RCAAP Repository

The domestication of some animal species, aiming to supply human demands took a few thousand years. This time was not sufficient to remove several defense mechanisms developed over millions of years. Thus, even living in a totally changed environment and often free of any predators, many species still preserve the essential behaviors and former defense mechanisms. These are essentially individual in all species. But many species have social mechanisms aimed at preserving the group. The IT is an innate defense response, characterized by a state of profound physical inactivity and relative unresponsiveness to the environment. This response can be triggered by a wide range of species of vertebrates and invertebrates and is also known as an animal hypnosis or play dead. The IT appears as the last resort used by trapped in extreme effort for survival and aims to reduce the likelihood of attack maintenance, since the movement of the prey stimulates continuity. Studies have shown that contact with humans can reduce IT responses in animals. The social signaling imminent danger plays an important anti-predation adaptive function in many species. In this sense, social learning is a tool used by some species to transmission of environmental information between individuals of the group, quickly and efficiently. In the case of fear responses, animals may exhibit fear or not behavior from observing the behavior of conspecifics. In our study, we evaluated the effect of human contact on the TI responses in guinea pigs. We also evaluated the effect of cohabitation (non-fearful animals with fearful animals) on their TI responses. To achieve this, we measured the TI responses induced by postural inversion and restraint in guinea pigs after different treatments. In our first experiment, we determined the effect of human contact on TI responses by establishing 3 treatment groups: no contact, handled, and tamed. In our second experiment, we addressed the effect of social learning on TI response by testing TI response in tamed and untamed animals that had cohabitated for 10 days. In the first experiment, 10 days of either handling or taming the guinea pigs did not prevent TI, but it did increase latency and decrease duration of the TI behavior in the guinea pigs. In the second experiment, the cohabitation of untamed and tamed animals reduced TI duration in the untamed guinea pigs. These data suggest that both forms of human interaction can reduce experimenter fear in guinea pigs. It therefore seems that 3 untamed guinea pigs learn not to fear the experimenter by cohabitating with tamed guinea pigs.

The quality of the coffee depends on several factors related to all stages of production, from the choice of species (or varieties) and from the transformations during the roasting to the preparation of the beverage. However, quality can be altered by the illicit practice of adulteration, which consists of contamination by husks and sticks and other adulterants to roasted and ground coffee. Thus, tampering causes the alteration of sensory properties and causes costly damage to the soil due to the high coffee consumption by Brazilians. In view of the above, the following work proposes the development of new, simple, fast and low-cost methodologies combining the use of digital images and ultraviolet and visible molecular absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) with the methods of recognition of supervised standards such as SIMCA, PLS-DA and SPA-LDA, for the construction of chemometric classification models. In fact, the constructed models discriminated and classified the adulterated coffees of the non-adulterated coffees, which can be verified through the performance evaluation parameters of the models, related to accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the training and test sets presented in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2. Therefore, the best results were obtained for the digital and ultraviolet (UV) images with the PLS-DA and SPA-LDA modeling compared to SIMCA modeling. In the modeling of the digital images, the PLS-DA presented the following percentage of correctness for the training and test sets, according to Table 1.1: PLS-DA accuracy (73.0%), sensitivity (69.0%) and specificity (76.0%); accuracy (90.0%), sensitivity (94.0%) and specificity (85.0%) and SPA-LDA ; accuracy (95.0%), sensitivity (95.0%) and specificity (95.0%); SIMCA accuracy (60.0%), sensitivity (80.0%) and specificity (51.1%); accuracy (82.5%), sensitivity (93.3%) and specificity (76.0%). In the modeling of the ultraviolet (UV) aqueous extracts the PLS-DA, SPA-LDA and SIMCA presented the following percentage of correct answers for the training and test sets according to Table 1.2. PLS-DA accuracy (96.8%), sensitivity (97.3%) and specificity (96.1%); accuracy (97.4%), sensitivity (100.0%) and specificity (94.7%); SPA-LDA accuracy (100,0%), sensitivity (100,0%) and specificity (100,0%); accuracy (100.0%), sensitivity (100.0%) and specificity (100.0%); SIMCA accuracy (73.0%), sensitivity (62.2%) and specificity (88.5%); accuracy (79.5%), sensitivity (65.0%) and specificity (94.7%). Therefore, the proposed methodologies developed can ensure the purchase of coffee marketed without the presence of the adulterant, husks and sticks. In this way, it will be possible to mitigate costly damages to society and help the quality control of the coffee to the inspection and commercialization (MAPA, ANVISA and ABIC).

Several plants have antimicrobial effects, which may represent an alternative therapy for various infectious diseases. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of glycolic extracts of propolis and Hamamelis virginiana L. against strains patterns of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by broth microdilution tests on Müller Hinton broth, and the drugs prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and standardized inoculum to be 0.5 of the McFarland scale (106 CFU / ml). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations Hamamelis virginiana L. extract were respectively for S. aureus 100 ug / ml and 200 ug / ml and E. coli 200 ug / ml and 250 ug / ml. In the tested experimental conditions, the extracts showed antibacterial activity against the strains S. aureus and E. coli.

The reflections presented in this text presents with the processes operationalized control and domination within the school, problematizing the relations of power established by them, having as point of reference the operative discourses on social markers of difference: race, gender and sexuality. In this way, I develop a study that problematizes the epistemological bases that underpin these systems of domination contributing to the construction of social identification processes, investing in the production of differences as relational complexes. In this perspective, the purpose of this work is realize and understand, from the Estanislau Eloy Municipal School, the impacts of the transformations under way in Brazil, mapping the discursive and epistemological interlocutions articulated to the processes of control and domination, that happens in education field. In this way, the problematizations presented here, shows that the school and curriculum are important devices that make dynamics of control and social domination, with reference to the production of subjects normalized and abject. These dynamics contribute to the consolidation of social values previously established at the same time as they invest against subjects that blur the boundaries set by discourses on gender identities and sexualities considered deviant, slipping into forms of physical violence and within and outside educational space.

Esta tesis doctoral, desarrollada en régimen de cotutela entre la Universidad Federal de Paraíba (UFPB/Brasil) y la Universidad de Barcelona (UB/España), enfoca la problemática de la subrepresentación de las mujeres en STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) en Brasil. Su objetivo fue el de evaluar la implementación y los resultados de 11 proyectos de inclusión de niñas en STEM, desarrollados en el estado de Paraíba, a partir de las perspectivas de los/as involucrados/as en las universidades y en las escuelas de Enseñanza Media Innovadora ProEMI, una iniciativa pionera de política educativa, que tuvo como objetivo contribuir a la equidad de género en la formación superior. En el campo de la Educación, en diálogo con el paradigma crítico, con enfoque feminista, recorte de género y enlace en las políticas públicas, fue construida a partir de la investigación empírica que trianguló múltiples fuentes de evidencia: observaciones, entrevistas y análisis documental. Diseñada como estudios de caso de carácter evaluativo, desarrollado a la luz del enfoque da abordage del ciclo de Política - ACP de Sthepen Ball, incluidos los cinco pasos: contexto del influencia, el contexto de la producción de texto, el contexto de los resultados o efectos, contexto de la práctica y contexto de la estrategia política, a través de la técnica de análisis de contenido, con la ayuda del software Iramuteq. En cuanto al contexto de influencia, los resultados comprobaron la relevancia de la actuación de las gestoras nacionales y de coordinadoras involucradas en las disputas por financiamiento para políticas con foco en la equidad de género. En lo que se refiere al contexto de la producción del texto, se encontró descompas entre los objetivos de la CP y la realidad de las escuelas de Enseñanza Media Innovadora - ProEMI. En cuanto al contexto de la práctica, se detectó que la perspectiva de género, propuesta, perdió espacio para las investigaciones específicas de las áreas de actuación de los/las coordinadores/as en las acciones de los proyectos y fue reforzada por la incredulidad de los/las docentes de las escuelas y de las universidades en el desarrollo en STEM. Sin embargo, en cuanto al contexto de los resultados, paradójicamente, se verificó la importancia de la iniciativa y el deseo de los participantes de que la CP Chinas en STEM es una política pública continua. Para las estudiantes universitarias, posibilitó la creación de redes de apoyo que fueron importantes para concluir sus cursos; y para las estudiantes de enseñanza media, el contacto con las jóvenes de la universidad, con historias de vida similares a las suyas, posibilitó un reflejo y estímulo para llegar hasta la enseñanza superior. En cuanto al contexto de la estrategia política, la incredulidad en lo que se refiere al gendramiento sugiere que, en una nueva edición de la CP, la formación en género sea un aspecto a ser considerado y trabajado. En fin, la CP Chicas en STEM desempeñó un papel importante y debe ser reeditada.

The family farming areas of the municipalities of Esperança and Remigio, located in the Paraiba State Agreste, present as predominant soil the Regosol, with low availability of P and N, limiting crop productivity. To alleviate these nutrient deficiencies, organic fertilizers, especially cattle manure, are widely used by farmers. However, manure rates are applied empirically, often beyond necessary. Due to the excessive application of manure P is accumulated in the surface layer and released by vertical transport, causing eutrophication that generates economic and environmental damage. Given the above, it is necessary to study the vertical transport of P in the Regosols. Due to the levels of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxides that can adsorb P, even in small amounts, directly influence the availability of this nutrient in the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of Fe and Al oxides on sorption and miscible phosphorus displacement in areas fertilized and not fertilized with bovine manure and to relate them to the mineralogy and physicochemical factors of a eutrophic Regosol of Paraíba State Agreste region. Nine properties of family farmers were selected. Then a simple systematic random sampling was performed with the fixation of ten sampling points for each area, taking deformed soil samples at a depth of 0 - 10 cm, totaling 90 samples. After collection, the soil samples were physicochemical and mineralogical characterization (XRD and FRX). In all soil samples, were determined the sorption parameters of P. To achieve the proposed objectives two experiments were installed: In experiment I - P soil miscible displacement - The potential for P losses in columns of P was evaluated in fertilized and non-fertilized areas with bovine manure, and the influence of the amorphous and crystalline Fe and Al oxides contents on P. In experiment II - Soil samples from the nine selected areas were packed in columns and hydrodispersive soil characterization was performed using KBr. The miscible P displacement, native plus the inorganic P (P pulse), was evaluated in the vertical transport of P in the soil samples of the nine selected areas, whose numerical adjustment was performed using the Stanmod software. After the miscible displacement of P the column soils were used to determine P desorption by successive extraction of P adsorbed with the use of iron strips. The data from experiment II were submitted to first order pseudo-equation k-adsorption and desorption kinetic models. With the results of soil physical, chemical and mineralogical analyzes, and of experiments I and II, it was possible to organize three chapters: Chapter I - “Leaching of xviii P in Regosols in Family Farming Areas of the Semiarid Region”: In all areas it was observed that most of the P was removed up to 20 pore volume, which is equivalent to 40 mm of water monthly precipitation. High rates of manure for consecutive years resulted in a high loss of soil phosphorus (> 6.0 mg L-1). Chapter II - “P transport dynamics in Eutrophic Regosol”. The hydrodispersive characterization data with potassium bromide (KBr) confirmed its chemical non-equilibrium with the soil, representing a good tracer. There was a lower P leaching in columns with similar Fe and Al contents, being related to the increase of P adsorption capacity unlike the soil samples with varied Fe and Al contents, which presented a higher P displacement. Chapter III - "P sorption kinetics in Eutrophic Regosol in family farming areas". The highest P adsorption rate occurred in soil samples with varying Fe and Al contents, referring to the municipality of Esperança. While the behavior of phosphate desorption curves were identical for all areas, regardless of manure fertilization, desorbed phosphate decreased exponentially. The areas of Esperança, regardless of whether they were fertilized or not, showed a higher rate of phosphorus adsorption by Fe and Al oxides and a decrease in P. leaching. In the fertilized and non-fertilized areas in Remigio with similar Fe and Al contents, the kinetics of phosphate adsorption and desorption were similar to those of Esperança. Remigio areas showed higher desorption rate than adsorption rate and an increase in P leaching, indicating that this adsorption was influenced by the presence of goethite (Gt) in the clay fraction, by the low rates of P via organic fertilization and also because the soil itself has very low initial P levels when compared to the areas of Esperança. In this study, it is evident that the P leaching in a sandy soil is an environmental risk, because the soil mineralogy presents predominantly negative charges.

Several efforts have been made in recent years in the development of ceramic membranes from low-cost raw materials. The reuse of kaolin waste is shown as an alternative to less environmental impact and economic interest. The treatment of this waste by hydrocyclone appears as an efficient alternative for its adequacy to the ceramic production cycle, being able to have applicability in the production of ceramic membranes. The development of interconnected pores in ceramic membranes is due to the introduction of pore-forming agents, normally organic, thus, studies of the use of wood sawdust waste as pore-forming agents in order to provide adequate porosity, combined with a high permeate flow and low depreciation of mechanical strength are also essential. The work has, therefore, the objective of studying and developing porous ceramic membranes from the use of fine (FF) and coarse (FG) fractions resulting from the hydrocyclone of the fine kaolin waste (RCF), using wood sawdust waste as pore-forming agent. The work involved initially the hydrocyclone of the RCF and the mineralogical, chemical, thermal and granulometric characterization of the RCF, FF, FG and, of the clay. Then, studies were carried out between two types of sawdust wastes in a comparative manner in relation to the moisture content, grain size by sieving, fire loss and the appropriate percentage, thus defining the type, retained in sieve and percentage more adequate to obtain the ceramic membranes. Five formulations were analyzed technologically by varying the ratio of FF and FG in obtaining ceramic membranes in disk form and at three firing temperatures: 1150 ° C, 1200 ° C and 1250 ° C. At the end, the obtained membranes were characterized in a mineralogical and morphological manner and evaluated the properties of permeate flow and compressive strength. The results indicate that the membrane of formulation D (3FG:1FF) presented the best results, with the highest compressive strength, 28.65 MPa at 1200 ° C, however, with pores above 10 μm, limiting it to applications such as filtration.

Hydrogen (H2) as fuel has been considered as the most promising source of renewable energy to meet growing global demand. Among H2 production methods, water splitting can produce high purity H2 and in a sustainable way. This occurs through two half reactions, that is the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). However, the OER is a slow reaction due to the various steps involved in the process. For this reason, there is a great call for the development of nanocatalysts based on earth-abundant metals (Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Ca) for the OER. Among the most varied types of nanostructures, nanofibers (one-dimensional structures, 1D) are presented as efficient supports for catalysis due to their high surface area. In this work, Solution Blow Spinning (SBS) method was used to produce solid and hollow nanofibers of some metal oxides (Ca3Co4O9-δ, NiO, CuFe2O4, CoFe2O4 e NiFe2O4) based on non-noble metals with potential to be used as electrocatalysts of the OER in alkaline medium. A series of morphological, structural, elemental and electrochemical characterization techniques were performed to provide detailed compression on the influence of morphological parameters on the performance of each catalyst. Hollow fibers with average diameter on range 200 - 257 nm and highly rough surface were obtained. It was observed that the performance for the OER is dependent on the morphological characteristics of these materials (diameter, crystallite size, tubular wall thickness and roughness). With superior activity to 1D, 2D and 3D materials of the same composition reported in the literature. From general results, when compared with nanoparticles, it was concluded that the structure of the fibrillar morphology of nickel-oxide puts an important rule in the overall performance of the electrocatalyst. Also influenced by route of synthesis, which contributed to the formation of a greater amount of active species for the OER on the surface of electrode, reflecting directly in the electrochemically active area (ECSA).

Migratory birds suffer great physical and energy requirements, with the massive use of body energy reserves. Long distances can take migratory birds to dehydration and depletion of fat reserves. Furthermore, it is commonly observed decrease in weight of body, musculature, peritoneal fat and various organs. Some studies have found that liver and intestine also suffer from weight variation. Liver is an important organ for the assessment of the general state of migratory birds, providing valuable information about their physiological state, as it has important functions like metabolism of substances, glycogen storage, detoxification and synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are significant differences in the assessment of Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) liver in newly arrived birds in wintering site and birds in the middle of the wintering period in Northeast Brazil, emphasizing the evaluation of parameters of biochemical liver function, evaluation of liver composition, evaluation of deposition of hepatic glycogen and histopathologic analysis of liver tissue. The data revealed that there are significant differences in the liver composition, liver deposition of glycogen and liver histopathology findings, as well as the average values of serum albumin between the newly arrived birds and birds among the wintering period. Most of the findings were beneficial and showed that wintering sites are important areas for conservation of the species. Also, the negativity was found to Pasteurella spp., Mycobacterium spp. and Salmonella spp. as agents of hepatic granulomas observed in birds during the two periods analyzed. It is noteworthy that this is the first liver evaluation study in Calidris pusilla in wintering sites in Northeastern Brazil and it is expected that these results serve as subsidies for future studies related to the pathophysiology and investigation of potential etiological agents of liver injury observed.

Despite the intense evolution reproductive biotech pregnancy failures still can not be avoided. The beginning of pregnancy is a critical period because it is associated with a higher number of failures in the development of pregnancy. In humans, this number varies between 15% and 19% spontaneus pregnancies. Failures in the implantation are still higher after IVF, reaching losses of 80-90% of human embryos. In cattle, when considering pregnancies of in vitro produced embryos such losses are even more significant. Manipulated embryos are more prone to failure. In order to determine the influence of bovine embryo on gene expression of SLC2A1, AQP1, AQP11 and GATM in the placenta were collected cotyledon-associated caruncles and caruncles from non-gravid horn were collected of cows submitted to artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) at 30, 35 and 40 days of gestation. The relative expression of the genes was determined by real time qPCR. The genes were selected according to their activity in metabolism and cellular transport. AQP1 showed higher transcript at 30 and 35 days in IA pregnancies, but in IVF pregnancies, the term was reduced to 35 days in cotyledon-associated caruncles horn. AQP11 expression was increased in cotyledon-associated caruncles horn throughout the analyzed period in AI and IVF pregnancies and SLC2A1 showed higher expression in cotyledon-associated caruncles in IA pregnancies, however, there were no significant differences in IVF pregnancies. GATM showed lower expression in cotyledon-associated caruncles throughout the analyzed period in IA pregnancies, but this lower expression was observed only after 40 days in IVF pregnancies. The results indicate that the embryo modulates the dynamics of uterine gene expression during placentation and the embryo manipulation can alter the gene expression profile in this period.

Migration became a habit among several animal such as birds of the order Charadriiformes. Investigations of this group are necessary owing to the lack of information about major aspects to the physiology of migration. In the present study were analyzed the effects of migration in morphology of the specie Calidris pusilla which migrates to Brazil during winter, arriving at September or October and coming back between March and May to reproductive areas. Specimens captured from coast of the Paraíba had have removed a fragment of the pectoral muscles. It was fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for histological practices following pattern procedures. Expressive differences were found during the time that these birds stayed in Brazil, including increased diameter of pectoral muscle fibers, and initial reduction followed by subsequent increase of intestinal villus. Otherwise intestinal crypts increased their depth in the first half of wintering with a decrease in the second half. When it was evaluated the index of intestinal goblet cells, there were no significant variations. It can be concluded that histomorphometric changes occur that make these birds adapted to the different moments of the migration.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the selection process of the University Restaurant (RU) student aid in Campus I in order to understand if the criteria established in the Pro-Rectory's for Student Assistance and Promotion (PRAPE) edicts, in addition to the criteria National Program of Student Assistance (PNAES), were decisive in the final results. This is a documentary research with a qualitative approach to documentary analysis and quantitative data. The data analyzed refer to the relation between the demand for the mentioned aid, criteria established in the edicts, and the reasons for the declassifications in the selective processes for the granting of Campus I Universitarian Restaurant assistance. Data collection was done through the formalization of a process together with PRAPE, when the number of disqualified students was requested and the reasons for the disqualification of these students. The subjects of the research were the candidates who had the result rejected / not approved in the selective processes for granting the RU aid of the campus I, being established a sample of 10% to analyze the reasons for the disqualification. The theoretical basis was based on the concept of student assistance as a social policy and the focus of this policy. We also discussed the process of expansion of higher education in Brazil, the enrollment of students in situations of socioeconomic vulnerability and the PNAES as a policy of permanence and evidence aspects pertinent to student assistance in the UFPB. Analyzing the edicts, it was verified that PRAPE added criteria for access to benefits beyond those provided in the PNAES. In view of this, it was intended, based on the disqualification opinion, to recognize the applicability of the PRAPE criteria for the granting of aid and the dimensions of exclusion and thus to contribute to a more inclusive concession process. The research concluded that the criteria added by PRAPE had little relevance in the declassifications of RU aid applicants, since the reason "incomplete documentation" was the most significant responsible for declassifications.

Due to their privileged morphophysiological characteristics and high adaptability to extreme effort, horses have an excellent athletic profile that is highly exploited by man for high performance sports. At this level, great physical requirements caused by the adopted training can cause serious physiological, biochemical, and hematological alterations that can compromise the clinical state, well-being, and athletic performance of the animal. Literature has few sport modalities that demand fast organic responses and high-intensity, although short-lasting, physical effort, such as fast starts, agility in changing directions, abrupt stops, and great physical strength. Thus, it is necessary to expand knowledge related to animal physiology during exercise, so as to obtain greater benefit of genetic potential and individualized training. This study aimed to evaluate physiological, biochemical and hematological parameters of equine athletes training for high intensity, short duration sports in a training situation. For this, 4 Quarter Horses ± 3.5 to 7 years of age were kept in individual stalls and submitted to the same nutritional, sanitary and training management practices. A short-distance race test with intense effort was performed 3 times on a 75-meter track with an average duration of 20 seconds and at two-minute intervals. Data collection was determined at rest, immediately after the test (at the end of the third race) and 5, 20 and 50 minutes after the test. The results indicated significant increases of the physiological parameters (HR, RR and RT) biochemical parameters (lactate, CK, LDH, total protein, albumin, triglyceride cholesterol, Ca+, P+, Mg2+, Na+) and hematological parameters (hematocrit, number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and number of lymphocytes). It had been observed that At the time of the evaluated period there were significant decreases in the values of the analyzed variables, allowing to deduce that the type of physical exercise imposed proves to be effective for observation and evaluation of the behavior of the physiological, biochemical and hematological variables for high intensity, short duration stimuli and that the proposed test can be a practical tool in monitoring and vii evaluating the effects of training on the competitive modalities that require great physical effort.

Aggressive behavior constitutes any action that either threatens or leads to or cause, destruction or damage to another organism. Agressive behavior has seen as an adaptive response, which is important to the evolution of the species. Several aggressive behavior models are used, however in most of them, the animals used have gone through domestication, which reduced markedly the aggressive behavior. Some male’s birds from Gallus gallus species can produce intraspecific aggressive responses innately. The present study evaluates the Gallus gallus aggressive behavior, intending to create an animal aggressive behavior model. Adult Gallus gallus weighting between 2.5 and 3.5 kg were used, the animals were placed in the arena measuring 2.0 m² and evaluated for 5 min. Animals were tested for their ability to elicit aggressive behavior. The animals were placed in front of inert stimuli: mirror or stuffed rooster, or the animals were divided in pairs and were placed in front of translucid plastic cylinder or frame, which allowed visual but non-physical contact. The data were analyzed by ANOVA repeated measures test where they were considered significant when p <0.05 and thus, the Tukey test post was performed. The animals expressed pecks and jumps as aggressive behaviors. The mirror test showed a significant reduction in jumps, on day 5. The Stuffed Rooster test did not present statistical difference of expression of the studied behavior across the time. The Cylinder test when the analyzed rooster was free in the arena and the Frame test did not show statistical difference and maintained the expression of aggressive behavior. Placing the rooster inside the cylinder, reduced numbers of jumps. Comparison between type of test showed that animals tested in Mirror or Stuffed Rooster tests have fewer jumps than the other groups. Additionally, the stuffed rooster test shows less pecking behavior the other groups. Our study showed that the main aggressive behaviors expressed by Gallus gallus animals were pecks and jumps. Also, the reaction from another rooster is important to maintenance of the aggressive behavior across successive tests. Based in results from current study we propose that the Cylinder test when the rooster positioned outside it and the frame test are most appropriate models to evaluate aggressive behavior in Gallus gallus.

Although Poincianella pyramidalis has been used therapeutically in humans, it has also been responsible for miscarriages and malformations in small ruminants, and experimental researches describing intoxication in goats, mollusks and bees have been reported, proving that the plant has toxic effects. The objective of this study was to analyze natural cases, investigate and map the cases of intoxication by P. pyramidalis in goats in the semi-arid region of the Northeast Brazil, as well as to determine the teratogenic effects in Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) and their concepts, proving, therefore, the toxic effects of the plant. Epidemiological investigations, clinical evaluations of goats affected by malformations and necropsies of aborted fetuses were carried out in 12 properties located in the municipalities of Gurjão and Soledade - Paraíba, and one in the municipality of Pau dos Ferros - Rio Grande do Norte. The study considered only the properties that had basically the presence of P. pyramidalis among teratogenic plants. In the property located in the municipality of Pau dos Ferros, it was verified the occurrence of many abortions and birth of malformed goats, affecting 90% of pregnant goats. In the 12 properties belonging to the municipalities of Gurjão and Soledade, spontaneous cases of embryonic mortality, miscarriages and malformations affected 257 goats (41.1% of the goats of the herd). Arthrogryposis was the main congenital malformation observed. Necropsy and histopathological exams of four fetuses accompanied by placentas did not detect the presence of infectious agents. The cases of embryonic loss, abortions and malformations were predominantly concentrated during the seasons of the year when pasture was scarce, but P. pyramidalis was available on the properties due to the occurrence of pre-season rains, which did not allow the germination of pasture, but regrowth of P. pyramidalis. In the experiment using rats, 30 pregnant female Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: experimental and control group. The experimental group was subdivided into three subgroups of five females (GI, GII and GIII), for each group were given a commercial diet with 30% of P. pyramidalis dry leaves ad libitum at different stages of gestation (1-7, 8-14, and 15-21 days). Control group received only the commercial diet ad libitum. It was decided that deliveries were normal. No differences were observed between the consumption of food and water among experimental groups and control group, nor did clinical changes occur in experimental groups. Most rats gave birth between 21-23 days. Rats from GI group had fetal reabsorption and other groups had small fetuses with bone malformation, which some of them born with congenital cataract. The results of this work demonstrate that P. pyramidalis causes problems in all stages of pregnancy, resulting in a high rate of fetal reabsorption, mortality in fetuses of goats and rats, as well as the birth of weak fetuses with morphological abnormalities.

This thesis aims to understand some characteristics of generational changes from the idea of childhood among residents of rural community in rural Pernambuco Feira Nova, located in Orobó, after the implementation of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF). This is because in the field, I noticed that the previous generation (parents and grandparents) to this that today is benefited by the PBF, denies having experienced childhood, since, in the eyes of this previous generation, this idea is currently related to triad: playfulness, schooling and not working. However, as explained below show, such a statement is due to the fact that childhood experienced by this previous generation could not feature this triad, but other brands, mainly related to work. And, as I conclude from the testimonies of the residents themselves, a childhood work is not a childhood. Among other things, because the work away from the school and the playful. This not experienced in childhood, as is known, historically repeated across generations. The PBF, however, is changing this process and contribute to the consolidation of that triad among children today are benefiting from the program. This is because, from a series of conditionalities required by the program, the child ceases to be immersed in the world of work and shall be included in the school world. Consequently, she began to have more free time to study and play. Another contribution is that the BFP is bringing children stay within their inbred family, once in New Fair occurred a kind of informal adoption among families considered poor. For all this, and other reasons that will be better detailed below, this paper will attempt to answer whether these generational changes regarding the notion of childhood are a invention of childhood.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a cutaneous neoplasm characterized by the presence of cancer cells, which originate from the cells of the epidermis, preventing cell differentiation and affecting the cutaneous attachments. Its main development factor is exposure to solar radiation, causing DNA damage. In response to the damage, repair mechanisms such as the mismatch repair mechanism (MMR) are used to maintain genomic integrity. The presence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MMR genes can promote changes in the activity of its gene product, leading to tumor progression and câncer. The present study analyzed the SNPs rs63751445 (A> G) and rs63751089 (T> C) in the MSH2 gene and rs863224614 (T> G) in the MSH6 gene, in 100 paraffin tissue samples from patients diagnosed with CBC in Paraíba. The results of the analyzes were obtained by the genotyping method Didesoxi Single Allele Specific PCR - DSASP. Bioestat software was used for the statistical analyzes, which consisted of Chi-square and Fisher Exact tests, with a significance level of 5%. Molecular anchoring tests (Docking) were performed in the Hex 8.0.0 software, for analyzes of the complexes, with the Pymol and the software WinCoot 0.8.4 was used. The observed and expected genotype frequency relation in the SNPs rs63751445, rs63751089 in the MSH2 gene and the rs863224614 SNP in the MSH6 gene indicate Hardy-Weinberg imbalance with X² = 100 and p-value <0.0001 associated with susceptibility to Basal Cell Carcinoma. The anchoring allowed to identify important interactions, wherein the substitution of Phenylalanine for Leucine the interaction with DG24 is lost, suggesting the compromise of the protein function. With a statistically significant association with susceptibility to the risk of developing BCC, the results obtained may be used as molecular marker potentials.

Thisthesisdealswithlocalizedstructuresinfieldtheoryinbothflatandcurvedspacetime. Initially, we investigate the presence of kinklike solutions in (1,1) dimensions in models with a single real scalar field and present a route to compactify them. Moreover, by extending the study to generalized models, we seek for conditions so that the models are twins, with the same solutions, energy densities and stabilities up to an arbitrary order, present a Born-Infeld-like model and reveal a class of models that share the same energy density and stability. Next, in (2,1) dimensions, we introduce a first order formalism in order to study vortices in Maxwell-Higgs and Chern-Simons-Higgs models. By using this formalism, we show a path to compactify the vortex and expatiate about twinlike models and vortices in vacuumless systems. Furthermore, we present a procedure to find analytical vortex solutions and to reconstruct the model. The thesis goes on with the study of vortices and monopoles in models with extra symmetries, where the fields accommodated by the additional symmetries act, in a first order level, as a source to the magneticpermeabilityofthemediuminwhichthevortexorthemonopoleisinserted. As one knows, kinks, vortices and monopoles are localized structures of topological nature. So, we also investigate models that support non-topological localized solutions, such as lumps and Q-balls. Regarding the lump, which exists in (1,1) dimensions, we discuss its compactification and present a compact model with all the results being analytical. Right after, we deal with complex scalar field models which support Q-balls, including their compact versions. In addition, we present models which engender stable split Qballs. Finally, inspired by kinklike models, we use the scalar field to construct symmetric and asymmetric hybrid branes in a curved spacetime in (4,1) dimensions with an extra dimension of an infinite extent.

Due to increasing energy demand and increasing scarcity of natural energy resources, the world is gearing up for an era of rising energy costs. In response to this worldwide concern, the use of energy from renewable sources and how to store it has become a focus of research among the scientific community. NiO and its composites are widely used in energy storage devices, mainly due to their high electrochemical activity. However, the evaluation of the battery-like behavior of NiO-based systems seems to be somewhat neglected in the literature. The purpose of this work was to study nickel oxide as a potential material for energy storage. NiO powders were obtained using the citrate, nitrate calcination, combustion and protein sol-gel methods. The structure and size of the particles of the calcined powders were investigated by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The network parameters were determined by Rietveld refinement of the diffraction data. The electrochemical performance of the powders was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical results highlight the electrode obtained by the nitrate calcination method as the one with the highest specific storage capacity according to GCD curves (45.25 C / g at 5 mV / s). The impedance results showed similar serial resistance values for the powders obtained by the calcination method of nitrate and citrate, about 0.22 Ω.

Introduction: Non-ionizing radiation (INR) is increasingly present in the daily lives of the population. There are several types of sources that emit INR ranging from mobile sources such as mobile phones to fixed sources such as power transformers and transmission lines. Associated with the comfort and well-being provided by technological advances, some epidemiological problems arise due to exposure to low frequency INR for long periods of time. Consistent epidemiological studies associate the emergence of childhood leukemia to residential exposure to INR, it is therefore important to investigate the factors responsible for exposure of the domestic environment to high levels of non-ionizing radiation, taking into consideration the sources of INRs internal to the residence and sources outside the home environment. Objective: To analyze the levels of non - ionizing radiation in residential environments of vertical buildings in areas of Brazilian regions. Methodology: Measurements of INR were performed in the adjacent living quarters (room, living room, kitchen, living room) adjacent to the electric power transformer located in neighborhoods of João Pessoa, Teresina, Manaus, Brasilia and Joinville. INR intensity data at the 60 Hz frequency were measured using the Spectran NF-5035 apparatus located near the entrance door of each environment over a 24hour period. Afterwards the behavior over time of the levels of INR through probabilistic distribution was analyzed, and comparisons were made between the measurements of each environment from graphical descriptive analyzes and through the statistical tests Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney, α = 0, 05. Taking into account the power of the energy transformer adjacent to the residence and the proximity between the buildings, the cartographic databases of the municipalities were evaluated the environment of buildings whose environments had elevated levels of non-ionizing radiation and / or with oscillations over a certain period of time. Finally, in order to verify if in the neighborhoods where the measurements were taken there are cases of childhood leukemia, the number of occurrence of childhood leukemia was raised through the National Cancer Institute (INCA). Results: (1) The behavior of RNI levels in the environments followed the log-normal probabilistic distribution; (2) The "kitchen" and "room-kitchen" environments presented high levels of INR intensity (1.07-1.56μT); (2) RNI levels (1.112μT) in the living room environment of a residence in the Manaíra neighborhood, João Pessoa, were higher than the other environments; (3) INR levels in the environments of a building in the city of Águas Claras, Brasilia, recorded levels of 1.99μT but with oscillations around 1 to 6 μT; (4) RNI levels in the fourth room of a building in the neighborhood Aleixo, Manaus, obtained levels of 2 μT but with oscillations around 0.8 to 12 μT; and (5) In cities where RNI levels were measured 77 cases of childhood leukemia were recorded in João Pessoa between 2005 and 2012; between 2005 and 2009 the number is 148 in Manaus; between 2005 and 2006 there were 52 cases in Brasília; and 18 cases in Teresina. Conclusion: The levels of INR intensity in adjacent or non-electric household transformers were higher than 0.4 μT, contrary to the minimum limits of INR based on international studies of several researchers. It was verified that if the levels of INR in the residential environments are higher in average to 1.23μT then these residences are adjacent to transformer of electrical energy; and the intensity of these levels will be high in the residential environments if their locations are between several buildings, which makes it difficult to reflect the radiation back to the atmosphere.