RCAAP Repository

This study consisted of an investigative approach about initial teacher education for professional interventions in Non School Education spaces (NSE). Its development was guided by the following structural questions: how NSE is constituted as formation object in Pedagogy course? Which epistemological meanings attributed to Pedagogy do inform the curriculum of pedagogue education program? Which professional knowledges and abilities the Pedagogy course does need to achieve in order to educate the pedagogue to acting in located educational practices in the NSE contexts? These questions summarize the problematization mode of this study object in which it is sought to understand how the NSE is constituted as pedagogue education object for certain epistemological meanings attributed to Pedagogy embodied in those curricular documents. Based on this general objective, the study was guided by the objectives of mapping ways to insert NSE in the curriculum of Pedagogy course in Brazil; identifying the way in which Pedagogy, as scientific field, is meant in these documents; understanding the relationship between the configuration mode of NSE and the epistemological meaning of Pedagogy; and discussing the relationship between professional knowledges and abilities of non-formal educational practice in the perspective of educators that work in NSE spaces. From a constructionist epistemological point of view, it is chosen the use of a mixed methodological scheme operated in two phases: 1) content analysis of 20 curriculum of pedagogue education programs in Brazil; 2) data analysis of 38 virtual questionnaire answered by teachers who work or have worked in NSE spaces in several regions of Brazil on the relationship between pedagogue education knowledge and challenges of pedagogical practice in this area. The research results indicate that, as was analyzed in curricular documents, the NSE content in the curriculum of pedagogue education program is characterized by dispersion, abundance, lack of specificity, disarticulation with respect to the general framework of the objectives and curricular organization of Pedagogy and it is barely contemplated by disciplines and formative axes/dimensions. In contrast, the approach of professional knowledges and abilities from the data collected with teachers, unfolds the demand of participating in socialization experiences and building knowledge that outline a more organic formation profile during initial pedagogue education marked by a broad concept of teaching profession. The epistemological reframing of Pedagogy, as Science of Education, set up a way of coping with such a problem, because it allows a more consistent understanding of the base and the object of the curriculum from which one can see more clearly the theoretical and methodological field where they are located.

Rhinotermitidae exhibits a diverse pattern of castes. Such variation may occur due to the polyphyletic aspect of this group. Heterotermes longiceps and Rhinotermes marginalis belong to different subfamilies within Rhinotermitidae. Considering the presented so far in literature, could be the castes patterns of these species similar to observed in their subfamilies? To adress this question, caste differentiation patterns of H. longiceps and R. marginalis were investigated by morphometric data. Specimens from six colonies of H. longiceps and four R. marginalis were collected, fixed in FAA for 24 h and then transferred to 80% alcohol. Termites were separated by caste and instars and measured. Eleven morphometric variables were inspected by means of a principal components analysis (PCA). Sex differentiation of the apterous caste was carried using carmine dye in dissected specimens. PCA inspection of H. longiceps grouped two larvae instars, two worker instars, pre-soldier, minor soldier, major soldier, four instars of nymphs and alate. Sexual dimorphism in H. longiceps was achieved only by soldiers. PCA inspection for R. marginalis data grouped five larvae instar, two pre-soldier instars, two soldier instars, two worker instars, ergatoid and three instar of nymphs. All apterous were females. Only true workers were observed in each species analysed. H. longiceps caste pattern is similar to already described for Heterotermitinae and Coptotermitinae. R. marginalis showed a pattern already known to Rhinotermitinae, which is a monophyletic group. Developed gonads were not observed in specimens described as morphological ergatoids.

With the aim to characterize and compare flowering similarity and structure among four inselberg in the Paraíba State, it had been carried out floristic and phytosociological analysis of four inselberg at Brejo Paraibano and Agreste da Borborema. Areas were showed through places of ten fixed plots of 5m x 5m, distributed betwen Esperança, Fagundes, Pocinhos and Serraria's inselberg. Measurement were done in all angiosperms which were individuals to soil level, apart from climbing plants. It had been registered 219 species, distributed among 151 genus of 62 families, being the richest Leguminosae's family (23), Convolvulaceae and Euphorbiaceae (13), Poaceae and Rubiaceae (10). To the collected species, Anthurium affine, A. petrophilum, Cnidosculus urens, Crotalaria vitelina, Cyrtopodium polyphyllum, Encholirium spectabile, Euphorbia comosa, Marsdenia loniceroides, Melocactus ernestii, Orthophytum disjunctum, Prescottia phleiodes, Staelia virgata and Tibouchina grandifolia, ocurred in all studied areas. It was observed a higher similarity among Esperança and Fagundes inselbergs (20%), but Pocinhos' floristic had the lowest one. Species with the biggest VI were: Melocactus ernestii (36.7%) - Esperança; Encholirium spectabile (27.4%) – Pocinhos; Epidendrum cinnabarinum (28.9%)– Serraria and Euphorbia comosa (8.9%) - Fagundes. The biggest floristic diversity was observed in Fagundes (H ' = 2.81). Floristic diversity seems to be subject to the climatic changes, inselberg size, inclination and microhabitats quantity as well as by antropic action. Results showed a specific diversity increase from brejo to agreste, confirmed to data from other developed studies in the Brazilian Northeast Region.

The population structure and habitat use of Negaprion brevirostris were verified through five expeditions to Fernando de Noronha archipelago. To achieve this we used three different methodologies: active search, strip transects and terrestrial observations from an elevated point. The age structure configuration revealed that young sharks are predominant, followed by subadults, adults and neonates. The sex ratio was strongly female skewed, what suggest sexual segregation. Neonates were frequently observed in groups and always at 1.5 m maximum depth. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed and we verified that shark’s sightings were correlated to site, temperature and depth. In general, young and subadults sharks preferred shallow and warmer waters, with an optimum temperature around 27 º C and depths of less than 6 m. The greatest number of shark’s sightings took place at Buraco da Raquel. Lemon sharks did not choose between rocky or sandy substrates but they avoided the harbor region, probably because the anthropogenic development. The presence of sharks in nearshore environments indicates their site attachment and, perhaps, predator avoidance. Sharks were mostly observed at non-human interference areas, what reveals the magnitude need for creation and implementation of marine protected areas.

historical and current scenario. In Brazil, hunting is widely practiced throughout the territory since ancient times, causing dramatic environmental consequences, although there has never been a comprehensive analysis that addressed this issue at a national level under a conservation perspective. In summary, it is known that the Brazilian hunting is a problem, but no one knows for sure what it is, what its history and what the actual size of the problem. Thus, this research aims to analyze the hunting in Brazil and the historical, socioeconomic and cultural contexts associated with such activity, with the main focus on wildlife involved in different ways to human use, the techniques used for hunting and conservation implications associated with such uses, in a comparative analysis between different biomes. The manuscript was divided into two volumes. The first one deals with the historical aspect. In the Chapter I, the survey of official documents, paintings, accounts of natural history expeditions, scientific chapters, books and papers involving hunting in Brazil were conducted. It was possible to analyze the evolution of the use of the techniques; indigenous and European influences; data on regional extinction of species; preferences of game species for food consumption, among many other factors. In the Chapter II, we realized an historical survey and listed the changes of legislation and the perceptions of the national mass media involving hunting activities to establish if there is a correlation between these factors and what the possible consequences of these changes for wildlife conservation. We demonstrate that this correlation exists and has evolved interdependently. The second volume deals with the current situation and was accomplished through 529 interviews in 25 localities from 12 states and in all Brazilian biomes. The first chapter aimed to inventory, describe and categorize these techniques in all biomes. Moreover, further analysis on the Index of Cultural Significance of these strategies, which were discussed in regional and national levels have been proposed. Altogether, 39 techniques have been documented, described and categorized according to purpose, autonomy, lethality, selectivity of species and abundance of specimens captured. The Chapter II proposes to conduct an inventory of the wildlife hunting related in food purposes of rural communities in localities of all biomes of the country, through interviews and literature review. We documented 344 species, although our estimates indicate that this number could reach more than 525, where 46% are birds, 42% are mammals, 11% are reptiles and 1% is amphibians. The last chapter aimed to point out what is the region historically most impacted by hunting in Brazil, assuming the Northeast region as hypothesis. Data were quantified to calculate the Use of Frequency Value (UFV) and statistically analyzed with data from the biomass of each species cited in each area. The results indicate a national trend of high UFV’s for large species. This pattern is followed in the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado and Pampas. In contrast, the areas of the Atlantic Forest and mainly Caatinga, both in Northeastern Brazil, present the reverse of this pattern, indicating depletion and local extinction of large animals. This can be explained by the history of occupation, economic aspects, ecological support capacity, difficulty in livelihood alternatives and specific cultural patterns.

The genus Scopogonalia Young belongs to the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Cicadellinae and tribe Cicadellini and contains 11 species, all recorded in South America: S. subolivacea (Stål) (type species), S. interruptula (Osborn), S. echinura Young, S. golbachi Young, S. nargena Young, S. oglobini Young, S. paula Young, S. penicula Young, S. altmanni Cavichioli, S. plaumanni Cavichioli, and S. splendida Cavichioli. In this work, Scopogonalia and two of its species are redescribed, as well as six new ones are described, which of them five from specimens from Brazil and one from Argentina. Moreover a phylogenetic analysis of the genus is conducted to test its monophyly and propose a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship between them. The terminal taxa of the phylogenetic analysis are all species of Scopogonalia and six outgroup taxa: Tretogonia cribrata Melichar, Cyclogonia caeligutata Mejdalani & Nessimian, Rotigonalia larissae Cavichioli, Rotigonalia olivacea Cavichioli, Plerogonalia rudicula (Jacobi), and a new species of Rotigonalia which is also described. A taxonomic key of Scopogonalia and another of Rotigonalia were elaborated. 59 morphological and color pattern characters were used, identified based on topographic criteria, which of them the multistate were coded as unordered and the uninformative autopomorphic were included. The maximum parsimony analysis was conducted with the software TNT, resulting in 8 most parsimonious trees, with length = 137, consistency index (CI) = 0.47 (excluding uninformative characters), and retention index (RI) = 0.72. In all of them, Scopogonalia is monophyletic, although with low support, having as unambiguous sinapomorphies the reversion of the clypeus from swollen to not swollen, the first condition present in Rotigonalia and Plerogonalia, and the opening of the bases of the median and internal anteapical cell of the forewings. An implied weighting analysis lead to three trees, all included in the original ones, which the strict consensus shows little conflict. One of the clades supports a previous connection between the core area of the Cerrado biome and savanna enclaves in tha Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes. Another one strengthens a proposed relationship between the central and south blocks of areas of endeminsm of the Atlantic Forest.

The objectives this study were analyze aspects of the natural history of populations of the lizard Gymnophthalmidae Anotosaura vanzolinia present in Paraíba, through information about microhabitat, morphology, diet, and reproduction. The data used this study are samples from Forest Park Complexo Aluízio Campos and a forest located in the district São José da Mata, both in Paraíba. Sampling was conducted monthly from March-April, July-August 2011 and May 2013 to June 2014, using pitfall traps and active searching diurnal, from 08.00 to 17.00, where we analyzed the microhabitat use, air temperature and substrate and solar incidence. Individuals were collected in shaded environments, found mainly buried in the soil, confirming its fossorial behavior. Their diet consisted mainly of soil insects, being termites and ants the most important prey for their feed. Ants were more important for juveniles, which showed niche breadth significantly greater than adults. The species showed sexual dimorphism in size and body shape, with females larger snout-vent lengths than males. Its reproduction occurs during rainy season, with hatchling emerging at the end of the rainy season and early dry season, with average snout-vent length 18.85 ± 0.44 mm. The clutch size is fixed to two eggs per pregnant female and they deposit more than clutch during breeding season.

Capsicum genus presents wide genetic variability and the most used way to determine this variability is through morphological descriptors, essential to obtain information on available diversity, making it possible to better use in breeding programs. Knowledge of this diversity is critical for breeding program of the species one wants to improve, which could be, in the case of pepper plant, cultivar development that are intended for fruit production, for fresh consumption, industries: food of condiments, canned and dyes; pharmaceutical; cosmetics; for use as a rootstock, or more recently as ornamental plant. So the first chapter of this doctoral thesis aimed to characterize and evaluate genetic divergence and heritability of morphoagronomic characteristics in thirteen populations of ornamental pepper plant, being eight populations F3: F21 (P-1), F24 (P-2), F25 (P-3), F27 (P-4), F29 (P-5), F210 (P-6), F211 (P-7) and F231 (P-8), of crossing between the accesses 134 (P-9) and 77.2 (P10), and five additional witnesses: accesses 134 (P9), 77.2 (P10), 10.1 (P11), 10.2 (P-12), and 10.3 (P-13). The P-9 access presents small size, green leaves, white flowers, and cream to red small fruits. The P-10 access is composed of high-sized plants with vein-like leaves, purple flowers and small fruits and lilac to red fruits. P-11, P-12, and P-13 accesses show plants with very similar size characteristics, large and showy fruits, only differing in the color of ripe fruit P-11 (yellow), P-12 (red), and P-13 (orange). The work was conducted in a greenhouse. Fifty plants of each F3 population and ten of each additional witnesses were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with two factors: Population and Years. Sixteen morphological descriptors were evaluated, being six of plant and ten of fruit. Variance analysis was performed with the data of the five witnesses and used residual mean squared error to conduct the means comparison test. Genotypes were grouped according to Scott-Knott criteria (p ≤ 0.05). The interaction was significant for all traits, except for the height of the first fork and number of seeds per fruit. The heritability ranged from 91.18% (stem diameter) to 99.97% (greater fruit diameter), for the first year of evaluation, and 85.75% (dry matter content) to 99.65% (higher fruit diameter), for the second year. The relation between genetic variation coefficient and environmental variation coefficient presented values higher than 1 for all traits, except for stem diameter, fruit length / diameter ratio and dry matter content. P3 population was the one with the lowest average for plant height and canopy diameter, thus, being the most recommended for selection of ornamental size. In the second chapter, the objective was to evaluate the genetic divergence between thirteen populations of ornamental pepper plants, using multivariate techniques and determine which morphological characteristics contributed more for genetic divergence. Genetic divergence between populations of ornamental pepper plants was determined by clustering analysis and canonical variables. Multivariate analysis revealed that there is interaction between the studied factors (p <0.01). There was agreement between the multivariate techniques used. Fruit characteristics were those that most contributed for genetic divergence, separating the populations P11, P12 and P13 from other populations. These results were repeated in the two years of evaluation. The third chapter aimed to characterize and estimate genetic divergence within pre-established groups of populations F3 of ornamental pepper plants. Eight F3 populations were evaluated in a completely randomized design with two factors (Populations and Years). Quantitative and qualitative descriptors were used. Dissimilarity matrices were estimated between genotypes within the populations, using Gower dissimilarity coefficient. Ggenotypic divergence explained by dissimilarity matrices were analyzed via non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). Internal consistency presented by populations P4, P6, P7, P5, and P8, indicates that the genotypes of these populations present capability for use in future ornamental pepper plant breeding programs. On the other hand, populations P1, P2, and P3 presented the highest visual dispersion, allowing selection, aiming advancement of future generations.

The yellow passion fruit cultivation provides elevated social and economic importance to all regions of Brazil. In this sense, an experiment was conducted from May 2013 to December 2014, in the municipality of Remígio – PB, to evaluate the effects of irrigation with saline water, biofertilizer and potassium in the soil chemical attributes, mineral composition, gas exchanges, production and yellow passion fruits quality. The treatments were disposed on randomized blocks with subdivided plots, using factorial scheme 2 x 3 x 5, related to two electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water in the major plot (0.35 and 4.00 dS m-1), and the combination of three potassium sources (without fertilization, fertilized with slow liberation and conventional potassium chloride) in the sub-plot and five dosages of biofertilizer (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the dosages 15 L m-2), with three replicates and four plants per plot. To evaluation of the pH, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, stomatal conductance, transpiration, liquid photosynthesis, carbon internal concentration and production compounds, as well as factorial cited above, we inserted two evaluation periods (sub-plot). To process data we used the statistical software SAS®. The interaction water × potassium × biofertilizer provided significant effects in the levels of organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, potential acidity, bases saturation, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract and percentage of exchangeable sodium in the superficial soil layer, and in the levels of organic matter, sodium, potential acidity, bases saturation, and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract in the depth 21-40 cm. The same interaction interfered significantly in the foliar levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, boron, copper, manganese, zinc and sodium, and in the fruit quality compounds referent to fruit longitudinal and transversal diameter, firmness, pulp yield and titratable acidity. Biofertilizer increased organic matter, phosphorus and potassium levels in the superficial and sub-superficial layers, regardless of the source of potassium used and the electric conductivity of irrigation water. Potassium chloride coatedwith organic polymers increased the pH values in layer 0-20 cm and phosphorus and calcium values in depth 21-40 cm in the treatments irrigated with non-saline water. The irrigation in the dry season increased the soil character from non-saline to saline. The waters from the rainy season leach part of the salt added by the irrigation water. At the beginning of flowering, passion fruit plants „BRS Gigante Amarelo‟ were adequately supplied in N, P and K, and deficient in calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, copper, manganese and zinc. The salinity of irrigation water decreased the stomatal conductance, the transpiration and liquid photosynthesis, and in the treatments with potassium chloride coatedwith polymers increased internal concentration of carbon. The biofertilizer associated to potassium fertilization increased the yellow passion fruit production compounds. The levels of soluble solids, titratable acidity, pulp yield and fruit vitamin C were adequate to the consume patterns required by the market.

The Cercospora leaf spot is an serious fungal disease of plants of the genus Capscum, it is caused by fungi of genus Cercospora, which produce a toxin, the cercosporin, that has a red coloration which is very toxic to the plant tissues. Therefore, this work purpose was realize a characterization of this disease in ornamental chili plants, as well as, try the efficiency of cercosporin toxin in the genotype of chili ornamental plants. Therefore, it has proceeded an organs collet of infected organs by ornamental chili plants grown in a greenhouse, located in the Science Center Agrarian of Federal University of Paraíba – UFPB/CCA, Campus II, Areia – PB. The samples were taken to the Biotechnology Laboratory of UFPB/CCA for a morphological characterization of the fungus. The disease characterization was did observing plants with symptoms of the disease. To test the efficiency of the cercosporin, it was realized an induction of the production of cercosporin in fungi colonies grown in different in various culture media having as the base coconut milk (LCO), coconut water (ACO), V8 juice (A- V8), leaf extract of pepper (A – P), and water agar (A-A). After that, the toxin was identified throw de change of coloration to green of the fungal solution in contact with the alkaline way, KOH 5N. After this moment of identification, it was realized a quantification and an extraction of cercosporin with the aid of extractor solution Tris-HCl that has pH 6,8. The toxin quantification was made using the Bradford method, proceeding its inoculation in leaves of seven genotypes of chili plants using the concentration that best expressed the symptoms. When the results was analyzed, it has observed that fungous structure was the same kind of the description of the cercospora capsici fungi, which is the responsible for the Cercospora leaf spot has said the Koch postulate. Direct isolation method has given the possibility the achievement of fungus in all plants parts, and, the indirect method have given possibility it with the branches. The water agar base way has promote a bigger mycelial growth, and the leaf extract base way improve a bigger colony proportion. The ACO way has promote the toxin expansion in all Petri dish and has have a bigger quantity of cercosporin for mycelial disc. All the way, except the A-A, has induced a cercosporin produce. The coconut milk base way and the leaf extract with and without gelling present the biggest cercosporina production. The isolated grown in the A-A way has produced quantities of cercosporin equal the isolated grown in the LCO and P-A ways with gelling. The toxin concentrations 40% and 50% showed better the cercosporin symptoms. The UFPB 131, UFPB 132, and UFPB 358 has showed tolerance to the cercosporin toxin.

Brazil has 47 endemic species of strawberry guava (Psidium spp.), being an important center of genetic diversity of this genus. In the Caatinga biome, the occurrence of the species P. schenckianum Kiaersk, P. guineense Swartz. (most often) and Psidium grandifolium Mart. have been reported. These species have great potential for economic exploitation of the fruit, which is rich in vitamin C and can be consumed fresh or processed in the form of juices, sweets, jams, jellies and ice cream. It also presents outstanding antimicrobial activity, pharmacological and antioxidant as well as essential oils. In addition, strawberry guava are the main sources of resistance to nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii), which is the main pathogen of guava (P. guajava). This resistance can be transferred to the Paluma guava (cv. GP). However, the strawberry guava is endangered in its natural environment and presents limitations in vegetative propagation by conventional methods, making impossible cloning the resistant plants. Micropropagation is a viable propagation technique of species susceptible to extinction and difficult vegetative propagation. Protocols allowing the cloning of this species for future studies should be improved. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Psidium spp., determining the culture medium, conditions of gas exchange, type of explant and concentration of growth regulators. Seedlings of three access of strawberry guava and cultivar guava paluma (cv.GP) were grown under the following conditions: JADS culture medium, MS and WPM to determine the culture medium; and medium JADS sealed with lids without membrane (SM), one membrane (1M) and two membranes (2M) with carbon dioxide exchange rates (TTCO2) 14; 21 and 25 μL L-1, respectively, to determine the best seedling growth in TTCO2 Psidium spp. After this, different explants of Brazilian guava trees were transferred to regeneration media with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA): 0, 2.46, 4.92 and 9.84 mM in rooting induction and benzyladenine (BA): 0.0, 2.2 and 4.44 mM; BA + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA): 2.22 uM BA + 0.054 uM ANA; and 4.44 uM BA + 0.054 uM ANA in regeneration shoots of the following explants: nodal and apical segments in semi-solid culture, stem segments in liquid culture, organogenesis internodal segments, and leaf sections in semi-solid cultureof a P. guineense access and induction of organogenesis in liquid culture using root segments of a P. schenckianum access and three accessions of P. guineense. Seedlings of strawberry guava and cv. GP showed better growth in JADS culture medium. TTCO2 (25 μL L-1) resulted in the growth of seedlings with improved morphophysiological and anatomical characteristics and biosynthesis of compounds of reserve in leaves from both species (P. guineense and P. guajava). This condition is the most indicated for the development in in vitro propagation protocols of Psidium spp. It was not necessary the addition of IBA in the rooting of shoots. Shoots were obtained with and without addition of plant hormones in stem segments, apical segments, nodal and root segments in P. guineense accesses from direct organogenesis, maintaining the same ploidy of the seedlings of this species. In stem segments, the greater number of shoots was observed with 2.22 and 4.44 mM of BA. Shoots were elongated, rooted and acclimatized with 100% survival, showing that the in vitro regeneration protocol established is efficient. This is the first micropropagation protocol established to strawberry guava

The subtribe Laeliinae comprises about 2000 species in 38 genera, exclusively neotropical and is considered the third largest family of subtribe. Cytological features most species with basic chromosome number x = 20 and karyotype evolution mainly associated with polyploidy. This study aimed performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis in 42 species of Laeliinae subtribe based on banding fluorochromes with CMA/DAPI, and estimate the nuclear DNA content of many of these species through citmetria of flow. All species presented 2n = 40 except Cattleya nobilior with 2n = 42 and the polyploid C. elongata, C. crispata, Encyclia alboxanthina, E. jenischiana, E. seidelii, Laelia gouldiana and Prosthechea faresiana (2n = 80). We observed two blocks CMA+/DAPI terminals in all species. The DNA content of species ranged from 2C = 3.45 pg in Brassavola nodosa to 2C = 7.96 pg in C. guttata. The leaf tissues of the analyzed representatives presented endoreduplication cycles in most species. Our data suggest that although it occurs an apparent macrostructural stable karyotype (2n = 40) in the species of the subtribe Laeliinae as well as the genus Cattleya studied, they present a pattern of diversification of heterochromatin consistent with the phylogenetic clusters and identify possible sinapomorphies that allow better understanding of taxonomically complex species.

Were studied with CMA3 and DAPI fluorochrome staining techniques and in situ hybridization with 45S and 5S rDNA probes, representatives of the subfamilies Pesreskioideae, Opuntioideae and Cactoideae, 28 species of 14 genera, occurring mainly in the Northeast of Brazil, aiming to identify the heterochromatin distribution and location of rDNA sites in these species and their taxonomic implications. In the subfamilies Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae, chromosome numbers range from 2n = 22 in Pereskia aculeata, P. bahiensis, P. grandiflora (Pereskioideae), Brasilopuntia brasiliensis, Tacinga funalis and T. palmadora, 2n = 44 O. dillenii and 2n = 88 in O. ficus-indica (Opuntioideae). All species presented symmetric karyotypes and small chromosomes, with average sizes range from 1.94 μm in O. dillenii to 3.17 μm in P. aculeata. A pair of terminal CMA+ bands corresponding to the NORs occurred in all cytotypes in diploid and also O. dillenii (tetraploid), except in O. ficus-indica (octoploid) that exhibited two pairs of terminal bands. Additional CMA bands were observed in the interstitial region in the long arm of B. brasiliensis chromosome pair, while a variable number of pericentromeric bands were seen in three chromosome pairs in O. dillenii and in the majority of chromosomes in O. ficus-indica. The sites of 45S rDNA bands corresponded to the terminal CMA, while 5S sites were located in the interstitial region of a chromosome pair in P. aculeata, P. bahiensis and P. grandiflora, as in B. brasiliensis the 5S site was subterminal. In the subfamily Cactoideae, there were no previous chromosome records for Arrojadoa, Micrathocereus and Pilosocereus genera, as in Melocactus azureus, M. levitestatus, Stephanocereus luetzelburgii, Discocactus zehntneri, Hylocereus setaceus and Harrisia adscendens. In Arrojadoa, data for chromosome CMA+ banding pattern does not support inclusion of A. aurespina in A. rodantha limits. In Melocactus and Pilosocereus genera, there was a wide numeric variation of CMA+ pericentromeric bands, while CMA+ bands corresponding to the NORs were generally corresponding to the ploidy level. In species where 45S rDNA sites were mapped, there was a complete correspondence with the terminal CMA+ bands, and there were no additional 45S sites. Moreover, 5S sites were extremely variable in number and chromosomal location. 5S sites adjacent to 45S sites were characteristic of all Pilosocereus species analyzed. The variability in the number and distribution of CMA+ bands and 5S sites location were important cytotaxonomic characteristics in the studied taxa delimitation.

This thesis aims to analyze the construction of the physically strong children body from medical-pedagogical discourses facing schools of Paraíba between 1913, the year of implementation of the courses of Hygiene and Physical Education in School Program of two private schools - College Nossa Senhora das Neves and the Diocesan College Pius X - and a military public school - Seaman Beginners School -; and 1942, year of the last publication of the Education Magazine, pedagogical resource that sustained the circulation of the medical knowledge focused on teacher training. During the research I came across a vast document collection, which, after a process of selection and analysis, allowed the writing of a story filled with norms and codes to civilize, bodies that hygienized and exercised, which aspired strong and health. To discuss these bodies, it was necessary to visit newspapers, magazines, regulations, laws, decrees, letters, almanacs, textbooks, memory books, photographs, immunization cards, medical notes, manuscripts, among others. Along the way, we draw the following thesis argument: the manufacture of medical and educational projects aimed at intervening in school, shape it, form it hygienically. To do this, it was set a discourse on the several fields that form the school: the building, teachers, students, standards. In an attempt to instill the precepts of hygiene in vogue, physicians stepped into the schools, rested on them speeches and actions that that can serve their interests. Thus, they passed to realize lots of teacher trainings and created several forms of circulating the medical knowledge to teachers. A project that involved three segments: the physicians, the standard creators, teachers who received the rules and we were responsible to expose them and the students who received such precepts and should put it into practice. It is not possible to affirm that the project which aimed to discipline bodies and minds of children in Paraíba schools was victorious, but it was possible to analyze from Michel Foucault's contributions on the subject. The standards were created, most of them by the State and imposed to teachers and students, most of them at the base of imposition, of something that must be done. In Paraíba, the project had the leadership of the health officer doctor Flávio Maroja, who joined forces to undertake a collective, national project, in line with those developed in the Federal Capital and in other states. So, constantly receiving new rules that should be defended: the rules of school hygiene, care of the architecture of the buildings, body cleaning, Swedish gymnastics, the various forms of exercise the body, among them the scouting and the soccer and the textbooks that served as conduits of a hygienic awareness. All of these are elements of a project that climbed body the order construction, obedient, strong, beautiful and healthy.

In this thesis, we studied the collection of Moacyr Scliar’s short stories, investigating the representation of living spaces, in particular, the space of the house and some of its variations, such as bungalow and mansion. For this purpose, we identify conflicts implied in such spaces and existential tensions lived by the characters of the selected stories, aiming at analyzing how such characters connect themselves to the living spaces and to the other characters. The selected corpus gather eight short stories by the gaucho writer, namely: “Os leões”, “Coelhos”, “A vaca”, “Cão”, “Uma casa”, “Lavínia”, “Ruídos no forro” and “Pequena história de um cadáver”. The hypothesis that directs this research is that Scliar’s mimics tensions of social and historical order that threat or destroy the feeling of protection the subject experiences when he is in family household. Such representations focus on the spatial element and intertwined with other structural elements of the story, with the narrator, the time, action and character, generating a profusion of feelings related to the space and to the subject’s connections with the living space, with significant aesthetic/symbolic value. The main theoretical categories of this study are the following – literary chronotope, by Bakhtin (2010); protected intimacy, by Bachelard (1978); and ‘ilhamento’, by Lins (1976). From these concepts, we developed the following subcategories: 1) chronotope of the simple house, chronotope of the luxurious house, chronotope of the global house and chronotope of the house of the death; 2) veiled/ revealed intimacy, threaten intimacy, destroyed intimacy and resistant intimacy; and finally, 3) ‘ilhamento’ by threat, ‘ilhamento’ by destruction and ‘ilhamento’ by resistance. Those subcategories can enable the analytical reading of other stories, not only Scliar’s, but of any narrative text, in such a way as to contribute to the analyses of the spatial aspect, involving the space/time of family household, as well as the relations of perceptive subjects with the environment, with the others, with the world and with themselves.

Les études consacrées à la culture de fans connaissent de nos jours un développement de plus en plus important et, bien que la notion de ce que signifie être un “fan” se trouve présente dans nos societés depuis longtemps, la plupart des fois elle a une connotation fortement négative. Cepedant, la théorie de la culture participative (JENKINS, 2009, 2010) affirme que les fans (“fandom”) ont assumé un rôle actif, influençant les choix des entreprises dans la production et la distribution de produits. Parmi les productions réalisées par des fans, l’une des principales est la fan-traduction. Dans la fan-traduction, un groupe de volontaires se réunit pour traduire et rendre accessible gratuitement, à d’autres fans, diverses oeuvres qui n’ont pas encore bénéficié d’une traduction officielle. Compte tenu du grand nombre de livres traduits en amateurs par des fans, le but de cette étude est de comprendre et d’analyser comment la fan-traduction est-elle prise en charge au sein de la culture participative. Le corpus de la recherche est formé par la fan-traduction (groupe Shadow Secrets, 2009) et la traduction officielle (Alexandre D‟Elia/Editora Rocco, 2010) du roman dystopique Jogos vorazes (The Hunger Games, Editora Scholastic, 2008) de l’écrivaine nord-américaine Suzanne Collins. Du point de vue méthodologique, nous avons eu recours à l'analyse interprétative-descriptive dans le but de saisir les stratégies possiblement utilisées par les fan-traducteurs et par les traducteurs officiels dans leurs respectives traductions. Nous avons également procédé à une analyse comparative des deux traductions, afin d'observer les principales différences entre les textes. Le cadre théorique de l'analyse renvoie aux études menées par Lawrence Venuti (2002, 2004b) sur les stratégies de “domestication” et “foreignization”, et l'invisibilité du traducteur; aux tendances déformantes dans la traduction proposées par Antoine Berman (2013), et aux notions de bilinguisme et compétence en traduction développées par Wolfgang Lörscher (2012). Les résultats montrent que la fan-traduction ne suit pas un modèle particulier de stratégie traductive, mais choisit de suivre une voie plus libre par rapport à la traduction officielle en se rapprochant de la structure du texte d’origine, et cela au risque de compromettre le sens du texte cible. Les résultats ont également montré qu’il manque au traducteur-fan une certaine compétence en traduction spécifique, présente chez les professionnels. Cette compétence en traduction est attribuée aux personnes bilingues – profil qui prédomine chez les fans – et est perpétuée par la croyance que cet individu bilingue possède naturellement la compétence requise pour traduire. Nous sommes arrivée à la conclusion que les fans-traducteurs possèdent moins de compétence que les traducteurs officiels pour transférer les différents sens, qu’ils soient culturels ou linguistiques, du texte original vers le texte de la langue cible, suscitant parfois la confusion chez le lecteur.

In this thesis, we reflect about what form of rationality we are dealing with by consulting meanings about the teacher in Brazilian dictionaries of Portuguese language. Do we come across a form of rationality that represents the teacher as a Professional or just as a performer? We aim at analyzing what identity profiles of teachers are made by Brazilian dictionary rationality of Portuguese language from 19th to 21st centuries, to the investigation of what wishes of truth about the teacher can remote to Classic Greece; and discuss effects of truth about the teacher that rule, unify and attach us to a specific identity profile and social environment. Allying a historic study about the teacher from Classic Greece philosophers’ speeches and from the analysis of a Brazilian dictionary rationality of Portuguese language, our way of interpretation is oriented by Foucauldian theories (2013, 2012, 2009, 2003, 2000, 1994); by Aranha’s academic studies (2006a, 2006b); Zeifert (2004) related to the History and Philosophy of Greek Education; by Orlandi (2002) related to Discursive Lexicography; by Tardif’s orientation (2009, 2010, 2011), Behrens (1999, 2007), Libâneo & Pimenta (1999), Nóvoa (1995, 1999), Pollak (1992) etc. Teacher’s identification, in Classic Greece, with the meritorious effect in not being Professional; and in dictionary rationality with the predominant effect of performer, signals a social memory where it prevails the teacher’s identity as being technical, performer, resigned to financial expectations and scarcely Professional. Most of the wishes of truth about teacher, built by dictionaries from 19th to 21st centuries, are governed by a technical rationality of conservative paradigm itself. Those wishes of truth meet the power of teacher’s marginalization, since by excluding him/her from the order of the profession and the Professional, the teacher’s disempowerment from the social environment is activated and put into circulation. Resisting to such will of truth demands from the Teacher the rethinking on the roles on social formation and, especially, the rethinking on themselves. The Teacher can challenge and resist the structures of domination that bind and attach to a technician identification, social and economically devalued and renegade by future generations. Whishes of thruth about the Teacher constructed in Classic Greece and in Brazilian dictionary rationality make imperative a work of the Teacher’s memory rearrangement. An investment in political terms, in coherence, unit and identity teacher’s terms for division of new identity profile of Professional Teacher’s order to occur on heterogeneous ground of memory. Resisting to reductionism of being identified as ‘the one who teaches’, assuming the identification of a certified Professional in licentiate course that enables him/her planning, teaching knowledge, giving classes, developing material and evaluating teaching/learning process in different teaching contexts and levels of education. The engagement for the identity and Professional valorization is necessary to attach Professional Teacher’s history and memory in such way that this same memory works for itself and inspires the Teacher’s collectivity and future generations

This research questions the canonical marginality of New Portuguese Letters (1972) and the inclusion of female authors in the Portuguese literary narrative, from the observation that the emergence of women authorship in Portugal was not the subject of critical readings that allowed grasping the literary procedures proposed by women's agency. The readings of the Portuguese literary canon that are guided by gynocritical methodologies of female works retrieval put New Portuguese letters as a literary milestone for the writers who start writing after 1972, paving the way for canon revisionist projects focused on gender category. Taking as its starting point the seventeenth-century letters of Mariana Alcoforado, the three Marias use a genre of autobiographical domain associated with the feminine expression to promote a dialogue with the society of the time. Sharing the credits for this collaborative work, they deliberately do not sign each text. Through these formal procedures, New Portuguese Letters implode categories of authorship and authority of the texts.

The purpose of this master's research whose corpus to work critters Bichos (1940), the Portuguese writer Miguel Torga, is to analyze the space configuration and its function in the narrative structure. This study is dedicated to the observation of the fictional status of the space in the literary text, the perception of this space by the characters and their surroundings and functions that assumes the narratives "Madalena", "Jesus" and "Vincente". We defined the analysis of spatial approach mode proposed by Santos (2007), the representation of space in the text as composition of belonging places and transit of fictional subject and we demonstrate that space, the selection processes and combined with other elements in the texts , is not limited to concepts such as place / environment / border. Our analysis yet, thinking of the systematic topoanalyze BORGES FILHO (2007), and supported by studies of LINS (1976), SOETHE (2004), DIMAS (1994) and BACHELARD (2005).

The present study discusses processes of identification that take place in Brazilian Amazon and its literary representations from a comparative perspective, analyzing the novels A Selva, by the Portuguese writer Ferreira de Castro, and Dois Irmãos and Cinzas do Norte, by the Brazilian writer Milton Hatoum, focusing on hybridism and cultural difference, based on cultural and post-colonial theories. The idea is to point out, through a critical reading, the constructions developed by the two mentioned authors in respect to the discourses disseminated about that specific region. In the compared reading developed, it is possible to recognize at least two distinct projects (literary, social, discursive): one, giving priority to the interactions that take place along the several cultural exchanges there established, deconstructing representations historically understood as “true” in the region. Verifying the way such projects take part in the imaginary and symbolic construction of the Amazon region and culture is one of our main purposes.