RCAAP Repository

This dissertation has the objective of create an explicative model of the willingness to forgive, using implicit and explicit questionnaires. The human values and the belief in a just or unjust world was the independent variables, considering a cross-cultural sample. In this sense, two empirical studies was performed. The Study 1 considered a sample of 723 subjects, with mean age of 26.5 years old (DP = 9,10), mostly composed by women (73,3%), and distributed on 5 countries: Argentina (n =54), Brazil (n =330), Spain (n = 154), Mexico (n = 83) and Portugal (n = 102). They answered to General Just World Scale, Unjust Word Scale, Willingness to Forgive Scale, Basic Values Questionnaire and demographic questions. The results pointed to the formulation of a theoretical model involving the Personal goals (excitement and promotion) and beliefs in just and unjust world, predicting the explicit willingness to forgive. This model looks satisfactory by the empirical data observed: [χ²/gl = 7,26, GFI = 0,98, AGFI = 0,94, CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,09 (0,063 – 0,013)]. The Study 2 aimed: a) adapt an implicit measure of willingness to forgive (IAT- Forgiveness) for the five countries; b) know the implicit correlates of willingness to forgive and c) develop a alternative model to explain this willingness, involving the values and beliefs. Was counted with a sample of 449 participants, from five different countries. These had a mean age of 25.5 years (SD = 8.40) most female (72.6%). In order to achieve the objectives, the sample was divided by country: Argentina (n = 41), Brazil (n = 200), Spain (n = 84), Mexico (n = 76) and Portugal (n =48). The IAT - Forgiveness was given together with the same questionnaires of Study 1. The results showed that the implicit measurement presented predictive validity. It also revealed that people in five countries showed implicit willingness to forgive, and that this willingness correlaciou positively with social goals (interactive and normative) and with the beliefs in a just world and inversely with the belief in an unjust world. The second theoretical model also presented appropriate indices: [χ²/gl = 3,09, GFI = 0,99, AGFI = 0,96, CFI = 0,93 e RMSEA = 0,07 (0,27 – 0,11)]. It is estimated that the objectives were achieved, with the adaptation of of an implicit measure of willingness to forgive for five countries, with preliminary evidence of its validity, and increasing the understanding that has been around willingness to forgive from the relationships it establishes with other constructs.

In this work we study the graph theory, which although it is somewhat widespread content, including academia is extremely important for solving many mathematical problems and physical models. Moreover, this theme can be found in applications in several areas, including quote: computer, electrical, genetic. We adopt the bibliographic research and exploratory research to deal with the issue at hand, trying to de ne and clarify the aforesaid theory, but also contribute to its spread, which enables members of the basic and higher education have a contact with such an important and fruitful know, since elementary considerations graphs brings us closer to scienti c research. We alternate concepts and statements of lemmas and theorems to solve problems. We use simple language, so that a high school student can understand, without, however, distancing us from mathematical rigor. In time, we present the four color theorem the number of Ramsey, with detailed statements of the latter result. Finally, we use concepts and purely combinatorial results and probability, using the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs with certain properties that are di cult construction and, through this evidence, get other desired graph.

The citizenship and the fulfillment of human rights have become guiding principles of the new forms of mental health care, grounded in the psychiatric reform, yet still seem to be actions that hurt the respect for human rights. In the daily life of the new mental health services, the goal is that human rights are respected. Historically laws were created to address this issue, such as the Law 10.216. The laws and ordinances are configured as a legal apparatus in ensuring these rights, but it is possible to notice a discrepancy between knowing the rights of the mentally ill and consolidate strategies that seek this guarantee. This study aimed to identify the social representations of human rights of professionals of mental health services - CAPS. The objectives of this study were answered through a research which theoretical and methodological bases were developed by Moscovici and Willem Doise. This study deals with an ex post facto research of the quantitative and qualitative type. We interviewed 60 graduated professionals in the mental health services and used as instruments: a socio-demographic questionnaire, scales of psychosocial measures and a semi-structured interview. This study follows rules established by the National Health Committee according to Resolution 196, with regard to the ethical procedures, being submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the State University of Paraiba. In the data analysis we used the Bardin content analysis, statistical analysis and the statistical program ALCESTE. The results indicated that the social representations of human rights were anchored in the psychiatric reform and implementation of CAPS services. Most participants reported that there are changes, even if subtle, in the way mental illness is viewed by society. The dendrogram was composed by two groups: Reform Evaluation and re socialization and citizenship. The first one grouped the categories: criticism to assistance and legislation and the second group gathered the categories: cause of diseases, role of professionals and social inclusion. While the professionals reported knowing important aspects of psychiatric reform and the new attendance policy, the daily services of the human rights effective actions appear to be scarce. The professionals also reported limitations related to a large number of activities, little disclosure about the rights and other issues. As regards the level of involvement in human rights, the results showed that at the personal level, the professionals evaluated that should be involved and have been involved in the rights issue, while at the governmental level, respondents rated that the Government should engage in advocacy of rights, but in practice little is done. These results indicate the need for reflection and evaluation of services so that there is an intersection between theory and practice and concomitantly an effective search for the fulfillment of human rights of people with mental disorders.

This work has as main objective to carry out an analysis of psychologists activity Social Assistance Reference Centers - CRAS the cities of the micro-region of the Paraíba Valley Sabugi call. The actions promoted by CRAS these cities are of great importance to maintaining a social welfare and social and economic promotion of families in vulnerable situations. It is of great importance to understand the work of the technical staff of these CRAS. The study included four psychologists who work in the five cities that make up the aforementioned micro-region of the state, and one of these psychologists working in two cities, with ages ranged between 24 and 36 years, with experience times ranging from six months to 10 years. From a theoretical point of view, this study made use of the knowledge arising from the Ergonomic of the activity, the Psychodynamics of work and Ergology. The method employed is a non-experimental design of qualitative nature, combining semi-structured interviews and observations in the workplace. For analysis, we used the content analysis feature by building themes, being established four categories of analysis. The known risks and working conditions, shows deficits in terms of infrastructure and what the risks faced by respondents in developing its activity, both social and in terms of transport, among others. In the second phase, this was the task and activity of the psychologists themselves, showing they report that their activities permeate from the individual attention to technical and bureaucratic activities. In the third category, the training was discussed, which is insufficient for the performance of them in the CRAS, which is reflected in the activity of the interviewees. Finally, it addressed the question of recognition, which, according to them, is given more by users than by management.

The Psychiatric Reform aims to break the isolation pinelian, seeking the crietion of possibilities, the production of sociability and subjectivities, allowing the subject of the experience of madness, who has been denied the world of citizenship, to become in fact a subject and not object of knowledge. It is this process of transformation that workers in the mental health area are immersed, although there is progress, there are also challenges that must be overcome. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the work situations at CAPS III in Campina Grande - PB in light of the Psychiatric Reform. For this, this research has descriptive, cross-sectional and exploratory design, with a survey data and qualitative approach. The survey was conducted in 2013 at CAPS III in Campina Grande - PB. The study gathered 15 professionals that make up the team at the refered CAPS that consented to participation. We use as an analytical perspective the framework of ergology. We conclude that the work activity of these professionals is marked by unpredictability, demanding an exaggerated use of themselves and shown as exhausting. Among the challenges encountered in daily life of this unit we highlight the precariousness of employment, difficulties with the resources, the physical structure and relations with the municipal health network. As a coping strategy, team meetings is presented as favorable spaces for expression and debate that act as a support mechanism, reducing the wear caused by the activity.

This work was developed with the aim of presenting a new approach within the Geometry, the Inversion. The Inversive Geometry is a non-Euclidean geometry that has several applications, mainly related to problems of tangency. This new Geometry is presented throughout this work in order to solve the ten problems of Apollonius. All constructions are carried out with the aid of a Dynamic Geometry software, Geogebra. Since the work is directed to teachers and students of basic education, then there is a proposed roadmap for the reader to participate in the construction of the solutions of these problems process, which will enable the development of creativity, logical thinking, reasoning and practice of geometric constructions.

This paper presents multivariable nonlinear mathematical models with estimable parameters in online identification for an electromechanical manipulator, thus enabling practical applications of adaptive control techniques. The manipulator comprises three rotary joints and three links appointed link 1, 2 and 3. The total displacement of the link 1 is 180° and of the link 2 is 110 °, with each of these links being driven by a direct current motor, while the link 3 has its motion controlled by a mechanical system that always keeps the horizontal position. The identification process started of the nonlinear autoregressive model with exogenous variables (NARX) for multiple inputs and multiple outputs, using the error reduction rate (ERR) method, coupled nonlinear, decoupled nonlinear and decoupled linear models were determined to the link 1 and link 2 of the manipulator. The Recursive Least Squares (RLS) estimator is used to estimate the parameters of the representative model of the robot manipulator links 1 and 2, thus verifying the efficiency of the models obtained in the online identification.

The process Squeeze casting is a casting process in which the cast metal is solidified in the liquid state under pressure into a metallic permanent mold closed by a puncture. It is an economical and relatively simple technique, possessing great potential for automation and high production rates. The product is of high quality and usually has the final form. Currently, components of aluminum alloys, copper, magnesium, cast iron, stainless steels and nickel-based superalloys are easily manufactured by squeeze casting, for our work alloy studied for this process was the Aluminum Alloy Zinc. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of operating parameters such as pressure and pressing time on the correlation between solidification macrostructure and mechanical properties of dilute Al-Zn through the process Squeeze Casting, alloy alloys used in this work of Al-1% Zn ; Al-3% Zn and 5% Al-Zn, and pressures of 50, 100 and 150 MPa and solidification without pressure and with pressing time of 5 seconds. The results show the macrostructure, tensile test and hardness. The study of macro-structure and properties of these alloys shows the effectiveness of this process in the grain refining and improves the mechanical properties of the alloys studied.

Studies have shown that the presence of people generates changes in the dynamic behavior of structures due to the increase of mass and the ability of the human body to absorb energy, justifying the representation of the human body by mass-spring-damper models. In situations where the mass of people are significant in relation to the mass of the structure, as in the case of temporary stands, the effect becomes more pronounced. These structures have less stiffness in the lateral direction, justifying the purpose of the present study to investigate the effect in this direction that causes the presence of people in a temporary grandstand. For the development, a prototype grandstand with a capacity of approximately 100 people was assembled in the laboratory and modal tests were performed with the empty structure and also partially occupied by people. Models in finite element (FE) were developed using the software Ansys. Experimental data and FE model results with 5, 8 and 12 people seated were correlated to adjust a biodynamic model representing seated and standing spectators. The biodynamic model, conceived as a single degree of freedom (SDOF), was proposed in a survey undertaken, being adapted to the conditions of the people in the stands. Transient analysis using ANSYS were also performed to adjust the damping coefficient of biodynamic models. Once the biodynamic models were defined, investigations on the vibration properties of the structure when it was gradually occupied by these models were performed. The results show significant changes in natural frequencies of stucture when occupied by seated and standing people when compared with the natural frequencies of the empty stand. These situations demonstrate the importance of considering the effect of people in temporary grandstand and its representation through biodynamic models.

The use of ferromagnetic materials such as steel have been abundant in products and manufacturing equipment due to their magnetic properties, which generates an interaction between them and the applied magnetic fields. This interaction has been studied for the development of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) used to detect cracks, heterogeneity, degree of deformation and accompanying precipitation of desirable and / or undesirable phases in materials. In this work a NDT technique based on the application of magnetic fields in the region of reversal of the magnetic materials has been developed. There were compared an SAE 1045 steel and an ASTM 6261 aluminum alloy, being then classified as paramagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. It was tried to knowledge of how the variables metallographic geometry and texture could interfere with magnetic induction (B) in these materials. It was determined the values of H and optimum thickness, the equations relating the geometry, thickness, and shape of the samples had magnetic anisotropy and rotating the samples. The technique proved promising with both materials interacted with the magnetic field applied by working in a common region for the two materials magnetization, the magnetic region of reversibility. The method was sensitive to metallographic texture, being promising for determining the best direction of magnetization in materials for electrical purposes. The geometry of the samples influenced the amount of magnetic induction, carrying out mathematical corrections for the comparison of different shapes, sizes, thicknesses and materials is required. For the SAE 1045 steel was magnetic anisotropy due to the existence of metallographic texture from the manufacturing process by rolling steel. For aluminum ASTM 6261 did not occur in magnetic anisotropy due to the lack of metallographic texture.

Quasicrystals are materials with unique properties such as high hardness, low surface energy, low coefficient of friction, etc. Due to its high hardness and consequent fragility, the use of quasicrystals becomes limited to coatings and composite materials. This paper is a study of hardness and surface properties of the composite formed by the epoxy matrix and the quasicrystalline reinforcement. The quasicrystalline alloy Al59,2Cu25,5Fe12,3B3 were obtained by melting and made into powder by hand. Then it was ground by high energy milling to reduce the particle size. After milling the powder, it was added in the polymer matrix in volumetric ratios of 1, 10, 20 and 30% where the comparison of the properties was made between the composite of QC on the composite and the pure epoxy resin. For the characterization of quasicristalino powder, we used the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Sieve Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while for the composite we used the Thermogravimetric Analysis techniques, Shore D hardness test Analysis of the Angle of Contact and SEM. By measuring the contact angle was possible the realization of surface energy calculations and work of adhesion between the constituents. Through this study it is concluded that it was possible to obtain a composite QC / Epoxy with greater hardness and still maintain its surface characteristics.

The avocado is a fruit known for its high fat contained in the pulp and like most agricultural products also features a high moisture content in your composition. Drying of the avocado is important since the use of the fruit is performed to obtain a product of greater value, for example, oil serving as a raw material for biodiesel production. This research was developed with the aim to contribute to the theoretical and experimental study of convection drying process of hot air to the avocado in nature, through experimental analysis, mathematical models in the literature and reported an increase of new equations. For the drying process a convective dryer was used, operating in the temperature range of temperature (40, 50, 60 and 70)°C. The geometry of the samples and the flow rate of the drying air were considered constant. For the isotherm Desorption was used a temperature range between was (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90)°C. The validation of the models used in this research was performed by the method of least squares, in possession of the experimental data the kinetic and the desorption isotherms for the avocado in nature. The experimental results of drying kinetics were expressed by models that predict moisture loss through convective mass coefficient and the effective mass diffusivity. The loss of mass on the surface of avocado was expressed by Newton law of cooling, while the inside was expressed by the empirical models represented by Page and Modified. For desorption isotherms the experimental results were demonstrated using models that predict the equilibrium moisture content obtained experimentally in relation to the activity of pre-established water. The desorption isotherm avocado in nature was expressed by the empirical models and Copace amd Sigma-copace. We also developed new mathematical models to represent the kinetic and isotherm avocado in nature.

The use of unmanned vehicles has been widespread in the areas of safety, environmental exploitation and industry in general and can be tele-operated or autonomous. There are also hybrid systems, in which the vehicle is tele-operated, but endowed with intelligent algorithms that guide the operator and make decisions in the most critical situations. Many authors have studied the kinematics and the dynamics of traction vehicles per mat, with a consensus that the kinematic model can be simplified to most analyzes. Most studies using vehicles pulled by mats near the kinematic model of a wheeled vehicle with differential drive. In this paper we proposed an unconventional approach, in which the kinematic model is treated as a flexible body. Is based on the fact that, in a curvilinear motion, there is a point of contact equivalent to a wheeled vehicle to a given instant. The dynamic model proposed in this work includes the lateral drag force to cause the tracks of curvilinear motions, considering its non-linearity and strong coupling between the mats. Even as contribution of this work, we present the implementation of a control system able to identify the soil adhesion characteristics and perform control strategies for the vehicle from the track/soil interaction.

This paper presents an experimental design of a power control system and position, using, as actuator, a coil spring of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA), consisting of Ni-Ti alloys, in an adapted screw table. A controller, closed loop, based on Fuzzy logic has been modeled to control the force exerted by the spring which the spring is manipulating by the temperature. In this work, the spring temperature was controlled by an electric current, which produces heat generation by Joule effect. A restoring spring was used to make the shape memory spring to restore the system to its original position. To supply the shape memory spring we used a controlled current source, whose current value that determines the desired force applied which is measured with a load cell and position by a camera connected a computer. The shape memory spring characteristics were determined from conventional approach to helical traction springs, and then characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The Fuzzy controller was modeled on LabVIEW installed on a computer equipped with a data acquisition system. The experimental results were obtained from tests on test bench, with the shape memory alloy spring with and without training.

In this work, will be characterized two types of adsorptive wheels, an active effect and the other passive effect, known respectively as desiccant wheel and enthalpy wheel. These devices are used to compose the climatization adsorption systems as a means of promoting the dehumidification of air using the adsorption phenomenon that occurs in their adsorptive matrices. This phenomenon involves both the mass transfer and the heat, its cycles are defined by two processes taking place simultaneously, the adsorption and desorption. In the study, the characterization will boil down to assess the equipment in different working conditions with the main objective to achieve better dehumidification of air using the least amount of energy possible. Procedures were used for low air flow rates set in three categories: the process flow, which is the airflow to be treated, or dehumidified, a regeneration flow, which is the air stream in countercurrent flow desiccant rotor with process flow will serve as a means of maintaining the adsorptive cycle always performing heat exchange and mass, and the return flow, which flow against the enthalpy rotor will also serve as a means of promoting the dehumidification of process air. In the regeneration flow rates will be assessed the effects of low temperature heating and in both wheels will be evaluated the effects of different rotational speeds. Will also take place, procedures in order to verify the possibility of the wheel enthalpy work as a wheel desiccant . The findings contributed significantly to the climate control by adsorption systems is taken increasingly as a viable alternative to replacing conventional cooling.

Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and family members facing life-threatening diseases through the relief of physical, psychological and spiritual suffering. Therefore, it is observed that spirituality helps patients face difficult situations and is considered an important tool in palliative care, to ease the suffering and pain caused by terminal and chronic degenerative diseases. This master´s degree thesis was consisted of two articles: the first is called Palliative Care and Spirituality: an integrative literature review, and aimed to analyze scientific articles produced worldwide on palliative care and spirituality: through an integrative review. The research corpus is consisted of 40 articles published from 2005 to 2014, in the LILACS, MEDLINE and IBECS and SciELO databases. From textual analysis of the publications four thematic approaches have emerged: AT I - The meaning of spirituality in the context of palliative care; AT II – Palliative care and spiritual assistance; AT III – Spirituality, pain relief and other symptoms that affect patients under palliative care, and AT IV -assessment tools of the spiritual dimension in the context of palliative care. The results indicate the importance of the spiritual dimension of patients under palliative care and the incipient production of articles about this theme nationwide, which makes it necessary to develop new studies to disseminate knowledge on the subject. The second, original, entitled "Spirituality as a therapeutic resource in palliative care: understanding nurses", and aims to understand how nurses employ spirituality as a therapeutic resource in assisting patients under palliative care and identify the influence of his belief and faith in assisting them. This is a qualitative field research, developed in a charity hospital that looks after cancer patients under palliative care, in the city of João Pessoa (PB). The sample consisted of 10 nurses. The research project was submitted to the Ethics Committee at the Health Sciences Centre, from which it received a certificate of approval, with CAAE registration under n. 32194614.2.0000.5188. Data were collected from August to October 2014 by applying semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis technique. The analysis of the empirical material of the study allowed the construction of three categories: understanding palliative care and spirituality; spiritual needs of patients under palliative care; the influence of one’s belief and faith in the assistance of patients under palliative care. The nurses recognize the importance of the spiritual dimension in patient assistance under palliative care and seek to meet their needs using a variety of strategies based on this dimension.

The present study is of exploratory type based on structural contribution of the Theory of Social Representations. It aimed to knowing the structure of social representations of the elderly and health professionals about the Integrative Community Therapy and to compare. It involved 263 elderly and 247 professionals of service network of SUS in João Pessoa-Paraiba. Data were collected through the Word Free Association Test (TALP) by the term inducer community therapy and treated through the EVOC software. It is understood that the elderly and the professionals give to TCI the meaning of a gathering of people who develop group activities to ensuring through communication the outburst of their problems and getting help for their resolution and restoration of joy in life. Reporting to the peripheral system, we can see that the elderly reinforce the sense of TCI as an experience exchange space and outburst of what brings you concern, promoting health. For them, in TCI, the professionals, in the case, the therapists, develop wheels using art resources to build distraction moments and provide a deep introspective journey to awakening the Self and the love of self and other. Professionals represent the problem as sadness generator and suffering, and a challenge to be faced, requiring for it, mind and knowledge of intrinsic and collective capacities to solving these. To do so, attach the TCI the meaning of important care tool facilitated by professionals, in this case the community therapists; who, through group activity, creates a therapeutic and treatment space, promoting improvement of the physical or mental condition by awakening to love of self and other. Thus, resulted that the cohesive and well-structured representation of the peripheral and central elements of the RS of the elderly and the professionals, reflected the presence of elements that assert the acceptance of ICT as a practice of community mental health. Despite the higher level of education and socio-occupational status, representation the professionals did not differ much from that expressed by the elderly, who had a lower social and educational background. The striking resemblance, but not absolute identity between the central cores shows that the common elements evoked by the two groups, should not therefore have its origin in formal education or in specialized occupational practices. It is probably of representational elements of deeper entrainment and more constant confirmation in the daily life of the subjects. As for what distinguishes the core of RS the professional only compressed the matter retained in the representation of the elderly; in turn, the peripheral system expanded. In this sense, there is a "popular theory" of what the TCI, understood from the idealization of an academic scholarship to the branch of knowledge artistic. Finally, knowing the RS of TCI is a strengthening of conduct of this care tool.

The increased consumption of licit and illicit drugs has permeated the daily life of many Brazilian families, encouraging involvement by substance abuse, nowadays recognized as an important risk factor to health and the production of physical, biological and psychological nature of damage in the lives of users and family. The changes in the care scenario in mental health promoted the development of actions based on community strategies, with emphasis on psychosocial rehabilitation and social integration, with support and responsibility of family caregivers. In the process of caring families face adverse situations capable of causing damage to its structure and relational dynamics, especially by frequent exposure to violence, financial bankruptcy, emotional distress and deterioration of emotional ties. This research aimed to: Reveal the challenges experienced by family members involved in the care of drug addicts, in view of the importance of their participation as supporting this process; Describe the coping strategies used by family members to the follow up of its chemical dependent relative; Identify the types of support used by the family during the process of rehabilitation and social integration; Reveal the family expectations in relation to health services as a source of support for the rehabilitation and social integration of their relative. It is comprehensive interpretive and qualitative study was conducted in a CAPS ad of Campina Grande - PB with a sample of ten family caregivers. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews, analyzed through content analysis based on enunciation. The research followed the ethical precepts of the Resolution 466/12 of the CNS under the approval of the Ethics Committee in CCS research - UFPB June 2014 (Protocol 0297/14 and CAAE: 31639114.3.0000.5188). From the analysis of the empirical material formed by groups like discussing the experience of family members in the care process, and the main challenges fighting for them, namely: relapse, violence, financial damage and involvement in crime, personal degradation and of affective ties. Identified himself still coping strategies often based on dialogue and thus the functionality of the families that have strong and effective support networks, from participation in community religious groups, self-help groups and CAPS family groups. This service proved to be, in the perception of family, very effective with regard to support for overcoming crisis and emotional exhaustion moments. It was also possible to realize a deficit in operating strategy in the network, which makes it impossible for relatives to receive support from other care devices. The study showed that care for addicts causes severe disorders in the lives of families, especially those related to the constant stress and on the situations of despair and anguish is necessary to build a work in educational basis network and emotional support to the family aimed at the re-establishment of family dynamics.

The squeeze casting process is a casting process in which the cast metal in the liquid state is solidified under pressure in a metal mold closed off by a punch. In general components manufactured by squeeze casting have fine grained, high surface finish and almost free of porosity, may be the same of different sizes and shapes, the mechanical properties are enhanced significantly in comparison with the traditional method of casting and, in addition, parts manufactured by squeeze casting possess superior weldability and are able to heat treatment, and finally compared to the common casting parts manufactured by squeeze casting are formed in one operation with a lower energy consumption. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of pressure as well as the zinc content of the alloys in the secondary dendrite spacing, the hardness and tensile strength limit, and correlate the microstructures with the mechanical properties and process parameters. For this purpose we used the mass compositions Al-Zn 1% Al-Zn 3% and Al-Zn 5% solidified with the squeeze casting process using the pressure 50 MPa, 100 MPa and 150 MPa, and the pressing time of 5 seconds. It is observed that the increase in pressure causes a reduction in dendrite spacing until 100 MPa, pressure variations from this point up to 150 MPa causes a increase in the secondary dendrite spacing, was also observed that the Vickers hardness and the tensile strength limit have a relationship with the secondary dendrite spacing.

This work presents the designs and results obtained through simulation and experimental testing of conventional controllers P, PI and PID implemented by personal computers applied to an electropneumatic servomechanism for control of force. The system consists of a double acting pneumatic cylinder, which is responsible for applying the force on a mechanical subsystem consisting of a spiral spring, representing the means of working. The proportional electropneumatic flow valve, being the element controlling the flow of compressed air to be released into the pneumatic air cylinder which results in controlled force application; a load cell converts the force applied by the cylinder onto the medium into an electrical signal. The control signal to be applied on the electropneumatic proportional flow valve comes from a signal input and output plate installed on the computer, which is controlled by an algorithm implemented in the computing environment LabVIEW®, wherein the mentioned controllers are inserted, the mathematical representative model of the servomechanism was obtained by applying the parametric identification technique Box-Jenkins (BJ) which results in a family of four models, one of which is chosen to represent the system. The adjustment of the controllers is done by using the critical gain method of Ziegler and Nichols so that the response from the system meets the performance specifications imposed on it. Simulated and experimental results of the system are presented under the inserted controllers, which are analyzed according to relevant theory to the study of conventional controllers; it appears then that the PID controller is best suited for use in its electropneumatic servomechanism.