RCAAP Repository

The environmental and social impacts of the degradation of water quality due to anthropogenic action have increased alarmingly over the years. Due to the complexity of contaminants, textile effluents are considered very harmful to the environment, and their proper disposal is a current concern. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of ceramic membranes based on clay and sugarcane bagasse ash in the treatment of textile effluents from industries in the metropolitan area of João Pessoa, PB. For this purpose, the raw materials used in the preparation of the membranes were characterized by thermal, chemical and mineralogical analysis. The physical properties water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density, water permeability and microstructural characteristics of the obtained membranes were determined. The functionality of the membranes for the treatment of the collected effluents was evaluated by comparing the physicochemical parameters of color, turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), determined for the effluents, before and after filtration. The ceramic membrane presented an apparent porosity of 25.76%, highly porous surface and water permeated flow, at a pressure of 200 kPa, of 500 L/h.m2. On the three effluents analyzed, two obtained very significant results, in which, the treatment presented efficiency of removal of five of the six parameters ranging from 82 to 96%. However, for one of the effluents, only two parameters showed removal efficiency between 50 and 60%. It was concluded that the application of the ceramic membranes studied is feasible as a pre-treatment of industrial textile effluents, in view of the significant reduction of their polluting potential. Another very positive point is the possibility of using membranes of low relative cost, since they were made with abundant natural raw material and industrial wastes.

Elastic optimal networks appeared as an alternative to traditional WDM optimal networks, where the optimal spectrum is organized in static wavelengths. Recent technologies allowed for a new way of using the optical spectrum, dividing it in low traffic rate subcarrier bands that admit orthogonality overlap (OFDM). This new approach motivated the need of developing novel algorithms that should be designed to cope with the flexibility of elastic optical networks. The RSA problem, which is NP-hard, aims at efficiently using the optical spectrum while meeting the traffic demands in this type of networks. This work proposes a new multi-commodity flow-based integer linear programming model for a version of the RSA problem. Computational experiments show that both approaches presented good performance when compared to the main proposed approach on the literature for the addressed problem.

With the increase in the number of devices connected to the Internet, the speed and dynamismintheexchangeofinformationbecamemorerelevant,alongwithgreaterinteractivity between the communication parties. Although such an increase has brought immediate convergence in the exchange of information, one of the biggest side effects of this new Internet model, known as the Internet of Things, is the incresing facility for perpetration in these devices, since in most cases they don’t have essential safety appliances in their implementation, this leads to a discrepant growth in the magnitude of existing attacks, such as Distributed Denial of Service Attacks. Denial of Service attacks may vary upon its nature, however they all have a final goal: to prevent the target to receive new requests and at the same time, be similar to a legitimate traffic. Faced with these challenges, this work proposes the creation of FuzDetect solution. A system that not only alerts when an attack is happening, but also classifies it. The FuzDetect system collect data from a Software Defined Networking, through a lightweight method, without inspect packages like traditional methods. Then, all metadata collected will be saved on a database in order to make them persistent. In the final step, a classification system, implemented with fuzzy logic, will analyzethelastmetadatacollectedandthenclassifyeachoneintoattacksubtypesorlegitimatetraffic. Thesystemisabletoadaptitselftoanynetworkdynamically,withthesupport of Particle Swarm Optimization. The results were extracted from tests in networks with different topologies and traffic configurations. They were also generated with and without the use of Particle Swarm Optimization, thus demonstrating the efficiency of the proposal. WhenusingParticleSwarmOptimization,thetraffics,laterclassified,presentedthecorrect approximate output, in all cases.

The objective was perform a out a bioeconomic analysis of goat milk production in a production system model in semiarid. Two studies were carried out. The first one dealt with the analysis of goat milk production, according to lactation and genotype. The second, followed with the measurement of the production costs of the activity, specifically, presenting viable alternatives in the dairy activity with projects that aim to increase income in the productive units of the region. The production system was implemented at the Experimental Station Pendência, belonging to the State Agricultural Research Company of Paraíba (EMEPA-PB) and data collection was carried out between 2013 and 2016. Were analyzed data of 98 lactations of goats of the genetic groups: Anglo Nubian and Alpine crossbred goats, distributed in seven lactation seasons. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis to obtain the results for the dispersion and position measurements. The average monthly milk production observed during the period from 2013 to 2016 was 1,153.43 kg, with a variation from 359.84 to 2,729.49 kg. The total milk production (PTL) in the lactations presented an amplitude of 201.65 to 572.06 kg. The highest duration of lactation (DL) (258 days) occurred in the sixth lactation season. The lowest average milk production occurred in the third season (1.45 kg/animal/day) and the highest was observed in the sixth lactation season (1.91 kg/animal/day). The Alpine crossbred goats presented a mean of higher PTL in 23.22% in relation to Anglo Nubians. The use of techniques such as the establishment of three breeding seasons per year to achieve the goal of three calving seasons per year is, therefore, an important strategy for producers who provide milk for consumption "in nature", or for those engaged in the manufacture of dairy products, to maintain the availability of goat's milk regularly throughout the year. In the second, the structure of cost of production contemplated was that of Operational Cost. The total milk production in the analyzed period increased by 81.57%. There was an average productivity ranging from 0.97 to 1.44 L/animal/day. Gross income (RB) was not sufficient to cover the total costs in the three years analyzed in the dairy activity. The effective operating cost (COE) had an average percentage of 89.14% in the years studied. Dairy activity presented negative results for Gross Margin (MB), Net Margin (ML) and Profit. The alternative scenario of the cheesemaking activity presented ML of R$ 5,808.68 and Profit of R$ 3,798.68. It is necessary to mention that only the improvement in the productive efficiency of the production system, with the adoption of practices of food, genetic, reproductive and sanitary management, coupled with a constant policy of readjusting the price of the liter of milk paid to the producer, will enable the increase of income in the productive units. The specific proposal in this work verified that the alternative scenario of the cheesemaking activity presented viability with increased incomes in relation to the milk activity.

Augmented Reality (AR) is being more intense in everyday people’s life by many apps and electronic games. This research proposes to bring emergent technologies close to the Tourism sector and areas related to Creative Economy (CE). The main objective of this research is applying AR resources with QR Code and geolocation services to solve visitors and tourist’s problems that reaches Olinda (PE). From Qualitative Research, using critical act-research, by interviewing 39 tourists by non-deterministic method and meetings with representatives from Olinda’s City Hall to understand and apply Software Engineering and HCI (Human-centred Interaction) to purpose the MVP (Minimum Valuable Product). Problems at street signs, outdate information and imprecise, poor and simple description of products and services, worst relationship with foreigners due to lack of communication and underestimated potential of the technical resources amplifies the argument of the implementation of OlindART’s platform, not only in Olinda, but at any place in the World by geolocation and QR Code to signalization in real time. By the conclusion of OlindART’s platform perceives the possibility to finish problems presented at this research. The citizens dream to have access to high quality information about the city and the Olinda’s City Hall needs updated data to make assertive decisions about the public management.

Research with the objective of evaluating, together with the graduates, the articulation between training processes and professional practice, through the National Curriculum and Content Standards for Nursing undergraduate courses in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. This is an exploratory, transversal, descriptive and inferential study of quali-quantitative approach. Registered nurses from eight Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) enrolled in the Nursing Regional Council of the state in the corresponding period from 2014 to 2016. The sample was probabilistic and stratified with proportional allocation by HEI. Data were collected between August 2017 and March 2018. Quantitative data were collected through the application of structured questionnaires. From these, 174 were used in the analysis of descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data were obtained in 15 semi-structured interviews and submitted to the content analysis technique in the lexical mode. In the quantitative analysis, a statistical association was identified between the legal nature of the HEI and six variables of characterization after the chi-square test. Regarding the training according to the guidelines of the National Curriculum, the graduates evaluated negatively: the student participation in the construction of the pedagogical project of the course, the preparation in the administration of conflicts in the health team; the training of other health professionals; the use of data and tools in professional research and the articulation between teaching, research and extension activities. The items that were better evaluated were: the ethical and humanistic dimension; the development of promotion activities, prevention and rehabilitation actions according to individual and collective needs; the diversity of scenarios of practices and stages and the assistance dimension in the different life cycles. After performing the Mann-Whitney test between the items of the dimensions evaluated and the legal nature of HEI, statistically significant differences were found in 4 items: articulation between teaching, research and extension; opportunities for tutoring, extension and scientific initiation activities; knowledge about the social structure and its influence for the organization of nursing and articulation of the pedagogical project of the course with the Nursing National Curriculum. Thus, it is possible to affirm that, in relation to these aspects, the training in public HEIs was better evaluated compared to the training offered by private HEIs. In the qualitative analysis, the interviews were transformed into a single textual corpus and submitted to the treatment of the Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC), obtaining retention of 84,20%. The DHC resulted in two analytical categories, the first subdivided into three classes (1, 4 and 5) and the second into two classes (2 and 3). Classes 1, 4 and 5 addressed the challenges of nursing training in the job market. In class 1, among the fragilities presented there are: hospital clinical training, the leadership/management approach, and health planning. Class 4 addressed didactic-pedagogical issues such as: the role of the teacher/mediator in the construction of knowledge, the organization of disciplines and workload and the quality of the infrastructure of laboratories and libraries offered by HEIs. The theme of class 5 was the importance of training in the reality of health services, separating the historical dichotomy between theory and practice as it progresses in the articulation between teaching/service and community. Classes 2 and 3 discuss the role of training institutions in the reorientation and strengthening of nursing education. To this end, graduates suggest improving the stimulation of the scientific and political dimension in training, as a trigger for significant changes in the nursing profession and, consequently, in their professional practice. They also suggest an increase in the supply of non-compulsory curricular activities such as: tutoring, extension activities, non-compulsory internships and research. In addition, they point out the need to expand partnerships, especially with the private initiative, as well as the incentive to entrepreneurship and the search for cooperation and participation in the teaching of entities representing this working class. Therefore, evaluating the elements of nursing education is necessary, considering that it will reflect about the insertion of nurses in the health job market. Therefore, training should not be in the service of marketing needs; however, a dialogue must be in place, so that higher education can contribute to the formation of professionals with an ethical/political profile capable of exercising their citizenship rights in the search for assured rights and working conditions for the development of their productive functions.

Recognizing the use of the bicycle as a lever for more sustainable urban mobility, this research has as general objective to evaluate the cycling mobility of the city of João Pessoa / PB, based on the elaboration and application of the Cycle Mobility Evaluation Index (AMoCiclo), focusing on cycling infrastructure. The methodological procedures adopted correspond to the specific objectives of identifying the existing bicycle structure based on extensive field research and documentary research; to identify the use of the bicycle, in daily transport routes of all the zones of the city, through the method of counting of cyclists; to elaborate the index (AMoCiclo) from a bibliographical revision of other reference methods for the incorporation of indicators of quality of cycling infrastructure; and to carry out the application of this index, using the cycle paths throughout the city of João Pessoa as a case study. The results present a panorama of the João Pessoa cycling mobility, through a mapping and characterization of all the existing cycle axes; as well as an analysis of the density of bicycle people and their physical and behavioral characteristics in the traffic in places with and without cycling infrastructure. In this sense, it is revealed the lack of connectivity of the existing bicycle network and its absence in areas of considerable volume of cyclists. In addition, the elaboration and application of the AMoCiclo index constitutes an important method of measuring the quality of the bicycle structure, generating a diagnosis that allows, in an objective way, to measure the conditions of this bicycle infrastructure, qualifying it on 12 different indicators. The results of the index notes correspond directly to a priority of actions for system improvement. In relation to the observed performance, a situation of lag in several aspects is revealed, especially about the category of signaling. Thus, the indicators developed and used are effective not only exposing the conditions of the cycle structure but also being able to subsidize measures of improvement of the system, as a way to strengthen the active transport by bicycle in the urban mobility planning.

The circulation of multiple viruses transmitted by Aedesaegypti and the absence of vaccines represents a worrying scenario, greatly increasing the need to seek successful strategies in mosquito control. The levels of vector infestation associated with viral circulation confirm the need for monitoring as an important surveillance tool because of the demonstrated ability to indicate risk of epidemic. Therefore, the present work has proposed to evaluate comparatively the Rapid Survey of the Infestation Index by Ae. aegypti (LIRAa) and Ovitraps associating climatic factors with vector density in the city of João Pessoa, PB - Brazil in two neighborhoods: Planalto da Boa Esperança (PBE) and Cabo Branco that present different sociodemographic and environmental realities. In the period of 2017, ovitraps were applied in the two neighborhoods and the data obtained were compared with the LIRAa performed in January, April, July and October. In this study it was possible to identify that ovitraps had a higher sensitivity than LIRAa. The Cabo Branco neighborhood had the lowest rates of PBE, and in both neighborhoods, the most important species was Ae.aegypti, Ae albopictus was found only in the neighborhood of Cabo Branco. Climatic conditions such as precipitation and temperature interfere with the rate of infestation. The data presented in this research provide qualified information for the performance and execution of prevention and control actions, allowing the mobilization of other sectors, besides health secretariats, such as urban cleaning services and water supply to try to reduce infestation rates and consequently, the chance of acquiring arboviruses.

Urbanization in coastal zones makes it necessary to assess the anthropic impact on associated ecosystems. The management of coastal areas with corals reefs and the environmental policies involved influence the types of uses and, consequently, the reef conservation status. The objective of this work is to analyze the managements and the conservation status of the reefs of João Pessoa/PB and Cabedelo/PB, trying to relate these aspects and providing subsidies for evaluation of management work in search of sustainable reef development. In addition, it was proposed to provide the reef management bodies with a method to evaluate the impacts caused by the activities carried out in the localities and could be incorporated into management plans, including those of Conservation Units. The Ecological Evaluation Index (EEI) and Indicatior Value (IndVal) methods, respectively, were used to indicate the conservation status and species selection for the proposed monitoring. With the institutional actors legally constituents of the management process, interviews and structured questionnaires were applied to characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of management. The analysis of the conservation status and the species selected for the monitoring of the reefs indicated that the reef environments of João Pessoa and Cabedelo have environmental quality at levels satisfactory from the point of view of conservation. The lower values of environmental quality found in the dry season were expected due to the greater tourist flow at this time of year, which potentiates the impacts caused by tourism and influences the composition of the local macrobenthic community. The species selected for the monitoring of reefs are recognized bioindicators of areas not impacted by urbanization, with the exception of Acanthophora spicifera that despite the recognized potential bioindicator of impacted area, the occurrence observed in Areia Vermelha is understood as seasonal and positive, since it increases the biodiversity and functional complexity of the reef. The effectiveness of reef management ranged from high in Areia Vermelha and average in to other reefs, possibly reflecting the larger organization and structuring promoted by the Conservation Unit in which the Areia Vermelha reef is inserted. The management characterization indicated that the main impacts perceived by the managers on the reef are of tourist origin (trampling, organic pollution, anchoring and the traffic of motorized vessels), but the works for reef conservation were classified by the managers as bad in Picãozinho and in the Seixas, medium in Formosa and good in Areia Vermelha. The characterization also showed that among the management tools, the Orla Project is only used by for the management of the reef Areia Vermelha. The system of cooperation and integration between federated entities set out in national coastal management policies and plans is used only in the implementation of environmental fiscalization and exchange of information on reefs. Studies that integrate conservation status and management process assessments are crucial for understanding impacts and consequences on the reef community, evaluating management work in minimizing impacts and using management tools.

The use of plants for the treatment of diseases among humans is historically old. Even today, in the face of the advance of modern medicine, the use of plants for therapeutic purposes is still seen in many human groups as an alternative, both for cultural and economic issues, especially in rural areas and in developing countries. The objective of the present study is to record and analyze the use and knowledge of medicinal plant species, as well as their local availability in the vegetation areas, in a rural community in the buffer zone of the Sete Cidades National Park in Piauí. Semi - structured interviews were conducted with 27 community residents and a phytosociological survey was performed using the quadrant method. The use and versatility of the species were evaluated by the methods of Value of Use, Relative Importance and Relative Frequency of Citation. Fabaceae and Anacardiaceae were the most representative families in number of species cited. Ximenia americana was the most prominent species in relation to all quantitative methods adopted. The parts of the plants most used were bark and bramble. Regarding the preparation the highlight was for sauce, lambedor and decoction. The more highlighted category of diseases to which the plants were cited was Diseases of the Respiratory System. The data obtained does not support the Ecological Appearance Hypothesis.

The present dissertation analyses the experience of the Pará Public Security Council (CONSEP), as an institutional social participation mean for the realization of public security policies allied to the characteristics of Rule of Law State so the defense of human rights. This study has as a central point of identify if the social participation on public security management councils has been contributing for a democratic institutionality achievement in the public management, with the capacity of inducing security policies that guarantee the legally described rights for all social groups. The work firstly investigate the models as well as the public security policies implemented in the recent Brazilian history, since the 1964 civil-military coup until the present time. We also investigated how occur the creation of participatory spaces in public policies from the 1988 Constitution, such as forums, conferences and councils, and how these participatory arenas emerged in the public security field. Finally, we examine the CONSEP experience as a collegiate deliberation institution, that stand with the participation of civil society since the creation in 1996, been responsible for defining relevant policies and procedures in the public security area in the Pará State. We also aimed to introduce the trajectory of the aforementioned Council, from the creation to the current, highlighting the activities of social movements and representatives of civil society during more than 20 years of activity. The methodological approach used in the research has based on qualitative analysis, through bibliographical, documentary and field research, with semi-structured interviews from CONSEP members, aiming at the reconstruction of the trajectory so verification of the Council current context. Our conclusions emphasized the relevance and limits of CONSEP in the construction of public policies aiming the defense of the rights in this field, recognizing that still are obstacles for a balanced and effective social participation. The study also shows that, despite the existence of CONSEP since 1996, the violence rates increased in the last decades in Pará, which points to the limits of social control over security devices, since decisions taken in other instances are inaccessible to democratic control. Nevertheless, without neglecting existing limits and obstacles, is important to emphasize the importance of civil society participation in institutional spaces and participatory democracy, as a necessary complement to representative democracy. In the end, we understand that the greatest contribution of management councils, in the most diverse areas, is their capacity to re-signify political actions.

The right to education of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) reflects movements against socioeconomic and cultural injustices that, historically, affects people with deficiency, a scenery that it was sought to be changed from the paradigm of human rights, being the Specialized Educational Assistance (SEA) one of the mechanisms created to guarantee opportunity equalities, in the face of highly personal educational necessities that find in technology new possibilities. Based on that it is presented as research problem: - in what extent assistive technologies enabled by internet access contribute to the learning process of autistic child in Early Childhood Education and how public policies of human rights are being made effective to include these people inside of school environment? As a social justification, the research has the intention to identify failures and improvements in the public policy for social inclusion, creating reflexes in the exercise of citizenship and effectiveness of human rights of the autistic person, while it reveals the importance of promoting one education in/for human rights. Yet, it seeks to bring a reflection about the performance of inclusive educational teacher, with repercussions in the current Special Education policy, promoting the respect to diversity and the fight to the normalization of the “different”. Equally, it is evident the legal relevance once Brazilian State has assumed international, constitutional and infra constitutional commitments, producing knowledge about the social efficiency of regulatory declarations. As a general objective, it is analyzed if/how public policies designed to the insertion of assistive technologies in the school promote inclusion and if there is reverberation in the learning process of autistic child on the light of inclusive education paradigm. It stands out as theoretical contribution the Redistribution and Recognition Theory, the Socio Historical Theory and the Symbolic Constitutionalization Theory. Thus, it is aimed to contribute to the debate on technology regulation on the light of human rights encompassing the right to education of disabled person. Regarding to method, it was chosen an exploratory research, with mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative). Yet, in relation to the outline, a bibliographical, documentary and empirical research was carried out, with field study and observational method conjugated with data collection by the application of a questionnaire, being subject six inclusive education teachers who work in classes of multifunctional resources. It was adopted qualitative analysis with the corresponding data interpretation, with actions developed in three steps: reduction, exhibition and conclusion/verification. As a conclusion it was shown that assistive technologies which conform digital learning environments are an additional instrument to the autistic teaching-learning process, as well as there are local Public Authority actions to the implementation of SEA with the use of these tools, although, there is still a need to mitigate the inclusive deep gap in the face of problems in the social normative efficiency that aims to produce meaningful learning in the autistic development process.

Fruiting plants that belong to the Myrtaceae family have several genera and species spread throughout Brazilian biomes and exhibit plants with marked presence of secondary compounds belonging to various classes of medicines. It is still considered a complex family regarding taxonomic classification due to the number of superior components, difficult morphological difference and few studies in the area. The compilation of nutritional data is a systematic, quantitative review study of secondary data source. However, to enhance the classification and chemotaxonomic investigation in UPLC-QToF-MS / MS technique, obtain faster and more effective information compared to other techniques. This should affect the high selectivity and sensitivity of UPLC-QToF-MS / MS, which results in its application for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Given the above, the present study deals with a systematic, quantitative review of secondary data source, aiming to contemplate an analysis of the nutritional composition of plant species from data measured in data using the compilation of values already used. As well as describe the potentiality of chemometric classification applied to UPLC-MS data for chemotaxonomic investigation of leaves of fifteen species of genus Psidium, Plinia, Myrciaria and Eugenia in the Myrtaceae family. A compilation was performed according to methodologies created by FAO / INFOODS. Fifteen plant species of the genus Psidium, Plinia, Myrciaria and Eugenia were studied. In the compilation, it is studied as native species or occurring in Brazil from researches of fruitful nutritional data in the published literature through databases, national and international scientific journals, master's dissertations and doctoral theses. Of the 10.308 scientific publications related to the research by scientific and popular name of the species, about 40 publications record nutritional composition data for the investigated fruits and approximately 11 publications used for data compilation. We found publications related only to fruits of jabuticaba, cambuí, guava, araçá-boi and pitanga according to the exclusion criteria. The identification of the nutritional composition of these foods increased the knowledge about biodiversity and nutritional composition of the studied fruits and encouraged the consumption, commercialization and development of new food products based on the species used. However, to give you a complete picture of their nutritional composition, more research in the area of food analysis is needed. In turn, the use of a multivariate tool was indispensable to detect markers, since the number of high information on chromatograms did not provide conclusive data. The results provide an appropriate gender and species classification, based primarily on magic acid, catechin, epicatechin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, reynoutrine, madecassic acid, acid and moringa, used as marker agents. Therefore, the method was useful and allowed a satisfactory chemotaxonomic distinction between genders.

Selenium supplementation can improve the immune system by acting on the antioxidant control and modulation of redox cell homeostasis, becoming an alternative to the use of growth promoters in piglet nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with or without complex sources on organic selenium molecules, as well as the level of supplementation in the diet of weanling piglets. Forty weaned piglets at 28 days of the same commercial strain were used, with initial average weight of 6.60 ± 1.06 kg, distributed in a randomized block design (DBC) and evaluated in three phases (I - 28 35 days of age II - from 36 to 45 days of age III - from 46 to 60 days of age). The experimental diets consisted of: Control diet without selenium source addition; Control diet supplemented with additional 0.150 mg / kg selenium yeast; Control diet supplemented with an additional 0.150 mg / kg sodium selenite; Control diet supplemented with 0.300 mg / kg additional selenium yeast; Control diet supplemented with an additional 0.300 mg / kg of sodium selenite. Daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated as well as the incidence of diarrhea, nutrient digestibility, serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), immunoglobulin A (IGA), immunoglobulin G levels. (IGG) and creatinine, relative organ weight, bowel morphology and immunohistochemistry. Supplementation of 0.300 mg / kg independent of the source reduced (P <0.05) the daily feed intake of the evaluated animals from 28 to 60 days of age, while sodium selenite supplementation improved feed conversion. Selenium yeast supplementation increased the digestibility coefficient of organic matter. The level of 0.150mg / kg reduced serum GGT concentration at 41 days of age, while serum IGA and creatinine levels increased with the level of 0.300mg / kg at 51 and 60 days of age, regardless of source. villus, duodenal abortion area, and jejunal absorptive area increased with the level of 0.150mg / kg regardless of source, as well as a higher rate of duodenal mitosis. Additional supplementation of 0.150 mg / kg selenium is recommended, regardless of source, with the understanding that an additional level of 0.300 mg / kg may cause deleterious effect on consumption, metabolic changes and intestinal morphology, indicating toxicity.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of sunflower meal replacing soybean meal in the diet of lactating cows on intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, production and milk composition, feed efficiency, microbial protein synthesis, blood parameters (glucose concentration, urea and urea nitrogen) and nitrogen balance. Twelve Holstein x Gir mixed cows were used, with an initial average production of 28 ± 2.7 kg of milk / day, were distributed in a 4 x 4 triple Latin Square design, with four periods of 17 days each (ten days for adaptation of the animals to the diet and seven days for data collection and samples). The cows received diets composed of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate (based on dry matter - MS). The diets consisted of increasing levels of sunflower meal (0%, 33%, 67% and 100%) replacing soybean meal (based on dry matter - MS). Diets did not influence (P> 0.05) the intake of dry matter (CMS), organic matter (CMO), mineral matter (CMM), crude protein (CPB) and total digestible nutrients (CNDT). The consumption of non-fibrous carbohydrates (CNFC) decreased, while consumption ether extract the (CEE) and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (CNDFap) increased kg / day and %PV in accordance with the increase in sunflower meal level in the diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, OM, NDFcp and CNF were not altered (P> 0.05) in function of the diets. However, the apparent digestibility coefficient of EE increased (P<0.05) according to the increase in the level of sunflower meal insertion in the diets. The milk yield (26.37 kg/day) and the contents and quantities in milk protein, lactose, total solids (TS), nonfat dry extract (ESD) and urea nitrogen (MUN) and feed efficiency (EA) were not altered (P>0.05) in function of the diets. Milk yield corrected for 4% fat and milk fat content and amount were linearly influenced (P <0.05) by the diets used. Levels of soybean meal replacement by sunflower meal in the diets did not influence (P>0.05) the estimated urinary volume (Ŷ = 21.52 L/day), as well as the excretion of purine derivatives, synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. The amount of nitrogen ingested and digested showed no influence of treatments (P<0.05), as well as the amount of nitrogen 15 excreted via urine, feces and milk. Nitrogen balance was not influenced by treatments (P> 0.05). The serum concentration of urea nitrogen, urea and glucose were not influenced (P> 0.05) by the treatments. However, glucose concentration was influenced (P <0.05) by collection times, presenting higher blood concentrations 4 hours after the beginning of feeding. Sunflower meal may be the main protein source, substituting up to 100% soybean meal in lactating cows.

The present dissertation has as its scope, based on the analysis of a theoretical production of critical criminology and the theoretical accumulation of the political economy of punishment, analyzing and demonstrating the intertwining between the formation of the capitalist mode of production and the origin of the custodial sentence with the current structural crisis of capital and the mass incarceration of the last decades. The penalty of deprivation of liberty until 1970 remained stable across the planet. The tendency was for the application of the prison sentence to specific cases, utilizing other instruments of social control for the containment and surveillance of marginalized persons. However, this scenario changes radically. The jail as a penalty began to be employed, initially in the United States, from the mid-1970s, as the main punishment of the state for those labeled as criminals, resulting in the imprisonment of millions of people - mostly, black and poor – from 380,000 in 1975 to almost 2 millions in 2000 (WACQUANT, 2007). This punitivist eagerness soon arrived in Brazil. From the 1990s, with great accentuation in the year 2006 onwards, the Brazilian prison population grew at levels never seen before – from 380,000 in 1990 to more than 725,000 in 2016 (INFOPEN, 2017) -, marked by selectivity which is characteristic of the penal system in all countries. It is also investigated how economic and criminological theories and practices have repercussions in Brazil, not forgetting that Latin American historical specificities make the criminal system even more lethal to the bodies of poor and black people. The method of approach that will be used in the present research is dialectical historical materialism, serving as a guideline of the analysis of the dynamics of the functioning of the penal system and its interfaces with the socioeconomic system. We seek to analyze some of the contents observed in this process: hyperincarceration, deconstruction of the Welfare State, criminal selectivity, neoliberal economic policies and racism as analytical categories present in the theoretical-scientific discussion of the penalty within contemporaneity. It is concluded that socio-economic determinations, adopted in response to the structural crisis of capital, have caused the phenomenon of imprisonment of millions of people, acting more or less violently depending on the socio-historical particularities of each country.

The cactus pear is an important forage resource for the semiarid region and widely used in animal feed. It has a great genetic diversity and there is a need to characterize the most cultivated genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in mineral and bromatological composition of different cladode phenological stages of cactus pear genotypes of Opuntia and Nopalea genera. To this end, collection was performed in an area implanted with genotypes at the Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, in Arcoverde-PE. The materials of the genus Opuntia (IPA-200016, IPA-200174, IPA-200008 and IPA-200149) and Nopalea (IPA-100004, IPA-200021 and IPA-200205) were evaluated for mineral and bromatological composition by cladodes phenological stage (young, intermediate and mature). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 7x3 factorial scheme and the obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey test. The content of nutrients varied N (10.55 to 13.47 g.kg-1 DM), P (3.87 to 9.12 g.kg-1 DM), K (23.18 to 34.46 g.kg-1 DM), Ca (41.72 to 81.79 g.kg-1 DM), Mg (7.03 to 7.28 g.kg-1 DM), S (2.98 to 4.16 g.kg-1 DM), B (38.64 to 80.67 mg.kg-1 DM), Fe (90.40 to 116.78 mg.kg-1 DM), Cu (2.33 to 6.65 mg.kg-1 DM), Zn (70.99 to 127.69 mg.kg-1 DM), Mn (39.84 to 317.73 mg.kg-1 DM), MS (61.42 to 83.80 g.kg-1 MN), MM (146.46 to 181,83 g.kg-1 DM), MO (818.17 to 853.54 g.kg-1 DM), EE (15.59 to 22.68 g.kg-1 DM), PB (57.51 to 71.24 g.kg-1 DM), FDN (232.57 to 357.62 g.kg-1 DM), FDA (115.61 to 213.23 g.kg-1 DM), CNF (433.12 to 504.93 g.kg-1 DM) e CHOT (738.89 a 773.56 g.kg-1 DM). The mineral and bromatological composition of cactus pear genotypes show variability in different phenological stages of cladode. Cutting at a young and intermediate phenological stage prioritizes the highest concentrations of minerals, crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates.

This piece analyses the questions of knowledge and language, presented as intrinsically linked and according to the hermeneutics of St. Augustine. In De magistro, De doctrina christiana and De dialectica, in particular, the Hipponese understands that language is the main (conventional) vehicle of human communication. Thus, it endeavors to understand (and expose) the ways we use language for the transmission of meanings – the thoughts and intentions (cognitiones et voluntates) of who speaks – starting from linguistic practices and conventions, subordinating semantics to pragmatics. Its task, therefore, is to value the exposition of the doctrina christiana (sacred hermeneutics), rather than to simply and systematically base a method, a model of interpretation (philosophical hermeneutics). In this intention, the study of grammar or significant sentences (sign theory) becomes useful because, in addition to assuming an ontic-ontological order (metalanguage), it presupposes an internal logic of/in the word in/about the discourse that, well conducted-arranged, ascends from the complex to the simple, from the figuration to the intelligible Form (ηδέα), from man to God. These notions, however, are not specific of/in the Hipponese, but inherited from the Bible and the philosophical tradition (platonic, aristotelian, stoic and neoplatonic). The novelty in Augustine is to make of language, as a propositional matter, an auxiliary instrument for knowledge, which must be used in favor of faith, of doctrina christiana (vera religio, vera philosophia) – and he does so from a point of view in the first person, culminating in a protoexistentialist hermeneutic, the “grand hermeneutic in grand style”, in Heidegger‟s words.

Paulicéia Desvairada from Mário de Andrade was the corpus of this study. It was observed how the intense changing context through which São Paulo was passing in the beginning of the 20th century was determinant to the construction of various elements in the poetry of the author’s books and how he inserts himself in this context creating a book about São Paulo, and at the same time, and somehow, about himself. The main objective was to establish relations between the context and the various references existing in the book, besides observing the different ways and degrees of indexicality that these references have in the studied book and how these indices may act as metaphors structuring elements, this way helping in what Jakobson called “duplication of referential”. For this purpose, we used Charles Peirce’s concepts of indices, and also other concepts from the peircean semiotics in order to understand the sign relations found in different dimensions of the book. This made us interrelate the poems and verses with the context of the book as a whole. We tried to keep distance from the simple idea of symbol, and to consider the book, in its integrality, being an indice about São Paulo in the beginning of the 20th century. The study was based on the categories of “manifest indexicality” and “diffuse indexicality”, proposed in this thesis. This was helpful because of the opacity of the literary language, to comprehend the different ways in which the indices are presented in the poems. This way, it was possible to observe that in the studied book there are a series of indications to spaces, actions and people that represented the break in the artistic and behavioral field. It was also possible to notice that these choices bring a series of marginalized people by the urbanization process, putting them into the spotlight, not only poetically but also historically. This happening in an agonistic way and as a result of a complex ideological web that involved the author himself. Further, this study tried to consider indices as elements of poetical construction, putting into check its ability of representing reality and making us think about the reality itself as an element of construction of the art, as well as some ways through which the poetical language may use referentiality without disconsidering the “autonomous” aspect of the art. Finally, when questioning the tenuous relations between art and reality we seek to consider the sign as a poetical and ideological artefact.

Devant le scénario réservé à la langue française (LF) dans l’actuelle configuration politique et éducative brésilienne où la place attribuée aux langues étrangères est de plus en plus restreinte, nous cherchons à dresser un panorama de la LF dans les principales écoles de langue à João Pessoa, publiques et privées, en enquêtant sur les idéologies linguistiques (IL) présentes dans les discours des étudiants et des professeurs de français langue étrangère (FLE) de ces cours. Nous comptons surtout sur les apports théoriques de Sposlky (2004, 2009, 2012) sur les politiques linguistiques (PL) car il prend en compte la dimension idéologique dans son concept de politique linguistique (PL), en y intégrant le concept de croyances et d’idéologies. En ce qui concerne les IL, nous avons trouvé principalement dans Kroskrity (2004) et Del Valle (2007, 2016) la base nécessaire à notre travail, en plus des contributions fondamentales de Bourdieu (1994, 2004, 2007) pour le développement de notre analyse. Pour la constitution du corpus de cette recherche, nous avons sélectionné 6 cours de langue à João Pessoa, du réseau public et privé, et nous avons passé 187 questionnaires dont 174 parmi les étudiants et 13 parmi les enseignants. Quant aux données, nous avons effectué une analyse qualitative des questions ouvertes et semi-ouvertes et une analyse quantitative des questions fermées à l'aide du logiciel SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). En analysant les données, nous avons observé que les IL autour de la LF sont étroitement liées à la situation socioéconomique des participants et se réfèrent, principalement, à la valeur culturelle et à la distinction de ceux qui l’enseignent ou l’étudient. Nous nous rendons compte aussi que la LF est considérée comme un atout intellectuel, contrairement à l'anglais et l'espagnol qui sont celles les plus recherchées parce qu'elles sont conçues comme des langues dont les valeurs symboliques sont les plus prestigieuses sur le marché linguistique.