RCAAP Repository

Copper deficiency (Cu) is one of the most important mineral deficiencies in Brazil. Low values of this mineral have been found in forages and livers of ruminants from all regions, resulting in varied clinical manifestations of deficiency, such as the nervous system changes caused by hypomyelinogenesis or demyelination known as enzootic ataxia of sheep and goats. Significant macroscopic changes in the nervous system are not seen, but histologically, axonal vacuolization is observed. The problem worsens in herds, owing to the lack of information on the part of the producers regarding the nutritional requirements of Cu for the animals. The development of Cu deficiency depends both on its concentration in the diet and on the concentrations of the antagonists that interfere with the uptake and use of Cu for the metabolic processes. This paper reports an outbreak of acquired enzootic cervical scoliosis caused by Cu deficiency. The study was carried out in a herd of crossbred goats in Alagoa Grande city, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Necropsies of five goats were collected from all organs, in addition to the central nervous system, which were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, routinely processed and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. In addition, samples from the spinal cord were also stained by Luxol Fast Blue, for assessment of myelination. Liver samples from the five necropsied goats, as well as the sera from three diseased goats' mothers, were analyzed by means of atomic absorption spectrometry to characterize the Cu, Fe, Mo and Zn contents. The determination of these same minerals was also performed by analysis of 10 samples of the plants where the herd grazed, in addition to 10 soil samples from the grazing site. The clinical signs presented by all goats were progressive and included ataxia that progressed to difficulty in getting up, cervical scoliosis, long periods in decubitus, head tremors, permanent decubitus, spastic paralysis and death. A goat treated with injectable solution of Cu at the beginning of the disease presented complete recovery; in another goat treated after one month of evolution there was regression of the ataxia, but the scoliosis remained unchanged. Histologically, demyelination of the white matter was observed. Cu levels were low in both pasture and liver. We conclude that cervical scoliosis observed in young goats is caused by marked Cu deficiency.

Notwithstanding its broad geographic distribution and the large number of specimens held in captivity, basic studies on the ocular physiology of capuchin monkeys of the Sapajus libidinosus species are still incipient. In face of this, our aim was to establish baseline values for eye measurements and selected tests for ophthalmic diagnosis, and to perform a descriptive analysis of the microbiota and cellularity of the conjunctive of that species. Fifteen (15) capuchin monkeys of the Sapajus libidinosus species, hosted at the CETAS of Cabedelo, Paraiba, were selected and used. All animals were previously sedated with ketamine and detomidine via intramuscular injection for collecting samples and performing the ophthalmic diagnosis tests, including: Schirmer tear test 1 (STT1), applanation tonometry, B-mode ultrasound, culture of the aerobic bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and exfoliative conjunctival cytology. The average values found for ophthalmic tests and eye measurements were: 2.50 ± 2.94 mm/min. for the STT1; 13.3 ± 3.32 mmHg for the IOP; 2.47 ± 0.41 mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86 ± 0.96 mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97 ± 0.48 mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber, and 16.32 ± 1.24 mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The intraocular pressure decreased linearly as the weight increased (P = 0.0004) and the average depth of the anterior chamber was larger in the male subjects (P = 0.0004). The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp., (11 eyes), followed by Enterecoccus (8 eyes), Escherichia coli (7 eyes), Bacillus sp. (4 eyes), and Streptococcus sp. (3 eyes). The conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial cells, squamous superficial epithelial cells, keratinized cells, red blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and bacteria. The data description and the determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests obtained in this research will assist the diagnosis of eye diseases in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus).

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite coccidia, which can infect humans and other warm-blooded animals, and the felids as definitive hosts in the life cycle. Among the diseases considered zoonotic, it has gained prominence, as about 30% of the world population is infected by T. gondii, causing significant economic losses to livestock. The swine species has received special attention from epidemiologists as an important source of infection to the human population due to the ingestion of raw and / or undercooked meat containing bradyzoite cysts. They were collected and examined 230 swine blood samples from creations from 45 properties of High Hinterland sergipano slaughtered in two slaughterhouses, one in the city of Nossa Senhora da Glória and the other in Canindé do São Francisco, both with municipal inspection service. After the collection, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the animals' original properties, with questions related to food and sanitary management, among others. The samples were processed for positivity in the laboratory Imunodot Diagnósticos in Jaboticabal-SP. The titration was conducted at the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. The search for anti-T. gondii antibodies was performed through the Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IFR) with a cut-off point of 1:64. Of animals sampled, 8.3% (19/230) were positive in the IFT with titles ranging from 64 to 1024. The objective was to verify the presence of anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and identify the risk factors associated with infection Pigs raised in the high sertao of the state of Sergipe and slaughtered in the slaughterhouses of that region. Due to the importance of toxoplasmosis in public health, knowledge about its frequency in pigs raised in the Sergipe alto Sertão region may contribute to the establishment of disease control and prevention measures, resulting in better herd health in this region.

The exploitation of goats in the region of Brejo Paraibano - Brazil, in most cases, occurs in a non-technical way and several health problems arise, aggravated by deficient technical assistance. Among the health problems are the gastrointestinal parasites, which have their occurrence favored by the climate and the systems of creation identified in the properties, where the animals are raised in small and humid areas, that favor the development and survival of infective larvae In the pasture for long periods. Ingestion of the larvae causes the animals to present the clinical signs of gastrointestinal parasitizes and frequent use of anthelmintic, which results in the development of parasitic resistance. An important tool that should be adopted in the herds is the integrated control of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases, which is characterized by the adoption of a set of measures aimed at reducing the contamination of animals and pastures. The knowledge of the time of year in which larvae occur in a greater or lesser number in the pastures is an essential data for the understanding of the population dynamics of the parasites in a region and for the establishment of measures of strategic control, since larvae ingested from the pasture daily is the fact that more Influences the parasitic load of the animals. The use of rotational pasture management has been used as a way to control the infection of animals with helminthes larvae. The reduction of the time of occupation of the pickets aims to prevent the contamination of the animals with larvae coming from feces deposited in that grazing cycle. In the last years several outbreaks of parasitizes have been registered in the goat sector of the Center of Agricultural Sciences of the UFPB, located in the city of Areia - PB, which has been causing reduction in productivity, animal deaths, drug expenses and resistance to anthelmintic. One of the main problems associated with outbreaks is the contamination of pastures, and it is important to initiate studies on the population dynamics of the parasites in the pasture so that the information can be used in an integrated control of parasites. In this dissertation a study was presented that aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of rotational grazing as a way to reduce pasture infestation and infection of goats with nematode infecting larvae. The experiment had duration of 80 days, 10 non-lactating goats were used and the animals occupied Brachiaria decumbens pickets for 66 days, and the pasture was evaluated until the end of the experimental period. The animals grazed the same picket for three days. The rest period being 33 days. Pasture samples were collected for contamination evaluation. To evaluate the degree of infection of the animals were performed parasitological exams of feces and the animals were weighed for performance evaluation. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design with 12 treatments (rest periods) and five replicates. Infective larvae were identified in all rest periods and no significant differences were identified between treatments. However, between 24º and 30º of rest, an increase in the number of larvae recovered in the pasture was identified. Despite the presence of larvae in the grass, the larvae remained during the experimental period in amounts that did not cause an increase in the parasitic load of the animals, the animals started the experiment with a moderate level of infection and this was maintained throughout the experimental period. Weight gain in the second grazing cycle was unsatisfactory probably due to the reduction in food availability and quality. The rotational grazing system, as presented in this study, can be recommended as part of an integrated parasite management, since it allowed to control the parasitic load of the animals and kept the number of infective larvae in the pasture reduced.

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis and Bluetongue are diseases caused by viral agents that affect ruminants. Diseases are described as being silent in most cases and leading to severe economic losses exacerbating animal welfare, with no specific treatment. In the state of Paraíba there are few studies that report the presence of these viral agents in the herds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and bluetongue virus in eight herds of seven properties in the State of Paraiba using agarose gel immunodiffusion. There were collected 385 samples of goat serum. A total of 25/385 (6.49%) animals had antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. There was a statistically significant association between the production system, intercropping and seropositivity for caprine arthritis encephalitis (p <0.05). For bluetongue, a total of 7/385 (1.81%) animals were considered seropositive. There was a statistically significant association between the production system and the bluetongue seropositivity (p <0.05). The results suggest that the adoption of measures of control and prophylaxis is necessary to prevent the spread of infectious agents in the herds, because even with low percentages of seropositive animals for diseases in the goat herds of Paraiba, the existence of viral agents is cause for concern, generating economic losses for the producer.

As a result of the advancement of veterinary dermatology specialization, more accurate and earlier diagnosis have been acquired. Tutors have easier access to information and look for quick solutions for their animals. The histopathological test is a great ally to the veterinarian in the diagnosis of dermatopathies, since in some cases it is the only one to clarify alterations of the altered tissue. In the chapter 1 the study aimed to collect retrospective data on dermatopathies in dogs and cats treated at a veterinary clinic specialized in dermatology, in the city of João Pessoa - Paraíba. In the chapter 2 another goal was to investigate the causes of photosensitization and allergic dermatitis in a cattle from Brazilian Northeast, through a retrospective study.All the animals have gone through detailed data collection in their records and anamnesis.In dogs and cats, histopathological examination was only requested in cases that it was not possible to diagnose dermatopathy by cytology, acetate tape test, trichrome and fungal culture, or when its indication was the best option. In the 30 dogs studied, there were predominant neoplasias (19 - 59.38%), followed by inflammatory (7 - 21.88%), autoimmune (3 - 9,38%) and infectious diseases (2-6.25%) as well as follicularmucinose (1 - 3.13%).In the felines, the dermatopathies were divided into neoplastic (5 cases - 55.55%), allergic (2 cases - 22.22%), inflammatory (1 case - 11.11%) and fungal infectious skin diseases (1 case – 11.11%). Regarding the dogs, the tumor with the greatest participation was the mastocytoma. As for the felines, the squamous cell carcinoma.In the second chapter of this dissertation, diagnoses in ruminants and equidae filed at the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology Federal University of Paraíba were reviewed. Only animals with cutaneous manifestations were included in the study. These were divided according to sex and age. In regard tothe epidemiology, the time of the year of the disease occurrence and the environmental factors involved were defined, as well as the total prevalence of dermatitis associated with photosensitization and allergic hypersensitivity.Cases of primary photosensitization were diagnosed in goats, cattle, asinines, horses and sheep, all associated with the intake of the Froelichiahumboldtiana plant, and they were more severe in the asininos. Brachiariadecumbens, Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum and Lantana chamber were the plants involved in the cases of secondary photosensitization. The cases of allergic dermatitis were restricted to five sheep and one equine and were caused by the bite of culicoid insects (Culexspp). There was no relation with seasonality. Moreover, the main complaints of the breeders of all animals involved in the cases were pruritus and discomfort. Histopathology has shown to be an accurate diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of skin diseases of companion animals and animals of production. Neoplasias are the major diseases of dogs and cats in the studied area. Photosensitization causes serious problems for the Brazilian northeastern herds and it is mainly caused by Froelichiahumboldtiana, attacking both ruminants and equidae.

The aim of this study was to identify and to evaluate the histological alterations in digestive system of sheeps submitted to the diet containing cassafa hay. Thirty five lambs non defined breed, intact males, weighing 16 kg, were evaluated. The treatments were constituted by five diets: 1- massive fraction of Tifton hay; 2- total replacement of Tifton by cassava hay (CH); 3- 5-35% of Tifton hay and 35% of CH; 4- 35% of Tifton and 35% of palm and 5- 35% CH and 35% palm, based on dry matter. Histological and histomorphometric analyzes were performed on liver, kidney, rumen and small intestine. The use of alternative foods did not affect the performance of the animals, thus having a better performance for the conversion and food efficiency, average daily gain and dry matter intake. The diet with CH + palm had a positive effect on papilla height. Papilla width decreased with the CH + palm and Tifton + palm diets. The absorption area did not differ between the diets. The muscular layer thickness was higher in the diet containing 35% of Tifton hay and 35% of CH as well as in the diet containing 35% of CH and 35% of palm. The keratin layer was higher in the diet containing 35% of CH and 35% of palm. The diets did not affect the intestinal morphometry and villi. The crypts were deeper in the diets with palm and the relation villi/crypt was the same to all diets. Goblet cells decreased with the diet CH or palm. Congestion, vacuolization and proteins were observed in the diet containing 35% of Tifton hay and 35% of CH. The cassava hay may be used as an alternative food to sheeps.

Migration is a biological behavior of several bird species and may favor the spread of pathogenic microorganisms over long distances, putting populations of other species of birds, mammals, including humans at risk. Many of these microorganisms may be resistant to some types of antibiotics and pose a threat to public health. The objective of this study was to isolate, characterize and evaluate the resistance profile of enterobacteria found in species of tortoises in the wintering season in Paraíba. Cloacal samples of the species Arenaria interpres, Calidris pusilla, Charadrius semipalmatus and Tringa flavipes were collected. Seventeen strains were isolated from 14 different bacterial genera for which 12 antibiotics were tested; (68.8%) was observed for all genuses against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, followed by cefoxitin (63.8%) and ampicillin (63,8%); Of the bacterial strains that presented phantom halo, 6 (12.76%) strains were resistant to aztreonam, 1 (2.12%) were resistant to ceftazidime, 1 (2.12%) to cefoxitin, and 1 (2.12% ) resistant to Cefotaxime. Therefore, it is important to monitor wild birds, as these are potential reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby helping to disseminate antimicrobial resistance.

A healthy life is linked to nutrition, and a proper diet that meets the nutritional requirements of the animal organism is fundamental. This job had as main register the profile of the tutors of the region of Paraíba related to the feeding of their animals. In the cities of Alagoa Grande, Areia, Pilões, Guarabira and Serraria, 500 semistructured questionnaires were subdivided into 100 questionnaires per city. The file began with the identification of the animal and, in sequence, questions about animal nutrition. The application took place in a random way, approaching people who walked in the urban area of the cities and who agreed to collaborate with the research. There was a significant difference in the number of dogs and cats fed with commercial food, with the number of dogs higher than the cats (P = 0.023). The daily frequency with the fed cats was higher than the dogs, with a significant difference between them (P&lt;0.001). Commercial food price is one of the factors that contribute most to the dog owners to buy food with lower prices (p = 0.018). Dog guardians showed a better knowledge about the possibility of treatment and cure of diseases by feeding (P =0.028). In the form of vaccination, the number of vaccinated dogs was greater than the number of cats (p &lt;0.001). On the other questions of the questionnaire there was no significant difference between responses for both species. Cat tutors appear to be better informed about the quality and characteristics of their animal’s food, but in practice both type of guardians have no economic power to acquire better quality products for their animals, in the studied region.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Doppler ultrasonography with the clinical-andrological examination and fertility of horses in the state of Paraíba. Eleven quarter horse equine animals, aged among three to 27 years, were used in this experiment. Ejaculates were collected by the artificial vagina method and the samples were submitted to field sperm kinetics and by computer-assisted sperm analyses (CASA). Afterwards, the animals were submitted to evaluation of testicular blood flow with Doppler ultrasonography. It was observed statistical differences (p<0.05) between the parameters of subjective motility evaluated in the field and (CASA). Evaluation of sperm membrane integrity in the field was similar to the fluorescence test. Older animals have reduced motility followed by a lower blood supply in the testicular region and low fertility. The Doppler ultrasonography identified that the Pulsatility Index has a positive correlation with the amplitude of the lateral displacement of the head (ALH) of the spermatozoid. It is concluded that the clinical-andrological examination, when isolated, does not determine the fertile capacity of stallions; ultrasound associated with the Doppler method identifies subfertile animals and may be an auxiliary tool in the selection of equine reproducers with potential fertility.

Molecular basis involved in successful pregnancy is not fully defined in all species. Uterine fluid contains a variety of nutrients, proteins, lipids and extracellular vesicles, including the exosomes, excreted by different cell types of maternal or fetal origin. The exosomes present in uterine fluid modulate maternal-fetal communication, transporting proteins, mARN molecules and microARNs. The objective of this study was to determine the size and quantify the exosomes present in the uterine fluid of non-pregnant and pregnant cows from artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), in different gestational periods. The uterine fluid was collected by uterine lavage on day 18 of the estrous cycle and at 18 and 32 days of gestation. Extracellular uterine microvesicles were isolated by centrifugation; the size and concentration of the exosomes were analyzed using the NanoSight NS300. There was a significant increase in the concentration of exosomes from group AI18 to AI32 and a tendency of concentration increase from group IVF 18 to group IVF 32. Data indicate that the concentration of uterine exosomes increases with the evolution of gestation. Studies in other gestational ages and studies that determine the content and origin of these exosomes are necessary, contributing to elucidate questions related to maternal-fetal communication, as well as the differences observed in the viability of pregnancies obtained by artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.

The objective of this work is to carry out an exergoeconomic analysis in an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with the introduction of an Absorption Refrigeration System (SRA) in the condenser cooling. In addition, this work also aims to improve the efficiency of the thermal energy source utilization and to present parametric analyzes of performance from the thermodynamic and economic points of view. To evaluate the relative efficiency increase, two configurations were analyzed: Simple Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC-S) and Combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC-C). The essential difference is that the ORC-S rejects heat to a cooling tower and has the power produced by the expander as its only product, while the ORC-C works in combination with an ARS and has the power produced by the expander, the heat removal from the ORC condenser and the heat removal from a room as products. The combination of the systems is done through a connection between the ORC condenser and an ice water storage tank that performs thermal exchanges with the ARS evaporator. The purpose of joining the two systems is to allow the reduction of the ORC condensation temperature and the search for the power and efficiency increase in the use of the energy provided by the thermal source. The ORC system under study uses a scroll type expander and operates with R-134a as working fluid. The ARS considered was a simple effect one using the water-lithium bromide pair. The thermodynamic modeling of the system was developed based on the specification of input parameters such as temperature at the expander inlet, pressure ratio and temperature of the supplied ice water. The thermodynamic analyzes were carried out through an energy and exergy study, of the two configurations, obtained by applying the principles of the first and second law of thermodynamics. The economic study was carried out through an exergoeconomic analysis, developed through the application of the SPECO (Specific Exergy Costing) method. The exergoeconomic equations were developed using input data specification such as the specific costs of energy from the heat source, the ice water and the electricity rate.

With the crescent demand for embedded computer vision solutions, a strategic functional verification is increasingly needed. In this context,the present work aims at thespecification and implementation of a synthetic image generator that produces images derived from initial image datasets. This work includes a bibliographical research in the works of the pertinent scienti?c literature, details of an implementation and also an experimental evaluation to present more information about the present proposal. The process of generation of the derived images was conceived through components that work with methods of generationby deformation and generation by artificial neural networks. The developed components were designed with parallel computing, using the CUDA platform, as well as using TensorFlow for implementations of the neural networks involved. There were implemented Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) in one of the methods of image generation. The results about the implemented component corroborate the feasibility of its use in the field of data augmentation, in functional distributed verifications and in the training of artificial neural networks.

Interest in disordered media has increased in recent years due to its promising applications in solar collectors, photocatalyzers, random lasers and other novel optical devices. In this work, we introduce a new novel core–shell scattering medium for a random laser composed of core-shell TiO2@Silica nanoparticles. The TiO2 particles having an average diameter of 410 nm were coated with a silica shell via of the Stober method using tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor. Two kinds of random laser samples were studied, both containing a concentration of 1x10-4 M of Rhodamine 6G (R6G), one smaple with TiO2 scattering nanoparticles and the other with TiO2@Silica coated with a layer of silica. With these samples, the laser action and photodegradation process of the dye and the TiO2 particles we investigated. In addtion, an absorption-emission saturation phenomenon was observed in the random laser composed by TiO2@Silica Nps. A new method or parameter (fraction of absorbed pumping) has been introduced, which opens a new avenue to characterize and study the scattering media. The random lasers composed of core-shell TiO2@Silica showed higher efficiency, lower laser threshold and long photobleaching lifetime. These improvements were attributed to the effects of optical colloidal stability and the light coupling enhancement with the TiO2 scattering medium. Core-shell TiO2@Silica with an appropriate silica shell (thickness and homogeneity) allowed to obtain a colloidal suspension with a significantly high scattering strength. Studies in progress in this strongly scattering media have demonstrated the partial confinement of light ("localization transition"), which represents the confirmation of one of the most interesting phenomena of many bondies physics (highly disordered means) called Anderson Localization.

This master’s thesis aimed to problematize the role of the State and its role in the production of urban space in Coreaú, which is characterized as a small city in the urban network of Ceará, in the neoliberal context of Brazilian federalism post-Constitution of 1988. The federative arrangement post-constituency, emerges in the neoliberal context, marked by decentralization (administrative, political and fiscal), provoking structural changes in the profiles of public administrations, which is increasingly adopting the model of urban governance. This arrangement has been guided by the discourse of the neoliberal political project and assumed premises of competitiveness, efficiency and management within the state apparatus. Since the fiscal decentralization, a new policy of resource allocation among federal entities was implemented through transfers of Union revenues to the subnational levels of governments. This action only reinforced the dispute and competitiveness between the states and the municipalities by financing, conforming what we call "tax War". With this in mind, came the need to understand how mayors from small cities have been managed the production of urban space, based on a state policy that is geared towards the organization of the territory. For this, we tried to understand how the process signaled by the dynamics of Brazilian federalism has implied in the thinking and execution of public policies. The study was developed from the knowledge that the correlations of forces between the different levels of government, in addition to sectors of the private initiative, are the social agents responsible for several modifications that occur in the urban space of this city. Between the years 2009 and 2016, Coreaú was contemplated with several transformations in your urban space, that linked to this articulation, reinforced the more accentuated participation of the city in the dispute for public investments from partnerships and agreements with the Union and the State Government, among them: Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento - PAC; Programa Nacional de Reestruturação e Aparelhagem da Rede Escolar Pública de Educcação Infantil - PROINFÂNCIA, both federal programs and the Programa de Apoio às Reformas Sociais do Ceará - PROARES II, this one is part of the State Government. In this way, the production of the urban space in Coreaú has been articulated, starting from the coalition of forces between the three spheres of government (municipal, state and federal) and with participation of the business sector, especially for construction companies that have benefited from the contracts signed with the municipal government by means of bids for the construction of public works, as a way of appropriating public funds. The installation of social infrastructures and urban equipment, the implementation of public services and other strategies carried out by these social agents have been remodeled and given new functions to the urban structure of the city. And although these actions of the State have caused changes in the urban and social life of the population, they are geared primarily to the interests of capital, in a relationship in which the state allows and enables the pursuit of neoliberal ideals.

The study searched insert informations about the local Seixas’s environment reef – Paraíba, starting from the environmental characteristics that surround the area and the municipality that borders it, until characterization of the surface cover of the environment. Making a spatial analysis possible. To perform a zoning on the reef’s environment surface coverage aiming policies actions to preserve the marine environments. This environment covered by colonies of several families of algae, corals and other benthic groups, serving as habitats for wildlife, forming a diverse ecosystem with strong ecological interactions. For implementation of the objectives, it was determined using a methodology based on transects, which the data acquisition gives priority to non-destructive, this technique is presented in several protocols that seek to analyze marine environments. The methodology used to cover the environment was based on adaptation of monitoring protocols for reef environments, such as: Brazil’s Coral Reef Monitoring (MMA, 2010) (adapted from the Reef Check Program), the Rapid Assessment Protocol Atlantic and Gulf Reefs (AGRRA, 1997), and the Protocol for the Monitoring of Coastal Benthic Habitats (REBENTOS, 2015). The software used to make the maps was Arcgis 10.5, this software allows the data’s analysis in a more dynamic way, with support of satellite images that made possible a view of the environment. The technique used to produce the maps was the kernel density estimation method of the Arcgis software capable of showing areas with higher or lower density of genres identified in the reef environment. Some indexes were calculated to show in numbers the current surface of Seixas reef. We started from the wealth that was calculated using the Margalef index. The equitability was based on the Pielou index, to the area’s diversity was used the Shannon, finally the Simpson index was applied to reach the dominance values of the area. The research showed that the macrobentonic families presented a potential for environmental coverage for the year 2016 in the Seixas reef environment, along with that it correlated physical factors of environment as bathymetric curve and environmental granulometry to the reef coverage factors. This action corroborated in a first spatial analysis that has general reach of the environment, this analysis, becomes a base to be added to the several cited works seeking a proposal to preservation of the environment. Correlating the distribution of families identified in the reef, it was elaborated a propose of zoning, with priority on surface cover of macrobenthos (Families identified) on environment. The conclusions here presented, although preliminary, are in agreement with the practice of executing a project by the responsible agency that aims at the monitoring and preservation of these areas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cryoprotector extenders [Standard Skim Milk (SM), Standard Tris-Yolk egg (SE), Skim Milk Test (ST) and Tris-Yolk egg Test (TE)] and plasma seminal removal on kinetics and integrity parameters of cryopreserved goat semen. Four male goats (two Alpine and two Saanen) were used, which were submitted to semen collection with artificial vagina method, thrice per week, during two weeks, making up six pools of semen. Each pool was split in eight aliquots, four samples were diluted without removal of the seminal plasma - NC (non - centrifuged) in the different extenders and four samples submitted to the C - plasma centrifugation process by double centrifugation (1200g/10min). After dilution, they were gone packed in straws (0.25 mL), frozen and stored in cryogenic cylinder at -196 °C. Samples were thawed (37 °C/30s) and evaluated immediately and two hours post-thawing for sperm kinetics through the computerized spermatozoa system (CASA), plasma membrane integrity (iMP) and mitochondrial potential (MP) evaluated by epifluorescence microscopy. Total motility (TM) was reduced (p>0.05) in all no centrifuged groups; velocity average path (VAP), velocity in straight line (VSL) and velocity curvilinear line (VCL) was reduced (p>0.05) in the LPNC and LTNC groups; however higher values was observed in VAP, VSL and VCL to the centrifuged groups, with emphasis on the Yolk-egg extenders groups. On the other hands, the LP and LT extenders, centrifuged or non-centrifuged maintained the linearity (LIN), straightness (STR) and oscillation index (WOB). Extenders influenced the amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat-cross frequency (BCF), with higher values (p<0.05) for the GPNC and GTNC groups. The iMP and MP did not differ (p>0.05) between extenders groups, though the SE and TE extenders, centrifuged or no centrifuged, presented higher iMP and lower values to PM. Thus, seminal plasma removal positively affects seminal evaluation parameters, and egg yolk extender is more efficient at protect against cryopreservation alterations and maintain desirable fertility characteristics after goat semen cryopreservation.

More than 2.600 serotype of Salmonella spp. A known today, and salmonellosis in humans may be related to the consumption contaminated of poultry eggs, as well as causing disease in poultry, causing a decrease in production and consequently increasing proff loss. Salmonella Heidelberg is an emerging and worrying serotype for poultry and public health, and is more invasive when compared to other paratyphoid serotypes. The use of antimicrobials used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in the control of Salmonella spp. in poultry production may lead to the selection of resistant bacterial strains; however, its use in animal production may be replaced by alternative products capable of reducing the incidence of enteropathogens, providing beneficial effects on host health. Chapter 1 sought to evaluate the effect of the bioproduct added to the feed, in order to decrease Salmonella Heidelberg multiplication. The intestinal colonization and systemic infection were evaluated through colony counts by CFU / g in cecal, liver and spleen contents, as well as the evaluation of macroscopic and microscopic alterations at 3, 7 and 14 dpi in liver, cecum and ileum and the ileus histomorphometric parameters such as height of villi, depth of crypt, villus: crypt and villus area in cut chicks challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg were measured.The lowest cecal SH counts were observed in birds that ingested sanguinarin, followed by those fed with XPC (P> 0.05). There was no synergistic effect on SH reduction in the cecum when both bioproducts were added simultaneously (SANG + XPC). Mean scores for SH in liver and spleen did not differ between groups (P> 0.05). In general, birds from all groups challenged with HS presented similar macroscopic alterations such as hemorrhagic areas, hepato and splenomegaly; such changes were more discrete at 14 dpi. Microscopic changes observed in liver included congestion of hepatocytes, infiltration of heterophiles in the sinusoids, necrosis areas of mononuclear xii inflammation. While in the cecum, heterophilic infiltrates and thickening of lamina propria could be observed. In the ileum the most frequent changes were congestion of lamina propria, atrophy of villi, atrophy of crypt and thickening of lamina propria. It was observed that the intensity of microscopic changes was lower in the birds supplemented with the bioproducts, when compared to the infected control group. Birds supplemented with sanguinarine were the ones that developed the least changes. In the histomorphometric parameters of the ileum, it was generally observed throughout the study, higher mean height and villus area in birds from the uninfected control group and also from the SANG group. While the crypt depth was lower in birds of the negative control group. In the present study, the results indicate that the addition of bioproducts, mainly sanguinarin, in the diet of birds assisted in the control of SH infection, reducing its count in cecal content and improving aspects of bird general and intestinal health.

The anteaters is one of the Brazilian fauna species most susceptible to trampling, predatory hunting, and loss of habitat following deforestation, often found in rehabilitation programs. In this context, identifying the diseases that can affect this species becomes necessary to guarantee sanity and make possible an adequate return to nature. The objective of this study was to identify the causes of sudden death in captive-bred anteaters, or from seizures of animal traffic in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. In order to do so, the files referring to the files and reports of necropsy of the animals sent to the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Paraíba (LPV / UFPB) between May 2013 and May 2017 were reviewed. Information regarding epidemiological, laboratory findings complementary, clinical and pathological. 12 anteaters, referred after sudden death, were analyzed in this study. Of these, seven were females and five were males and, as to age, four were puppies, three were young and five were adults. The diagnosis was made using the following categories: bacterial (3), parasitic (2), metabolic (1) diseases caused by physical (3) or inconclusive agents (4). Leptospirosis, parasites by Physaloptera magnipapilla and cestodes of the genus Mathevotaenia and musculoskeletal traumas are among the verified conditions. Diagnosis was not possible only when the cadaver was in a marked degree of autolysis. Little anteaters may be the target of sudden-onset diseases, with no history of apparent clinical manifestations, indicating the importance of performing complementary laboratory tests, parasitological, and the determination of anti-leptospiral antibody titres in animals recently introduced in centers of rehabilitation or kept zoological.

The interaction between man, domestic animal and wildlife can cause and lead to the spread of many diseases, being infectious or parasitic agents, but little attention is given to the role of these diseases in conservation biology. Therefore, understanding the parasitic and infectious biodiversity of wildlife is of paramount importance in order to establish the role of these animals as reservoirs of pathogens and parasites. The present study aimed to test Mycoplasma sp., Babesia sp., Ehrlichia sp. and Bartonella sp. in wild mammals Galea spixii and to identify the natural parasites of this species, focusing on the importance of animals as potential reservoirs, as source of infection and its impacts Animals were captured in the immediate geographic region of Campina Grande, using Tomahawk-type traps, identification of rodents was made by the Rodents Guide of Brazil. The animals were anesthetized and euthanized with an overdose of the association of dissociative anesthetics after general anesthesia. The collection of the arthropods was done by the method of treatment, skin scrapings and swab of the auricular pavilion, after the collection were lightened with 10% potassium hydroxide and identified with a specific key. The coprological examination was performed with the Fill FLOTAC and mini-FLOTAC Kits. Blood collection was done by intracardiac puncture and the samples were sent to the Laboratory of Clinical Pathology of the Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB to perform the blood count and to the Laboratory of Zoonoses and Molecular Epidemiology and Laboratory of Diseases Transmitted by Vectors at the Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, for DNA extraction and infection of pathogens. No infections were detected for Mycoplasma sp., Babesia sp., Ehrlichia sp. and Bartonella sp. in G. spixii. The ectoparasites identified were: Gliricola quadrisetosa, Gyropus ovalis, Laelaps sp. and Chirodiscoides caviae. In the coprological examination were detected Nematode Eggs, Cestode Eggs and Coccidia Oocysts. The study of these pathogens in wild animals involves aspects of public health, animal and environment, so it is necessary to know the possible species that serve as reservoirs infectious and parasitic agents.