RCAAP Repository

The responsible factors of the structure and the regionalization of biological communities on ecosystems can be of intrinsic (ecological and evolutive traits of species, interespecific competition) and/ or extrinsic nature (climate). There are paradigms on community ecology that relate processes such as the dispersion, the resource availability and the habitat selection (environmental filters and vicariant effects), the species interaction and the neutrality effect. It is possible measure the relative parts of these processes and to propose a set of hypotheses for the Caatinga biome and the nonvolant small mammal communities which can be investigated of the light of differing theorethical frameworks. The rainfall gradient on the Caatinga create an environmental filter on which only dry tolerant species may colonize and occupy areas with rainfall deficit. This environmental gradient between dry and mesica areas may occur due to the effects of the “brejos de altitude”. Moreover, the phytophysiognomic and geomorphological differences of the ecoregions may be determinants of the regionalization of the small mammal communities. However the interespecific competition on an unpredictable environment may benefit the generalist species and the community structure may occur of stochastic way. Finally, the geographic distance between the communities and the possible influence of species source coming from adjacent biomes may be determinants of the structure. For investigate these hypotheses, we verified the effects of the most idiosyncratic environmental variables of the biome like the temperature, rainfall and moisture variations, in addition to the effect of ecoregions, the altitudinal and the geographic distance across (1) the metacommunity structure, (2) the compositional (betadiversity) and (3) the evolutionary (phylobetadiversity) dissimilarities of the communities and (4) the degree of phylogenetic clustering of the communities. These issues are addressed on the bibliographic review, on the Chapter 1. With a database resulting of field collections, zoological collections and bibliographic references, it was possible assess these hypotheses at different spatial scales (municipality, 1° grid cell and ecoregions) and for two taxonomic levels (genus and species). The structure and the heterogeneity degree of small mammal communities were addressed through the betadiversity (Simpson and Sorensen indexes), its spatial autocorrelation and the patterns in the site-by-species matrix, on the Chapter 2. The metacommunity patterns are nested with positive boundary clumping of the limits of geographic distribution, indicating the possibility of an environmental gradient and excluding the hypothesis of the clementsian metacommunities generated by ecoregions. It was detected irreplaceable regions on the Chapada Diamantina, the Planalto do Borborema and on the edges of the biome, in addition to a high compositional dissimilarity (and evolutionary dissimilarity; Chapter 3) of the communities of the Dunas do São Francisco in relation to the other ecoregions. On the Chapter 3, it was found that the phylobetadiversity (Phylosor index) between the communities was not determined by the geographic distance and the environmental variables. However, the compositional dissimilarity (Simpson and Sorensen indexes) responded to the geographic distance, the seasonality of moisture index seasonality and annual temperature range. It was possible to observe different value ranges of these environmental variables between the small mammal communities of the north of biome, the Sertaneja Depressions and on the southern areas of Caatinga (e.g., on the Chapada Diamantina). Moreover, there is phylogenetic clustering on areas of the Chapada Diamantina and the Planalto do Borborema, in addition to the phylogenetic clustering on southern areas of the Chapada do Araripe and on the south- west “brejos de altitude” of the Planalto do Borborema. There is phylogenetic clustering and evenness occuring on the brejos de altitude, in addition to the occurrence of these two phenomena at the same grid cell (clustering, when analyzed only the brejos de altitude and evenness, when analyzed the total localities/ species of grid cell). A number of processes co-occur on the biome, with the effect of environmental variables and geographic distance determining the compositional dissimilarity, which together the nested pattern of metacommunities, it is in agree with the hypotheses of environmental filter and the limitation of the dispersion/ effect of the source of species of adjacent biomes. Regarding the degree of phylogenetic clustering / evenness, these may be according to the species competition hypothesis (phylogenetic evenness on the driest localities of the bioma). The phylogenetic clustering occurred on regions with high climatic stability, aggregating a higher number of Sigmodontinae species, a taxonomic group with low adaptation and tolerance to the dry conditions. Despite the low specialization degree of these species (i.e. the absence of a Clementsian metacommunity), there is rare and unique species (Simpson index>0), indicating the biodiversity and ecological processes that must be retained on the Caatinga.

Fishing with ornamental purposes moves a global multi-millionaire market, that concomitantly causes ecological impacts on species and aquatic environments, primarily due to overpumping and inadequate capture practices. In this study, data on marine ornamental fish exports were analyzed, as well as the official records generated by the Brazilian government (SISBACEN – Sistema de Informação do Banco Central) from 2006 to 2013, as follows: the annual amount and number of individuals of each species, and leading States exporting and their destination Countries. Additionally, we analyzed the role of normative instructions in the framework of the modification and the amount of marketed species. During the period analyzed in this study, 38 Countries imported 24.213 specimens from 138 species of fish from seven Brazilian states, three on the Northeast region (BA, CE and PE), three on the Southeast region (ES, RJ and SP) and one on the North region (PA). The State of Ceará was the largest exporter, with 30 countries as a commercial target. Holacanthus ciliaris was the most exported species in the period analyzed in this study, followed by Pomacanthus paru and P. arcuatus. Based on the lists published in the normative instructions, minor changes were done about the rules to the species allowed for trading, with no standardization in the annual amounts allowed for each taxon, being the same guided by specimens values/year/company.

The present work has the objective of discussing and analyzing the proposal of inclusive education in Municipal Schools of the city of João Pessoa / PB and the nuances of the Specialized Educational Assistance Service to subsidize the educational context propagated by inclusive education. Reflecting on the contributions of this Service, as one of the largest special education services, implemented in Brazilian public schools, complementary to the education of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular rooms. This reflection will be based on the experiences and perspectives of the teachers of the regular classroom and the teachers of the AEE room who work with these students in municipal schools of elementary school I of João Pessoa / PB. During our studies, we propose to outline the profile of teachers working in the schools surveyed, to understand how the qualification / training process offered by the State is offered to these teachers, as well as to reflect on the challenges, perspectives and possibilities for working with students with SEN and the implementation of this educational proposal. The methodological procedures used are of an exploratory nature, with a qualitative approach, using the technique of data collection in an intentional sample, applied through a semi-structured questionnaire as instrument of this research, carried out after approval by the Ethics Research Council, respecting ethical and secrecy of the subjects. The analysis of the collected data occurred in consonance with the bibliographical framework referenced in the course of this dissertative work. Guided by the historical-dialectical materialist approach, we seek to understand the current situation of Education Policy, which is inserted in a structural context, placing inclusive education policy within the broad context of economic, political and cultural restructuring. Based on the research carried out, it can be seen that the inclusion proposal does not fit the paradigm of the Living Education Policy, but rather requires profound modifications of this traditional / conservative educational policy. Regarding the incentive of federal entities with investments in Education Policy, with emphasis on the proposal of inclusive education, with direct repercussion on the valorization of teachers - continuing education policy, satisfactory salary costs, greater functionality in projects of accessibility, both structural, as well as pedagogical and curricular activities, investments in teaching materials and assisted technologies for working with students with special educational needs (SEN). Reaffirming with this, the functional organization of public schools, as a space that constitutes the means and purpose for the operationalization of the Brazilian Education Policy.

The present study, linked to the History and Regionalities, line of the Post-Graduation Program in History, at the Federal University of Paraíba, has as its object military recruitment in the nineteenth century, which presented itself as a process that caused a great deal of restlessness in of the provinces of the Brazilian Empire. In our research, we observed the discomfort caused by recruitment, which happened, in general, in a coercive way, and for this reason we make a distinction between forced and voluntary recruitment. The present study is based on several documents, including correspondence between authorities, reports of provincial presidents and newspapers that circulated in nineteenth-century Brazil, we observed recruitment as an instrument of control of a nation-state under construction. We also analyze the state control, the military organization, the maintenance of the order and the networks of privileges prevailing of that society, under the theoretical reference of the political cultures. The military recruitment was more than a simple instrument to fill the ranks of the Brazilian Army, it was part of the political game that involved several social categories. We analyze the practices surrounding recruitment in this period and how this process served as an instrument of control for those in power and was used as a weapon in the pursuit of political opponents. We consider the political parties that carried out politics in nineteenth century in Brazil, conservative and liberal politicians, and how both used recruitments to intimidate their opponents. The present study starts from the national sphere for the provinces sphere, we choose Paraíba to detail the mechanisms that guided military recruitment. In addition, the forced enlistment of men for the Brazilian Army was also an instrument of control of poor free individuals who did not conform to the social molds imposed by the elites.

The nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, is a coastal species found in tropical and subtropical waters on the Atlantic Ocean, frequently close to reefs, both coral and rocky. The species was reported as one of the most abundant shark species in coastal waters in Brazil, with the northeastern region possibly holding the greatest numbers of nurse sharks. Despite this, local extirpations and population declines resulted in the evaluation of the species as threatened (Vunerable) in Brazil. The lack of baseline data on its population traits precludes well-elaborated management actions, reinforcing the importance of studies directed to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the size and structure of the nurse shark population on coastal reef environments in Paraíba State. Three natural and three artificial reefs were selected based on previous knowledge of nurse shark’s occurrence. Sites were sampled between May 2016 and May 2017. Data recorded included total sharks present during sampling, total of sharks photographed and their estimated total length and sex, as well as water temperature and horizontal visibility. Photographs of the shark’s first dorsal fin were taken and high quality images were used on Interactive Individual Identification System – Contour. Population size estimates were undertaken using Jolly-Seber estimator. Seventeen sharks were positively identified during 38 field excursions, of which 76% were juveniles. There were 36 recaptures of 13 individuals (76% of the total captured sharks) of which 88% were juveniles. The estimator led to an upper population size around 50 individuals, and the population was composed mainly by juvenile sharks, with a sex ratio close to 1:1. The results point to a low population size, however, the high proportion of juvenile individuals probably highlights a sampling error due the limited number of sites and their small geographic range, especially in depth, as all sites were between 12-35m. The high recapture rate emphasizes the site fidelity of the species in the area, which sums up with its low population size to an increased vulnerability. Even though the results are more relevant towards the juvenile size class, they reinforce the need for more populational studies on this endangered species in Brazil, showing as well the need for conservation measures for the species and its environment, particularly on less studied and protected regions, such as Paraíba State.

In a recent experiment to measure the mass of the proton, it was obtained a value three times more accurate than the value recommended by CODATA. However, the values are incompatible, with the difference between them being three times greater than the standard deviation of the most recent measure. This difference has no explanation in the standard physics. In this work, we investigate the discrepancy between these two values of proton mass in the context of the extra dimensional theories. With this goal, we did a brief review of the Kaluza-Klein theory and the ADD model of extra dimensions, proposed by Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali and study the modifications on the gravitational potential caused by the existence of additional dimensions. We also discuss the effects of the extra dimensions on the spectroscopy of atomic systems. We then describe the experiments that measure the mass of the particles through Penning’s trap and discuss the possibility that corrections of gravitational potential energy associated with extra dimensions provide a better understanding for the proton mass problem.

The cactus pear of the Opuntia and Nopalea genres are species of plants very cultivated in the semiarid region of Brazil, mainly for forage production for animals in the dry season. The cladodes of the plant has been considered per long time an important source of nutrients for human and animal alimentation, besides have beneficial properties for health. Because of great genetic diversity of these genres, with about 300 species, there is a need to characterize the varieties grown in Brazil in order to get nutritionals information and bioactive properties. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic and temporal variability of chemical and nutritional profile of cladodes of varieties of cactus pear of the genres Opuntia and Nopalea cultivated in semiarid region of Brazil; evaluate the potential antioxidant and cytotoxic of ethanol crude extracts of cladodes of these varieties, against human cancer cells; besides, characterize the genetic diversity through characteristics phenotypic, chemical and nutritional, and determine the correlation and importance of these characteristics in the variability between genotypes, using multivariate techniques. The researches were conducted with seven cactus pear varieties (IPA-100003, IPA-100004, IPA-200021, IPA-200205, IPA-200008, IPA-200149 and IPA-200016) in two seasons, dry and rainy. The plants were cultivated under rainfed conditions in the experimental station of Instituto Agronomico de Pernambuco (IPA), located in Arcoverde-PE. Plants were analyzed by 19 morphologic characteristics and 20 chemical and nutritional attributes. The results of the study of the chemical and nutritional profile of the cladodes of cactus pear varieties confirm the nutritive value so much in animal nutrition how much in human nutrition. The components chemical and nutritional of the cactus pear have a wide variation so much in its composition how much in its content, and vary between plant species studied, within the same species, among cladodes within the genotype and season collect material. The studies confirmed that the secondary metabolites (bioactive compounds) present in the cactus pear have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against cells of human cancer studied (HCT-116-colon rectal, SF-295-glioblastoma and OVCAR-8-ovarian carcinoma). These substances are of the class of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) and/or sterols identified in the cladodes. Just as in the chemical composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the extract ethanol crude of cladodes varies between plant species studied, within the same species, seasons of the year and types of cancer cells. The results of the study of genetic diversity using phenotypic, chemical and nutritional characteristics indicated that the water content, fresh weight, flavonoid content and potassium of the cladodes were the characteristics that most contributed to the genetic variability between genotypes. These characteristics are significantly correlated to dry weight, width, length, area, nitrogen free extract and phenolic compounds of cladodes. This research also grouped the varieties according to their similarities, in two to five groups different, facilitating the choice of viable crosses between genotypes, aiming genetic gains between the characteristics of interest.

The yam responds to nitrogen and potassium fertilization with increased production and improvement in the quality of tubers. In view of the above, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the yield and quality of the yam as a function of nitrogen and potassium doses. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the Agricultural Sciences Center of the Federal University of Paraíba, Areia-PB, Brazil, and used the experimental design in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five nitrogen doses ( 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg ha-¹), and five doses of potassium (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg ha-¹) with four replicates. The experimental plots consisted of 60 plants (six rows of 10 plants), spaced 1.2 x 0.6 m, and the useful area was composed of 32 plants contained in the central rows. The evaluated characteristics were the average mass of commercial tubers, total and commercial yields of tubers, percentage of nematode infected tubers, starch, gray and moisture contents, SPAD index and leaf contents of N, P and K. The results were submitted to the analysis of variance, using the F test and polynomial regression analysis to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and potassium doses on the evaluated characteristics. The average mass, total and commercial productivity were influenced in isolation by the nitrogen and potassium doses, and the commercial productivity surpassed the national average. The percentage of tubers with symptoms of nematode attack reduced with nitrogen and potassium doses. The interaction between nitrogen and potassium provided a reduction in the starch content and increased the ash content in the yams' tubers, and the moisture content increased with the nitrogen and potassium doses. Foliar N and K contents increased as a function of nitrogen and potassium rates, and the P content decreased.

Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.) is a perennial cycle plant whose therapeutic properties have given importance to farmers. However, this culture has suffered severe damage aphid Hiadaphis foeniculi (Passerini), which cause serious damage to farmers. In the biological control of pests, the lacewings are characterized by greed in young stage, and the Ceraeochrysa cubana specie (Hagen) has been recognized as an important predator help reduce the population density of aphids. Considering the importance of fennel culture as a strategy for family farming, this study aimed to evaluate the biological aspects and predatory capacity as well as the functional response of C. cubana fed H. foeniculi. To evaluate the biological aspects and predatory capacity, the treatments consisted of eggs Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (witness), aphid 1st and 2nd instar, aphids 3rd and 4th instars and aphids of different ages, offered to C. cubana larvae, each treatment consisting of 10 repetitions, which were evaluated on development and larval and pupal viability and the green lacewing the predation capacity. The analysis of the functional response larvae were used first, second and third instars C. cubana, which were fed on three different densities and food schemes of aphid. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 3x3x3 with 10 repetitions each treatment. To study the search time and handling C. cubana larvae in the three instars fed H. foeniculi being created in the previous instar larvae with A. kuehniella eggs and/or nymphs of H. foeniculi were used six treatments with 10 replicates each. The larval and pupal C. cubana were not affected by diet with aphids, checking up great potential for adaptation of this predator to prey in laboratory conditions. There was a stabilizing tendency in the consumer first and third instar larvae of C. cubana fed on aphids of the different instars at densities 2 and 3, and a reduced fuel consumption for second instar larvae of the green lacewing in density 3, when fired with aphids 1st and 2nd instars, with a functional response type II. The shorter searching time was given to second and third instars of the green lacewing, with no statistical difference in feed function in the preceding stage of larvae between them. As to handling time, there is no significant difference between the treatments. It was concluded that, based on the parameters evaluated, C. cubana proved to be a potential predator of H. foeniculi.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are phytophagous insects with species that can assume the status of pest in fruit. In Brazil, studies have indicated variations in the diversity of fruit flies, population dynamics and in the interactions with hosts and parasitoids, being fundamental information for an effective control. However, in the Northeast, especially in the state of Paraíba, information on the bioecology of these tefritídeos is scarce. The objective of this study was to characterize the populations of fruit flies in the Brejo Paraibano region through faunal indexes and to evaluate the effect of the use of biodegradable coating on the control and quality of 'Paluma' guava fruits. The research was developed in the Brejo region of Paraiba, covering two rural properties in each municipality, georeferenced and identified according to the criterion of diversity of fruit species, using Invertebrate Zoology laboratories and Post Harvest Physiology Laboratory. The work was developed, addressing the aspects explained above, being divided into four articles. In article I, we studied the faunistic analysis of the community of fruit flies and the similarity between these populations in the municipalities. The population survey was carried out from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 3,159 fruit flies were captured, of which 85.57% belonged to the genus Anastrepha and 14.43% to the genus Ceratitis. 11 species of fruit flies were caught in the traps. The municipalities studied showed similarity of 54%, which indicates high similarity between the areas. In article II, we aimed to obtain information about the host of fruit flies, their parasitoids and their relationships (parasitoid / fruit fly / host), aiming at the elaboration of future systems of integrated management of these tefritídeos. The botanical species identified as host of fruit flies, belonged to six families and eight fruit species, presenting a richness of 11 species. The diversity of hosts and the availability of fruits are determinant factors for the types of associations between the species of tefritídeos. In article III, the research had as objective to evaluate the population fluctuation of fruit flies and to correlate this information with the phenology of the culture as well as the meteorological elements. In all months of the year infestation of fruit flies was observed for both genera, however the genus Anastrepha excelled in relation to the genus Ceratitis. The MAD index in some municipalities was higher than 0.5 and it is recommended to control the fruit flies in these areas. In article IV, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the use of biodegradable coating associated to different temperature on x the control and quality of guava fruit 'Paluma' infested by C. capitata. The use of biodegradable coatings associated with low temperatures promoted a lethal effect on eggs and larvae of C. capitata, reducing damage and larval survival in infested fruits, preserving the quality and appearance of the fruits and prolonging shelf life.

The fruit production has represented an important role in job generation and income in Paraiba State. The cultivation of the banana has become the main agricultural activity in the Microregion of Brejo Paraibano. To evaluate the sustentability indicators of its agricultural system, it was used data from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), since 2005 to 2015, field research – interviews and chemical and physical analysis of soils, and Sepúlveda methodology (2008), in 40 agricultural proprieties of Alagoa Nova and Bananeiras counties. It has been found that banana culture is dominating in harvested area, production value and gross monetary income, above all further cultures in Brejo, and the equations of regression of the linear model indicate significant decline in all analysed variables to the total crop, permanente crop and the banana culture. It has been found, yet, that, in the analysed counties, the soils showed themselves, for their texture and base saturation, respectively, favorably conditions to banana harvest and with appropriate fertility level, even it has presented low exchangeble potassium content e medium organic matter content. In spite of the favorably conditions, the sustentability indicators of sustentability of banana culture showed, in these two counties, index with instability level in socio-demographic and enviromental dimensions - enhancing public health problems and environmental disbalance, and index with critical level in economic and political-institutional dimensions - showing problems in the organizing and productive, commercial and technical-scientific integration of rural producers.

The Solanaceae family comprises approximately 2.500 species and about 100 genera distributed throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. The Solanum genus, the largest in the family, comprises about 1.500 species, some of them of economic importance such as crops, medicinal plants, toxic or invasive. Most of the studies dealing with germination of Solanum are restricted to species of agricultural, toxic or medicinal importance, and no in depth studies on native species are recognized. In this work, the germination and vigor of seeds of Solanum wild species, as well as Physalis angulata, were analyzed using two constant temperatures (20 and 30°C) and an alternating temperature of (20-30°C) and seeds kept in a substrate of paper roll and gerbox boxes. In general, all species presented better vigor and germination at the alternate temperature, with variable results regarding the substrate, although with a slight superiority to the seeds in the paper roll substrate. On the other hand, the values obtained for vigor and twinning in the other species were unsatisfactory, suggesting that the conditions of the experiment were not enough to provide the dormancy in these species.

Soybeans are the fastest growing crop in the last three decades in the agricultural sector and account for 49% of the area planted to grain in the country. The increase of this crop and the great increase of this productivity is associated to several factors, such as new technologies, soil management and the capacity of the producers to connect all these components. Soybean production could be higher, considering that 40% of the soybean planted in Brazil still suffers from Nitrogen deficiency (N), a nutrient that is required in greater quantity by the soybean crop. The most efficient way of introducing nitrogen fixing bacteria into an agricultural area is through the inoculation of the soybean seed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production components and different doses of the liquid inoculant in two soybean varieties, the M 8349 IPRO and the M 8808 IPRO adapted to the Northeast region. The experiment was carried out from March to June 2018, in an experimental area belonging to the Agricultural Sciences Center of the Federal University of Paraíba, located in the city of Areia-PB. The experimental design consisted of a factorial 2 x 4 consisting of four dosages of the liquid inoculant, where it was conducted in randomized blocks, with 3 replications totaling 24 plots. The experimental units consisted of four 3m lines, spaced 0.50 meters apart. The useful area was formed by the two central lines, where the data regarding the characteristics evaluated were: plant height (cm), height of insertion of the first pod (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, mass of one thousand seeds (g) and productivity (kg.ha-1). The averages were evaluated using the Tukey test at 1% and 5% probability. Significant effects were found for plant height and one thousand seed mass, which corresponded to the highest inoculant dose (7.5 mL). Concluding that it obtained good conditions for development.

Microalgae are essential elements in many applications, including biomass production and use as food for aquaculture, as they form the basis of the marine food chain. Such algae can be grown in various environments, provided that it contains the appropriate culture medium for its development. However, natural culture media are not always available, implicating in the use of artificial methods for cultivation. There are several artificial cultivation methods available, but none of them are inexpensive. This research proposes to elaborate and test artificial culture media for three species of marine microalgae (Isochrysis sp., Chaetoceros sp. and Tetraselmis sp.), these being low cost and produced from artificial marine water and desalinator discard water enriched with compost residues. The proposed means of cultivation were elaborated, being carried out tests and collected the results referring to the evolution of the populations in the same ones. The microalgae Isochrysis sp. presented the best results in an artificial medium made from desalinator discard water, with a maximum cell density of 108.7 x 104 cells/mL reached on the 18th day of culture. Also Chaetoceros sp. showed the highest growth burst, reaching the peak of 87 x 104 cells/mL on the 6th day of culture. Therefore, the viability of the artificial culture media enriched with compost extract for the cultivation of microalgae was validated, being able to be applied as food in diverse aquaculture modalities and to be used to improve the quality of life of the fishing communities of Paraíba State.

Taught forty-nine times between 1756 and 1796, Kant's Physical Geography courses were conceived – together with those of Anthropology – as "propaedeutics" and "condition of possibility" for all forms of practical knowledge of the world, Among its most outstanding goals, "to civilize young students to become 'citizens of the world'." Kant understands by Physical Geography an empirical form of knowledge of spatial ordering and structures, producer of local and regional truths territorially derived from specific rules of citizenship. Until very recently neglected by scholars, the Physical Geography Courses were insufficiently explored and thus also the then visible implications that this empirical discipline has for Kant's conception of cosmopolitan ethics and education. It is necessary, therefore, to surpass the asystematic character of its composition, the prejudices therein manifested and the curiosities devoid of scientificity, and to systematically consider its general ideas and purposes, which have a direct repercussion on the Kantian understanding of pedagogy and morality.

This thesis, of a qualitative-interpretative nature, developed within a school of the municipal network of Esperança - PB, has as corpus of analysis texts generated in the contact with the teacher and with the students of a class of the 3rd year of the Literacy Cycle, through a semistructured interview; texts generated in the transcription of the classes filmed and texts produced by the students, under the guidance of the collaborator, in the second semester of the 2016 school year. It is based on a discursive perspective of language and supported by the theoretical and methodological contributions of the New Studies of Literature (KLEIMAN, 1995; ROAR, 2009; SOARES, 2016a, STREET, 2014), in the presuppositions of Bakhtin's thought, and responsiveness (BAKHTIN, 2011; BAKHTIN / VOLOSCHINOV, 2009; SOBRAL, 2009) and in the studies that have directed the teaching of the written language modality (ANTUNES, 2003; BENTES, 2012; BUNZEN, 2006, MENEGASSI, 2010; REINALDO 2003 ; VAL; VIEIRA, 2005; GERALDI, 2013; SERCUNDES 2011), the present thesis aims to understand the conception of the process of rewriting of the student from the classroom practices in a class of the 3rd year of the Literacy Cycle. Based on the articulation of the information gathered in the research, we established 3 (three) thematic axes for discussion and data analysis: 1) representations about the practice of teaching writing; 2) representations about the mediating actions undertaken for the development of the rewriting process; and, finally, 3) representations about the student's rewriting conception. From the systematization of the teaching of writing proposed by the teacher, we return to the assertion that human activities are directly related to the use of language, which is performed through oral and written utterances, uttered by members of the most varied fields of human knowledge. activity (BAKHTIN, 2011). Therefore, given the different situations and needs of interaction, the statements are consolidated and are reference for the production of new texts. Thus, only one application of an interactionist view of writing could be an analysis of classroom practices and a project of understanding student rewriting. Under this aspect, the results of this thesis indicate that the representations of the work with the writing reveal the adoption of a procedural and interactive perspective, since the systematization of the teaching of this modality dialogues with the vision that it is necessary to create significant practices of learning of the writing; that the oral interventions directed collectively towards the group in the revision process lead the learner to become an active participant, having to collaborate with the establishment of the dialogue during the activity, although the prioritization of aspects related to textualization should configure rewriting as a correction activity; that the identification of the changes made by the children and the analysis of their interpretations about these actions favor the observation of a conception of rewriting still under construction, a finding that was only possible thanks to the discourse established between researcher and students, a necessary action for the consolidation of the rewriting process in the early years.

Sensationalism history have been closely following Press history from the start. Nowadays, publishing ethical concerns question why such hard earned values in Brazil, like ethics, are neglected or weakened when journalism practices sensationalism, considering it has costed the lives of many publicists. This study investigates the creation of verbal discourses in Já Paraíba, an unashamedly sensationalist daily newspaper from the state of Paraíba, focusing on two tragedies: the criminal cases of Fernanda Ellen (2013) and Goiana (2015), in which, respectively, one girl and two women were murdered in João Pessoa, the capital of the state. It also aims to study what strategies the newspaper uses to persuade the reader, with an emphasis on sensational characteristics. An amount of 32 published articles and covers were selected, from the first investigations to the explanation of the crimes, when the alleged perpetrators were arrested. We applied in the analysis the principles of Greimasian semiotics, which consider the text a meaningful whole, whose message is understood in a sequence of levels. That was connected to the notion of ethos developed by D. Maingueneau and to the mimetic games of time in narrative, by Paul Ricoeur. Based on the discourse strategies that the newspaper pursued, we looked into which effects of meaning they used to forge a recognizable style intended to keep readers interest. As a result, the investigation proposes that the flexible ethics in Já newspaper spread fait divers all over the news practices. Their discourse depicts a world divided between the forces of good and evil, surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery, gossip and thirst for revenge, and it is dramatic to the point of making the sensations more relevant than the information.

The great majority of plants of high economic value exhibit sensitivity to soil salts and irrigation water, thus justifying the need for research that involves alternatives to overcome the deleterious effects of salinity on plants. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the behavior of watermelon irrigated with saline water and fertilized with bovine manure, based on physiological variables of gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in the 5 x 2 factorial scheme, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) without and with the application of manure -winter, with four replicates and three useful plants per plot. Stomatal conductance, transpiration, liquid photosynthesis, internal CO2 concentration, and the instantaneous efficiency of water use by the A / E ratio, and the instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation by the A / Ci ratio were estimated. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, chlorophyll a + b, chlorophyll a / b and extravasation of electrolytes were also quantified. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. The manure averages were compared by the F test. For the electrical conductivity, a polynomial regression analysis was performed. Analyzes of major components were also performed. The increase in the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water decreased the levels of photosynthetic pigments and increased the extravasation of cellular electrolytes, reducing the photosynthetic efficiency in plants of watermelon. The application of bovine manure in the soil attenuated the effect of saline stress only on chlorophyll b and carotenoids. The salinity of the water inhibited the gas exchanges, with greater effect on the stomatal conductance, liquid photosynthesis and the transpiration of the plants.

Corn is one of the most studied cultures around the world because of its importance in human and animal nutrition. In the search for high seed quality standard, the phase of processing is configured as an important step in the production process of the same. Thus the aim of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigor of maize cv. BR-5011 Sertanejo during the beneficiation process. The experiment was conducted at Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, for characterization of damage in seeds as a function of processing. The evaluation of the quality of the seeds was performed using the following tests: water content, germination and vigor (first count and the speed of germination and field emergence, field emergence, length and seedling dry weight, cold test accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and germination at low temperature). The experimental design was completely randomized, with the exception of emergency tests, for which we adopted the design of randomized blocks. Corn seeds cv. BR-5011 Sertanejo. Physiological best quality are those obtained in the machine and air screen as well as the gravity separator and the screens 20, 22 and 24 reduces the germination and vigor.

Considering the importance of identification of Colletotrichum species associated with cotton plants as well as the lack of information about the systematic species, the aim of this work was the realization of characterization morphological and pathogenic of isolates of C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides and C. gossypii subjected to different temperatures, in order to identify possible differences between the two species and evaluate the use of molecular markers for the differentiation of C. gossypii and C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides. Five isolates of C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides and five isolates of C. gossypii were incubated at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Were mensured the mycelial growth, sporulation, the size of conidia as well as topography and color of the colony and the DNA these isolates was used for analysis with molecular markers ERIC-PCR, ISSR, IRAP, REMAP and Box-PCR. Cultural characterization data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test. Pathogenicity data were analyzed employing the Generalized Linear Model. The results revealed that there were differences among the isolates in relation to mycelial growth and sporulation of the two species at different temperatures, no variation in the length and width of conidia was observed. C. gossypii expressed anthracnose symptoms, while symptoms ramulosis were observed only in plants inoculated with C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides. The combination of the five markers amplified 54 loci, of which 48% were polymorphic. The most informative marker was ERIC-PCR. The patterns of DNA bands were used to calculate the values of genetic similarity, which showed minimal similarity of 55% and a maximum of 100%. The dendrogram showed two distinct groups, one including all isolates characterized as C. gossypii and the other group of isolates of C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides indicating that molecular techniques based on the combination of markers ERIC-PCR, ISSR, IRAP, REMAP and Box-PCR were efficient to differentiate C. gossypii of C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides.