harvest season. A questionnaire utilizing demographic questions, consumption frequency, attributes of importance and nutritional value perception were applied. The seeds are bought by women in supermarkets and fairs. Usually, they prefer seeds with bigger size, volume, brighter and brownish-yellow color. Consumption is weekly, during the afternoon and at night and it is served hot. Brazilian pine seeds are considered a natural food. They are not expensive having health benefits as they are not fatty, and can be consumed by the entire Family.

The basic density of wood is an important property because it is related to the final product in the various uses that wood has. However, its determination demands time and costs, which justifies the use of more refined techniques for its estimation, such as artificial neural networks (ANN). The objective was to evaluate the use of artificial neural networks to estimate the basic density of species of cerrado stricto sensu with the use of Pilodyn and dendrometric variables. To compare the results obtained by ANN, regression models were adjusted. The best performing neural network was the one that used as input variables the depth of penetration (Pilodyn), species and DAP, presenting R² values of 0.72 and with root mean square error in percentage (RMSE%) of 5.69. The regression model presented R² value of 0.72 and RMSE% of 9.19. The artificial neural networks can estimate the basic wood density of species of cerrado stricto sensu studied in this study with satisfactory results.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the natural durability of the wood of Apuleia leiocarpa (grápia), Astronium lecointei (muiracatiara) and Enterolobium schomburgkii (fava-orelha-de-negro) under the attack of fungi causing white rot Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus ex Fries) Pilat, under controlled laboratory conditions, by the accelerated rotting test. We used 15 samples of heartwood of each species, with 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.9 cm (radial, tangential and axial, respectively). The samples remained for 16 weeks in an incubator under attack of the fungus. After the period of the attack the mass loss and class of natural durability were determined. E. schomburgkii presented the highest average loss of mass (17.5%), followed by A. lecointei (15.5%), both classified as resistant to T. versicolor. A. leiocarpa wood presented higher durability (10.6% loss of mass), being classified as highly resistant. The wood of A. leiocarpa differed statistically from the others, indicating potential of greater durability when placed under condition that favor the development of this xylophagus.

Activated carbon (AC) was produced from Bambusa vulgaris to evaluate its potential of methylene blue dye (MB) adsorption. AC was prepared by direct physical activation, using the water vapor as activating agent. It was characterized considering the gravimetric yield of AC, the pH point of zero charge, Boehm titration method, surface area, volume and pore diameter analysis and superficial morphology. The application of AC was performed with kinetic studies and adsorption isotherms by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The material produced presented surface area of 684.69 m2 g-1, pH point of zero chargeof 7.32 and predominance of acidic groups on their surface. By the micrographs analysis it was possible to verify the development of the material porosity due to activation. The maximum adsorption capacity for the MB dye was 301.07 mg g-1 the Langmuir model presented the best adjustment. The AC obtained from Bambusa vulgaris presented excellent texture and adsorption properties are it was very efficient in MB dye adsorption.