RCAAP Repository

In the last years, the linear dinamics has gained the attention of many researchers, mainly to the investigation of linear and continuous operators T : X −→ X, on topological vector spaces, whose orbit {x,Tx,...,Tnx,...} is dense for some x ∈ X. Operators with this behaviour are said to be hypercyclic and the theory that studies them is known by hypercyclicity, which is one of the main themes within this work. The three classical examples of hyperciclic operators found in the literature are investigated: the Birkhoff (1884−1944), MacLane (1909−2005) and Rolewicz (1932−2015) operators. The Devaney chaos, which has as one of its “ingredients” the phenomeon of hypercyclicity, is presented and the verification that the classic operators are Devaney chaotic is fulfilled. Among interesting results about hypercyclicity, are discussed somes criterions, the constatation that there are no hypercyclic operators on a finite dimensional space and a curious result: any hypercyclic operator admits a dense invariant subspace consisting, except for zero, of hypercyclic vectors. Ultimately, a brief discussion is presented about another two types of chaos, namely the Li-Yorke and distributional chaos.

Brazil is the third largest producer of fruit, generating an increase in the production of agroindustrial waste. In view of this, the objective of this work was to perform a biochemical characterization of pulp, stem, shell, and crown portions of three varieties of pineapple infructescences. Pineapples were purchased at the commercial maturity, characterized by slightly orange meshes at the base of the fruit, in four replicates of 20 fruits / variety (Pérola, Vitória and Imperial). The fruits came from different pineapple producing municipalities located in Mata Paraibana, Paraiba State, Brazil, and transported to the Laboratorio de Biologia e Tecnologia Pos-Colheita do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Physical and physicochemical evaluations, quantification of phenolic compounds, soluble protein content, antioxidant activity evaluation, enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, POD, and APX), proteolytic and specific activity of bromelain and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis were performed. The data were submitted to ANOVA and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. A principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. For the physical characteristics, the attributes of fresh mass, length and firmness differed among the varieties, and those related to the diameter and yield did not differ from 'Vitória' and 'Imperial', these also stood out in relation to 'Pérola' the higher soluble solids content. The highest titratable acidity (AT) contents for both pulp and stalk were found in 'Vitória'. The pH differed among the varieties, and the 'Imperial' had higher pH. The highest levels of ascorbic acid were registered in the ‘Pérola’. For the contents of total extractable polyphenols (PET), the crown portion stood out in relation to the other portions, independently of the evaluated varieties, followed by the shell, pulp, and stalk. The 'Vitória' presented lower antioxidant capacity by the DPPH. method. On the other hand, for the enzymatic activity, for SOD, CAT, POD, and APX, this variety was distinguished by the greater enzymatic activities independently of the portion evaluated. Regarding the proteolytic activity, in the pulp and stalk portions, 'Pérola' pineapple presented a higher average, while in the shell and crown portions, 'Imperial' stood out in relation to 'Pérola' and 'Vitória' cultivars, respectively. The specific activity ranged from 10 53 U.mg-1, for the stem portion in 'Vitória' pineapple, to 453 U.mg-1 for the 'Pérola' pulp portion. The variability of bromelain activity in the different portions studied was explained in 99% by two principal components: CP-1 = 74% and CP-2 = 25%. In the analysis of gel electrophoresis, the main components of proteins expressed in extracts of the pulp, stem, shell, and crown portions of the three pineapple varieties studied presented molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa for 'Pérola' and 'Vitória' and 26 kDa for ' Imperial'. The crown and shell portions are configured as the best source of bromelain as the pulp and stem portions for the 'Vitória' and 'Imperial' varieties. In this context, the importance of the use of the industrial residues of the pineapple processing to obtain bromelina and other compounds beneficial to human health is emphasized.

The low and uneven precipitation in arid and semi-arid regions, often associated with water use restriction due to excess salts is a major limiting to agricultural development in these regions. Thus, the research was conducted in order to evaluate changes in chemical attributes Entisol, physiology, nutrition and production plants and quality of irrigated watermelon with saline water, soil cover and potassium doses in spring crops and summer. The treatments were organized in split-plot, with the main plot consisting of the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.3 dS m-1 and 3.0 dS m-1), and the subplots of the combinations of levels of soil cover (without and with) and doses of potassium (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 of K2O), obeying the respective 2 x 2 x 4 scheme. A randomized complete block design was used. The chemical attributes Entisol were determined at 0-20 cm depth, based on fertility and salinity variables. The physiological evaluations consisted of determination of leaf chlorophyll indexes, chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange. The evaluation of the nutritional status of the plants consisted of foliar levels of macronutrients, micronutrients, sodium and the nutritional balance index. At harvest were determined production components, productivity and fruit quality. Data were analyzed for the growing seasons, when jointly residual variances were homogeneous by Hartley Fmax test. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation (ρ) and main components (PCA). It was also prepared Heatmap aiming to synthesize the information. The environmental conditions were more stressful spring plants, as evidenced by the lower quantum efficiency of photosystem II, higher initial and maximum fluorescence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b highest rate, higher nutritional imbalance and lower production. The use of irrigation Entisol cultivated with watermelon increased the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract and should be used sparingly in times of increased water demand as in the spring. The increase of salinity increased the nitrogen, manganese and sodium leaf contents and decreased iron leaf content, stomatal conductance, plant transpiration, fruit size and sweetness, but without affecting productivity. The use of mulch is not adequate in areas irrigated with water of 3.0 dS m-1 when the irrigation requirement is high, as in spring, when the sodium content increased. But, in general, the use of mulch is indicated in the cultivation of melancholia, since it increased the number of fruits and the yield per plant. Fertilization with potassium chloride can be used efficiently to raise soil exchangeable and soluble potassium contents. Since the application of potassium chloride is not recommended in Entisol with an average content of potassium, for the conditions in which the work was carried observed reduction in the number of fruits per plant in productivity and sweet taste (ratio of soluble solids and titratable acidity) of watermelon fruits.

The castor bean is a tropical oleaginosa whose productivity is impacted by edaphoclimatic factors. The study of foliar physiology, an organ that make important metabolic roles in the crop, besides photosynthesis, can provide subsidies for better management practices. The objective of this research was to examine the time of life of the castor leaf, its relation with the photosynthetic rate and the impact of this on the accumulation of carbohydrates in the seed. The experiment was conducted in a Vegetation House at Embrapa Algodão, with cultivated of 12 vase of cultivate BRS Energia in a completely randomized design. As each leaf was emitted and reached 5 cm of expansion in the main vein, it was identified and it was collected out daily readings of leaf area (up to constant area), insertion height in the stem (on the first day of the expansion) and daily, SPAD index, gas exchange and leaf age until senescence. The emission of the first racemus was identified. For destructive collection, a second experiment was set up with the same descriptions for the first, collecting the entire plant and separating it in root, stem and leaves every five days, from 10 to 120 days after emergence. Each vase was used for two crop cycles, the second being cultivated after the first one. The material was oven dried at 80°C for 72 hours, weighed and ground, to obtain the data of soluble sugars, starch content and total carbohydrates by the perchloric acid method. The castor leaf presented 53 days of life, on average, with very variable longevity, from 5-88 days, in the entire crop cycle. For the photosynthetic rate, the following variables were identified, in order of importance: the temperature, whose best performance was at 28ºC, being possible to increase it to 30ºC; Leaf age, from 6-14 days, corresponding to the period of leaf expansion; time of day until 3:00 p.m.; SPAD index, above 44. Peaks of soluble sugars, starch and total carbohydrates were identified in the stem, particularly between the flowering period and complete emission of the first bunch, and the end of the 120 days cycle.

The genetic diversity of the fungus Alternaria alternata (Fr:Fr) Keissler f. sp. citri is associated with genetic and environmental factors and there has been influence on reproduction of the pathogen responsible for causing serious economic problems in fruit and tangerine seedlings 'Dancy' (Citrus tangerine hort. ex Tanaka) in the state of Paraíba. However, for the control of Alternaria brown spot (MMA) tactics are employed with in the integrated management using alternative products such as ethanol extract ironwood (Caesalpinia ferrea (Benth.)) Ducke, Chitosan® and the antagonist Trichoderma asperellum. Three experiments were conducted and the first was the in vitro test, submitting thirty isolates the V8 agar, leaf extract (EF), dextrose agar oats (ADA), potato dextrose agar (PDA) in temperature 15, 25 and 35 °C and light regimes, dark and continuous light and alternating light, incubated in BOD The mycelial growth (CM) was evaluated at 24 hour intervals up to seven days and sporulation was quantified in a Neubauer chamber and adjusted to 105 spores/mL. Then, the molecular characterization was done with 38 isolated by ISSR and genetic similarity quantified by Jaccard index. The experimental design used in Morphophysiological characterization was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement, 30 isolates, four culture media: AV, BDA, EF and V8, three light regimes: continuous light, alternating light and continuous light and three temperatures: 15, 25 and 35 °C with 12 reps, making a total of 12.960 Petri dishes considering a Petri dish by repetition. The variance analysis of isolates was performed using the F test (p ≤ 0,05). The overall averages were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0,05) and the other by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0,05). Statistical analyzes were performed using the software SISVAR® 5.3 and SAS/STAT® 9.3. The genetic diversity in this thirty eight isolates was determined based on the presence or absence of amplified DNA fragments of three primers and viewed on electrophoresis gels. The images were processed in BioNumerics® software for analysis of genetic similarity Jaccard. The dendrogram was obtained by the arithmetic average of the individual groups formed in data matched pairs (UPGMA). Independent of the collection site and growing conditions used, all isolates showed statistical differences in relation to mycelial growth and sporulation. The isolates of A. alternata pathotype tangerine collected from Massaranduba-PB showed high mycelial growth, sporulation and high genetic diversity compared to other tested isolates. In general, the continuous light regime at 25 °C on PDA and V8 media was ideal for the mycelial growth and sporulation of the isolated A. alternata this pathotype tangerine, however, continuous darkness among the best AV was isolated from Pratânia-SP until the seventh valuation day. All isolates showed high genetic diversity among them and there was a grouping of tendency by location shown by markers morphophysiological and molecular aspects evaluated. The second experiment was conducted in LAFIT and LAPOA, mandarin fruit 'Dancy' were disinfected and immersed in C. ferrea extract at concentrations of 0; 10; 100; 500 and 1000 μg/mL, 0,5 Chitosan®; 1,0; 1,5 to 2,0 g/L. and T. asperellum to 1010 spores/mL. After 24 h the application of with the extracts was inoculated A. alternata (105 spores/mL) in fruits. On the second day after inoculation (DAI) were performed daily the severity assessments in fruits of tangerine 'Dancy' until the last grading scale that occurred on the twelfth day and also. For the analysis of enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol and post-harvest fruit tangerine 'Dancy'. The design was completely randomized with 10 treatments (0; 10; 100; 500 and 1000 μg/mL of C. ferrea extract), (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 and 2,0 g/L of Chitosan®) (1010 spores/mL T. asperellum) and five replicates of five fruits, constituting an experimental unit with 250 fruit tangerine 'Dancy'. The concentrations of 500 μg/mL C. ferrea extract, 1,5 g/L Chitosan® and T. asperellum reduced the severity of MMA promoted high activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase and all treatments kept the postharvest quality in fruits of tangerine 'Dancy'. The third experiment was conducted in LAFIT and LAPOA, the plants 90 days after grafting were sprayed with C. ferrea extract at concentrations of 0; 10; 100; 500 and 1000 μg/mL, placed in a humid chamber and maintained at room temperature (28 ± 2 °C). After 24 hours of spraying was carried out the inoculation of A. alternata (105 spores/mL) and after 96 hours of inoculation until the twenty third day, the incidence were made reviews, severity AUDPC and analysis of enzymatic activities. For the determination of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, peroxidase and polyphenol, were taken three sheets/repeat in the first and last day after treatment application of the products. The design was completely randomized with five treatments (0; 10; 100; 500 and 1000 μg/mL of C. ferrea extract) and 25 repetitions, forming the experimental unit with 125 seedlings. In the last two experiments, regression analyzes were performed for the concentrations of C. ferrea extract the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by Dunnett test (P ≤ 0,05) in SAS® System 9.3 program. It was found that the concentrations of 100 and 500 μg/mL C. ferrea extract reduced the incidence and severity A. alternata MMA, showed low activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia- lyase, however, promoted high peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase in leaves of tangerine 'Dancy'.

The baraúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler) is a species of the Caatinga that stands out for its timber potential , medicinal use and forest restoration, but is threatened with extinction due to overutilization . Thus, this research aimed to study the phenological events, assess the physical, physiological and sanitary quality, analyze the pre -germination treatments, X-ray test and micropropagation of diasporas baraúna. Phenology was developed in the farm Açude, municipality of Soledade - PB . The remaining studies were conducted in the Laboratório de Análise de sementes e Biotecnologia vegetal do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba and the X-ray test in Laboratório de Sementes da Universidade Fedetal de lavras. For phenology were selected, marked and monitored biweekly 30 individual trees, quantifying phenology, using as evaluation method the index of activity and intensity Fournier, recording the presence and absence of phenophases budding, senescence, flowering, immature fruit and mature fruit , correlating with rainfall data. As physical, physiological and sanitary quality seeds of four lots of different sources were evaluated by assessing the length , width and thickness of fruits and diasporas, to perform following physiological tests of germination and vigor . For health test used the method of Blotter Test. For breaking dormancy , in Experiment 1 , we used the pre -germination treatments: control (T0) , total removal of the endocarp (T1), mechanical scarification with sandpaper (T1) without (T2) and soaked in water for 12 (T3) and 24 hours (T4) and cutting (T5), for Experiment 2 , we used immersion in hot water at temperatures of 70 , 80 , 90 and 100 º C , by assessing the percentage of emergence , speed index emergency , percentage of abnormal seedlings , percentage of seeds infested by insects, shriveled , dead , length and dry weight of roots and shoots . As for X-ray analysis was performed for the four lots , through exposure of the seeds in the X -ray machine brand Faxitron © HP MX - 20 with 26kv intensity and exposure time of approximately 16 seconds. From the image analysis , we proceeded to split into three categories : full seeds , damaged by insects , and shriveled . After X-ray analysis was carried out germination tests. For micropropagation was evaluated pre -germination treatment with different doses of sucrose , we tested different culture media : MS, MS1/2, MPM, B5, and in the proliferation assay for four dosages used and benzylaminopurine naphthalene acetic acid . The design used for all experiments was randomized and the data subjected to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5 % probability , with the exception of pre -germination treatments that was the Scott Knott . The stages of vegetative and reproductive development Schinopsis brasiliensis is directly related to the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall pulses. The dimensions of fruit and diasporas baraúna independent lot or provenance . The low germination percentage of the lot is influenced by the high presence of seeds damaged by insects and secondly by the presence of xx shriveled seeds. The main fungi associated with seeds of baraúna are Chaetomium sp. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The removal of the endocarp is the pre -germination treatment recommended for the dormancy of the seeds of baraúna. The X-ray test is efficient to evaluate the internal damage in seeds baraúna and regardless of the cause affect germination. The concentration of 20 gL- 1 sucrose provides higher germination and seedling vigor in vitro. The B5 medium is recommended for seed germination baraúna in vitro and multiplication and regeneration in vitro are affected by elevated release of phenolic compounds of explants.

Luffa operculata (Cucurbitaceae) is a native plant in Brazil and often occurs in some states of the north and northeast, whose fruits are rich in some active principles such as isocucurbitacina and buchinina, which are effective in treating some diseases, particularly respiratory, as sinusitis and rhinitis. The principal way of spreading this Cucurbitaceae is through its seeds, which should have high physiological quality for the maximum germination occurs, so that the period of physiological maturity point becomes extremely important. Given these considerations above, this study aimed to evaluate the physical and physiological changes in fruits and seeds of Luffa operculata harvested in 2013 and 2014 with different maturity stages, to identify the physiological maturation point of seeds and detect the time when these become dormant. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the horticulture sector and the physical and physiological tests at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (LAS), both belonging to the Center of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), in Areia - PB. To determine the physiological maturation point of seeds it was evaluated the water content and size of fruits and seeds and also the external color of the fruit, also it was evaluated the germination and vigor tests (percentage, first count and germination speed index, length and dry mass of the hypocotyl and roots of the seedlings). The experimental design was completely at random and evaluated factors consisted of seeds with and without lopping and also the days after anthesis. The highest percentage of germination occurred at 45 and 42 days after flowering to seed lopped or not, respectively, in 2013; while the following year was at 35 and 29 days the seeds with and without lopping respectively. The size of the fruits is not a appropriate index for determining the maturity point. L. Operculata seeds should be harvested between 50 and 60 days after anthesis, however it is recommended that they be submitted to the lopping of the integument since cutaneous dormancy impedes the germination.

The species Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke, known as pau-mocó is an arboreal species from the Fabaceae family, food supplier for animals and wood for construction. The morphological aspects of fruits, seeds, germination and seedling provide support to seed technology, in order to interpret the germination and vigor tests. Given the above, this study objectives were to determine the morphology of fruits, seeds and initial development of seedlings, the physiological quality of seeds of different matrices and the germination of L. auriculata seeds due to different temperatures and water volumes for substrate wetting. The research was conducted at the Laboratories of Seed’s Analysis and Biology belonging to the Center of Agricultural Science of the Federal University of Paraíba, Areia - PB in experimental design completely randomized (germination and vigor tests) and a randomized block design (field emergence). For morphological description of fruits, seeds, germination and seedling fruit measurements were carried out and seeds as well as photographs to record the characteristics. To evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of different mother trees it was determined the water content, weight of a thousand seeds, germination, emergence, first count and germination speed index and emergency percentage of normal seedlings, leaf number, length and dry mass of seedlings and the shoot / root ratio. To evaluate the influence of different temperatures (constant 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C and alternated 20-30 °C) and water volumes for wetting the substrate (2,0; 2,5; 3,0 and 3,5 times the mass of dry substrate), the variables were germination percentage, first count and speed index and percentage of abnormal seedlings, length and dry mass of shoots and roots of normal seedlings. The mother tree 19 produced seeds with the most quality, and those can be indicated for dispersion and reproduction, but as well as the seeds from the mother trees 4, 13 and 19 been plant producers of seeds with higher physiological quality. The constant temperatures of 25 and 30 °C and alternated of 20-30 °C and the water volumes of 2,5 to 3,0 times the dry weight are appropriated to the germination and vigor tests conduction. The temperatures of 20 and 35 °C at different water volumes used to moisture the substrate reduced the germination and vigor of the seeds of Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke.

The Caatinga is the main biome of the Brazilian semi-arid region and the number of degraded areas in its ecosystems has been growing every day. The objective of this work is to know the floristic and phytosociological composition of litter deposition, and microbiological attributes of soil in areas under different densities of goats, aiming to use these parameters as indicators of desertification. The study was carried out on the Experimental Farm Basin School (7° 24‟ S; 36° 32‟ W), in São João do Cariri-PB. The density of goats was of 3 animals/ha and 1.5 animals/ha in the treatments T1 and T2, respectively; and no animals in T3 and T4. Thirty plots of 10 m x 10 m were plotted in each experimental area, distributed over three lines of semi-parallel tracks. Floristic and phytosociological analyses included only individuals of arboreal and shrubby ports with CNS ≥ 9.5 cm and At ≥ 1.0 m. Collectors were distributed in the areas, with monthly inspection to collect the material that felt from plants. The referred material was kiln-dried and weighed. Soil samples were collected to analyze microbiological and chemical attributes and fertility. To determine the decomposition activity (AD), nylon bags were used containing pure cellulose in its interior, and buried at 20.0 cm depth. These were collected and renewed every 45 days, which rate of decomposition was determined. The microbial biomass (BM) was estimated using the method of fumigation-incubation and respiratory activity (AR) from non-fumigated soil samples. From these parameters, the qCO2 and Cmic : Corg of soils were calculated. Related to floristic and phytosociology, 413 individuals were registered, six families and nine species; 332 individuals, seven families and nine species; 315 individuals, six families and nine species and 215 individuals, four families and seven species in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The families Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Cactacea were those that exhibited the greatest numbers of individuals, and the species P. pyramidalis, A. pyrifolium, P. gounellei, and C. blanchetianus exhibited the highest values for all phytosociological parameters analyzed. Considering the data of litter, it was not found sufficient evidence to conclude about the effects of treatments, and evaluation times of seasonality on the deposition of this material. In almost all treatments, the deposition was very low if compared to other areas of caatinga preserved, being, in some treatments, less than the annual consumption of goats. The soils of the four treatments presented high sum of bases (high contents of Ca, Mg, K and Na) and low levels of soil organic matter. The low values of litter here obtained when compared to those observed in areas of better preserved caatingas seem to serve as good indicators of degradation. The AD (decomposition activity) was not useful as biological indicator of degraded areas, because in some evaluation times it was higher in T1 and T2 and in others, in the testimony area. As general analysis, one can infer that the treatment T3 presented the best pH, the highest levels of P, K, Ca and Mg and values of CTC, V% and SB than the soil of the areas I, II and IV, as well as the highest floristic diversity. BM parameters, RB, qCO2 and Cmic : Corg relation (in 2012) and BM and Cmic : Corg (2013) were more susceptible to degradation by grazing, and can be used as ecological indicators of degraded areas.

This dissertation it is intended to analyze the evolution of the costs of undergraduate education by department of Campus I at Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), from 2013 to 2015. Due to its budget dimension and relevance in the social and economic context of the state, encouraging higher education through teaching, research and extension activities, it is believed that the implementation of a calculation methodology and cost management in UFPB will allow an improvement in the administration of its resources, making the management more efficient, economical and transparent.In this context, this dissertation is characterized by the exploratory, bibliographical and documentary methodology, being the case study being the chosen form due to the lack of cost studies in the IFES (Federal Institutions of Higher Education) and in the UFPB. This dissertation proposed to make a survey of the direct and indirect costs of the UFPB through the reports on budget execution and other information about its structure and functioning, forming a database whose analysis of the variables that compose the costs, as well as its behavior, was made using a mathematical and statistical instrumental, which justified the application of the absorption costing methodology for the costs calculation. The results found allowed: (i) To make a detailed survey of the costs of undergraduate education, by department, during the analyzed period; (ii) To verify that the average cost of a UFPB undergraduate student varies greatly according to the course. In the period from 2013 to 2015, the average cost was R$ 20.966,56, being the CCSA's Public Management Technology course the one with the lowest annual cost per student (R$ 5.283,00 in 2014) and the Biotechnology course, of CBIOTEC (R$ 64.096,00 in 2013), the highest annual cost. (iii) Through the applied econometric models, to conclude that the number of undergraduate students and the number of servers (both teachers and technicaladministrative) are statistically determinant to obtain the cost of undergraduate education.

The pepper cultivates in pots have stood out in the ornamental market for its aesthetic features that include, among other attributes, the fruits and leaves color and harmony with the pots. The ornamental pepper breeding has been carried out over the long-term, involving multiple cycles of selfing. Biotechnological techniques, such as the culture of anther and immature zygotic embryos, can assist breeding programs reducing the time for the release of new cultivars. Thus, the objective was to induce androgenics embryos from anthers of different genotypes of ornamental pepper and regenerate viable plants from in vitro culture of immature zygotic embryos in different genotypes of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). For anther culture technique were used anther of nine parents and five hybrids. These were maintained at 4°C for 3 days and subsequently cultured in double layer, with and without growth regulator and maintained in B.O.D. at 9 ° C for one week and then at 28° C in the absence of light. The cultivation of zygotic embryos, fruit of three genotypes were collected 20, 25, 30 and 35 days after selfing (DAA). Fruits were characterized and determined the embryo stage of development. The embryos were inoculated in the petri dishes containing the media: ½ MS and MS overall strength. It was recorded the number of embryos germinated and losses during acclimatization and transplantation, also the characterization of seedlings and plants in a greenhouse. In addition, it was determined breeding cycle plant of immature embryos and by the conventional method. There was influence of the media and genotypes in the induction of androgenic embryos. Fully developed embryos were observed in genotypes UFPB 001, UFPB 004 and UFPB 099 but a lot of abnormal embryos was recorded. Zygotic embryos at different developmental stages can be found in the same fruit characterizing the asynchronous development. Lower rates of germination and development of seedlings were observed in earlier fruit, being observed also influences the genotype. The interaction between the periods, genotypes and media influenced the morphological characterization of the plants in the greenhouse. On average a reduction of 30% was observed in the breeding cycle in the three genotypes. Further studies should be conducted to increase the conversion of normal androgenic embryos and in the case of zygotic embryos, increase germination rates in periods of 20 and 25 DAA and reduce losses during acclimatization and transplantation. Still, a considerable reduction in cycle improvement was achieved as well as the identification of genotypes responsive to anther culture. Thus, it will be a valuable tool for ornamental breeding program.

The desertification phenomenon is the process of environmental degradation of arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid lands, caused by natural factors and anthropic actions. In the Seridó Desertification Nucleus, specifically in the State of Paraíba, the delimited area with high level of degradation covers the municipalities of Santa Luzia and Várzea, and the desertification in this nucleus is particularly related to climatic factors, pedogenetic processes and anthropic interventions. In the light of these considerations, ecological restoration arises as a viable alternative to recover the lost environmental services gone with the degradation. Among the different kinds of restoration models used in Brazil, nucleation is nowadays one of the most widespread. It consists of the use of several techniques that, together, make the natural process of succession easier. One of these techniques, the transposition of soil portions (nuclei), consists of removing the topsoil from the litterer soil layer to a degraded area. Based on it, this research mainly aims to evaluate the possible recovering of a degraded area in the Seridó Desertification Nucleus using the technique of soil transposition (topsoil). In order to do so, through soil quality bioindicators (soil seed bank, edaphic respiration and soil mesofauna) potentialities for ecological restoration of several kinds of soil were evaluated. Seven areas of different microregions of Paraíba semi-arid were selected for the soil transposition, and its allocation in a degraded area. The outlining was in a randomized block, consisting of eight treatments, one for the Control (degraded area) and the other seven for the soil transported from areas preserved in the microregions. Monthly, the soil seed bank, edaphic respiration and soil mesofauna analyzes were performed. The transposition of the soils brought a new seed bank to the area under study, which facilitated the rise of new species. The edaphic respiration and the mesofauna in most transported soils were greater than those in the degraded area. The technique of soil transposition from the several microregions is a viable alternative to stimulate forest succession in degraded areas that cover Seridó Desertification Nucleus.

Quixabeira [Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn.] is a native species of the Caatinga biome whose population has been reduced by several factors, including anthropic interference. The monitoring of the characteristics of the environment where the species is and the registry of the data obtained in the laboratory are alternatives that can contribute to the individualized decision making. For this, the current research aimed at the creation of a Geographic Information System (GIS), which relates data referring to the quality of seeds from S. obtusifolium from Boa Vista - PB. The system must generate spatial analysis of the matrices, cartographic product, multicriteria analysis and generate a model that can be reproduced for other species. The system was produced from three stages: data collection, seed analysis and modeling of GIS software. At the time of the collection, the matrix plants were located spatially by a GPS receiver and taken to the seed analysis laboratory of Universidade Federal da Paraíba/CCA. In the analysis phase, fruit and seed biometry tests, germination and vigor tests (emergence, first counting, IVG, length, dry mass of seedlings and electrical conductivity) were performed. The M04 (46%) and M07 (44%) matrices obtained the best results in the germination test. In the biometrics evaluation, the matrix M09 presented more significant results, contradicting the electrical conductivity test, when it had most of its cellular systems deteriorated. A database was generated in the Qgis software for spatial and multicriteria analysis of the matrix plants. In the multicriteria analysis all the items were consulted from the second statistical grouping and the M11 matrix was considered the most indicated as a seed producer among the sixteen studied S. obtusifolium matrices, since it presented average results between the two main groupings for the set tests. GIS is a geotechnical tool capable of establishing a relationship between S. obtusifolium seed analysis data and the observation of the environment where the matrix exists; it is a system that can be adapted to any other species as well as to other types of data.

The tomato is one of the most cultivated and consumed vegetables in the world, however it is considered a high risk crop when we consider the large number of phytosanitary problems in which it is affected. Being the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B, one of these main problems, given the damages and the cost of control that is inserted in its production. The use of resistant cultivars associated to biological control within an Integrated Pest Management program can act as one of the best solutions to problems with this pest, since the reduction or elimination of control with pesticides. In view of the above, the general objective of this research was to determine if mutant tomatoes confer resistance to Bemisia tabaci biotype B and its influence on the parasitoid Encarsia hispida. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Entomology of the Federal University of Paraiba, Campus II Areia-PB, addressing in three articles to the topics explained above. The performance of five mutant tomatoes (aurea, cry, phyA, phyB1, phyB2) plus one susceptible standard tomato ('IAC-Santa Clara') were evaluated in a greenhouse and field environment. Article I: The objective of this study was to determine if mutant tomatoes confer resistance to B. tabaci biotype B. In the free choice test (TLE), the number of eggs, nymphs and adults / plants was measured and, furthermore, the index of attractiveness (AI) and the index of preference for IPO oviposition, colonization of nymphs, damage and growth of fumagina. The number of eggs, IPO, insect biology and number of trichomes were measured in the non-choice test (TSE). In the TLE, the standard cultivar presented higher number of eggs, nymphs and adults, higher IPA, IPO, damage and growth of the fumagina, besides high colonization of nymphs and low number of trichomes. In the TLE the aurea provided the largest and the standard cultivar the shortest number of days to complete the insect biology. The aurea presents resistance type antibiosis and antixenosis, less damages to the plants and less growth of the fumagina when infested by B. tabaci biotype B. Article II: The biochemical and physiological behavior of mutant tomatoes against the B. tabaci biotype B attack was verified by measuring the number of eggs, nymphs and adults of the pest after three periods of infestation and the activity of POX, PPO and PAL enzymes as well as the physiological variables A, E, gs, Ci, iWUE, EiC and WUE, fluorescence, chlorophyll and number of trichomes. The mutants presented lower infestation and colonization of the pest; increased activity of oxidative enzymes; and less wear the physiology against the attack of B. tabaci when compared to 'Santa Clara'. The aurea confers greater resistance, activates its biochemical defense mechanisms, and suffers less physiological damage in the face of B. tabaci infestation. Article III: The objective was to investigate the tritrophic interaction between mutant tomatoes, B. tabaci biotype B and the parasitoid Encarsia hispida. Tomatoes were used as hosts of the pest, and the 3rd and 4th instar nymphs were submitted to the parasitism of E. hispida. It was evaluated the biological development of the parasitoid and also the natural parasitism index and under releases of this agent. The biological development of the parasitoid was not affected by the mutant tomatoes, as well as the longevity and the sexual ratio. As for the parasitism, the index was higher in protected environment, the mutant aurea and the standard cultivar with the highest values, already in the field no differences were observed among tomato plants. Mutants provide adequate biological development to the parasitoid; the rate of parasitism is higher when the parasitoid is released; aurea and ‘Santa Clara’ have higher rates of parasitism.

The term “analogous gravity” refers to a research programme whose purpose is to investigate analogues of gravitational fields, from the perspective of general relativity, in physical systems of other areas, aiming to obtain a better understanding of both systems involved. Analogies have proved important in physics and mathematics, for an analogy taken meticulously to a specific problem may be able to suggest unexpected routes to a possible solution. Thus, examples of analogous gravitational models date back to the beginnings of general relativity. With the development of nanotechnology, an alternative to obtaining similar gravitational and cosmological models is through the study of light propagation in metamaterials. These are artificially constructed, so that their electromagnetic properties can be carefully modeled because they derive from the same artificial structure. By virtue of this freedom, it has become possible to emulate a temporal behavior in one of the three spatial coordinates, simulating, for example, a 2+1 spacetime. In this work, through a theoretical study in hyperbolic and electronic metamaterials, we establish analogous models for two systems: the compact Milne universe, which represents a simple model of cosmic singularity in cyclic cosmological models, and the signature transition between a Minkowski spacetime and a kleinian spacetime, the latter being characterized by being endowed with two time-type coordinates. In both cases, through an analysis in the framework of wave optics, we will see how the behavior of a Klein-Gordon scalar field can be reproduced in the corresponding material medium. In addition, in the context of the Milne universe, we will show that the classical behavior, that is, the timelike and spacelike geodesics can also be reproduced in the metamaterial by the trajectories described by the light rays.

According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), there is an alarming food waste in the world, causing significant damage to society, and leading to economic losses and damage to the environment. However, these losses may be reduced by combining concepts of sustainability and gastronomy. Based on this premise, this study aimed to investigate the technical, microbiological and sensorial feasibility for the use of fruits, with an advanced degree of ripening and/or with few physical damages, in gastronomic preparation sophisticated and safe for human consumption. A product named guava chutney was developed and later used in a gastronomic preparation called Finger Food, traditionally served in highgastronomy restaurants. For the development of this product, three treatments of chutney were established, as follow: T1, using exclusively red guavas (Psidium guajava) and apples (Malus domestica) in perfect conditions of sale for consumers; T2, using exclusively guavas and apples damaged and/or with a high degree of ripening; and T3, using guavas, apples, and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), also in conditions of damage and/or with high degree of ripening. Finger food was characterized as a gastronomic composition composed of natural fermentation bread, chutney, pulled sun-dried meat and chives (Allium schoenoprasum) as a decoration element. Three types of finger food were made, respectively according to the previously developed chutney preparations. The research was quali-quantitative, divided into nine stages: ethical approval, critical observation, pre-experiment, chutney and finger food development and preparation, chemical analysis, microbiological analysis, semi-structured interviews, sensorial tests, and data statistical analysis. All elaborated chutney treatments showed low microbiological counts of coliforms (<1 MPN.g-1), molds and yeasts (<1 CFU.g-1), proving to be safe for consumption. Regarding the sensorial analysis, they had a good global acceptance (from 7.3 to 7.6 points for chutney and from 7.0 to 7.4 points for finger food, showing no significant difference between the samples) and good intention of consumption (3.6 to 39 points for both chutney and finger food, with no significant difference between the samples). Most of the interviewed people adopt habits in an attempt to minimize waste (69.3%) and showed a trend in consuming products made from wasted food (84.1%). From the data, we concluded it is possible to combine concepts of sustainability and gastronomy, associated with Experimental Marketing and High Low, to turn a food, that would not normally be consumed, into a “gourmetized” gastronomic preparation with added value and high sensory acceptance rate, making possible a reduction of losses in the food chain.

The environmental issue has been the focus of several works in recent years, studies of nature are of extreme importance to find ways to inhabit the planet impacting as little as possible. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the environmental perception of residents of the Environmental Protection Area of the Ounces in the city of São João do Tigre, in Paraíba, through researches with semi-structured questionnaires, aiming at how a population perceives the place in which they live. In addition, information about the Onça Parda (Puma concolor), its relation with a population and still present in the region, was sought from the perspective of the local population. The results obtained suggest that although the Environmental Protection Area of the Ounces was created in 2002, I still can not fulfill its role, since a large part of the internal residents of the APA do not report on its implementation, (Puma concolor), it was possible to identify a type of problem, including information about the existence of a species of species, however, it was not possible the frequency and number of subjects that inhabit an area, making necessary the development surveys of fauna in the region.

The umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is one of the most important and native species of great importance in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil, due to its versatility. Many traditional knowledge about the uses of plants in the semiarid are being lost or forgotten. The present study registered the traditional knowledge and uses of this species, by residents of five rural communities of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil, being the communities of São Francisco, Coelho, Várzea Alegre, Capivara and Santa Rita, through a semi structured ethnobotanical questionnaire. All household heads were interviewed, representing 100 % of all households in the communities. In the São Francisco community, 255 citations were registered (102 men and 153 women), in Coelho, 64 citations were registered (33 men and 31 women). In Várzea Alegre, 68 citations were registered (35 men and 33 women), in Santa Rita, 208 citations were used (101 men and 107 women) and in the Capivara community 339 citations (158 men and 181 women), totaling 934 citations, 505 of which were made by women and 429 by men. The most relevant categories were: food (146 citations), forage (65 citations) and medicinal (20 citations) in the city of Cabaceiras. In Remígio, food (38 citations) and forage (13 citations). In São Mamede, the categories of food (52 citations) and forage (12 citations) were highlighted. In Solânea the category food (154 citations), forage (91 citations) and shadow (30 citations). In the city of Congo, the categories of food (136 citations) and forage (40 citations of use) were highlighted. In Várzea Alegre the use of the in natura fruit was present in 59.62 % of the citations, preceding the umbuzada with 15.38 %. In the community of Santa Rita, the use of the fruit in natura was present in 38.97 % of the citations, the umbuzada in 32.35 %. In the category of forage, only the uses of leaves and fruits were registered, representing in the communities of Capivara (26.84 %), São Francisco (25.49 %), and Coelho (20.31 %). In terms of logging, the fuel category was recorded, with Capivara (7.67 %), São Francisco (5.49 %) and Coelho (4.69 %), followed by Santa Rita (3.85 %) and Várzea Alegre (1.47 %). In the technology category, in the communities of Coelho (4.69 %), Capivara (0.59 %) and São Francisco (0.39 %). For the medical category, they were registered in the community of São Francisco (7.84 %), Santa Rita (2.88 %), Capivara (2.65 %) and Várzea Alegre (1.47 %). In the São Francisco, Capivara and Santa Rita communities women know more about the uses attributed to S. tuberosa than men, being 60 %, 53.40 % and 51.44 %, respectively. In the communities of Várzea and Coelho, the men showed greater knowledge than the women being quantified, 48.52 % and 48.43 %, respectively. The populations of the communities, Capivara, Coelho, Santa Rita, São Francisco and Várzea Alegre demonstrated that the umbuzeiro (S. tuberosa Arruda) is extremely important for its daily life due to the varied uses and categories attributed to the species.

In our research, we will try to thematize, analyze and re-think from the thinking of the young Heidegger a specific mobility of thought that moves within the scope of the selfunderstanding circularity of being-there, and which, for this reason, moves within the historicity of factual life. We will present this mobility of thought in the concept of ontotheological economy: a dynamic of thought which, as we shall see, develops in the early period of Heidegger's philosophy, but retains its intensity and force of determination in all paths of thought which later open to this philosopher. The onto-theological economy is realized in the commutative meditation of the modal contents (formal clues) that permeate the living stream of the religious facticity of Christianity; liberating, from its movement, phenomenological insights that open access to the original dimension of time and being.

The dissertation that follows consists in a study on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), German philosopher of the twentieth century. We investigate aspects of what Heidegger christened Dasein’s existential analytic. We emphasized such concepts as existence and world, as worked out in his main treatise Being and Time (1927). In order to access these bases, we aimed to develop an interpretation on Dasein’s being-in-the-world, and through it, highlight the possibility of transcendence and understanding that inherently belongs to Dasein, even when initially, in its fallenness on everyday coping, there it seems to exist effectively only beings. Grounded in those indications, we engage in an interpretation about the heideggerian concept of anxiety. We aim to show that in Heidegger’s phenomenological account, anxiety arises as no mere psychological state, but as a fundamental mood that withdraws Dasein from his familiarity with the everyday world and suspends him into nothingness. Therefore, anxiety shows itself as the element from the analytic that allows Dasein to access an original interpretation of itself by an apprehension of the unsettledness of its existence. Our research is directed towards the conclusion that Dasein – by its privileged access to the meaning of being – individualizes itself amidst all other intraworldly beings. Our goal is to say that this self-assertion goes beyond conceptions of men dogmatically attached to its inclination to rationality and capacity to manipulate nature, withholding itself in the a priori conditions of such conclusions; and that through anxiety men will reveal itself as determined essentially by its finitude.