RCAAP Repository

This work analyzes Rossini Perez constitution process of personal archive in order to record his personal, artistic and cultural history, comprising memory as a guiding principle. For this, documentary qualitative research free conversations were thematic oral history associated as a collection technique. Within this context, we studied the obtained material structure in his ethos information. The result demonstrates an autobiographical writings from the personal collection, considered as a rich heritage of experiences, which recognize Rossini Perez as one of major international fame Brazilian engraver.

The present paper aims to report a study on the adjustment between archaelogical collections and the scientific production made by four archaeologists during the period from 2005 to 2014 by means of their Lattes Curricula Vitae and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi museum documentation, which records and supports the menagement of its archaeological collections. Our objectives are: to underline the main components in both information sources; to evaluate the throughness of the available fields in museum documentation; to measure the quantity of archaelogical collections fostered by selected themes visible in both sources; and to exam the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi museum documentation chronology. The methodology used in this paper is based on a study characterized as a bibliographic, exploratory and documentalresearch. In addition, we used qualitative and quantitative approaches since we intend to demonstrate the relationship between the two proposedsources of information. From the research findings, we infer that these two sources of information are presented as a relevant way to help in the development of the creation of the collections found at Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Thus, it was found that these collections are interwoven in memorialístic aspect that permeate these patrimonies found the researchers studied.

Analyzes social networks, computer-mediated, from Althusser's theory of Ideological State Apparatuses (IEA) realizing them while a Ideological Device Information. Considers the Internet as cyberspace, Pierre Levy in perspective, that is, as a communication space opened by the global interconnection of computers. It proposes the construction of the concept of ideological information, conceptual base built from reflections on the understanding of the information phenomenon, following the ideology concept. Realize the Ideological information as a subordinate phenomenon materiality condition once every subject, while being free acts for their ideas, as endowed with consciousness, believes these ideas acting in accordance with them, printing in this act the acts of their practice material. Our methodological warp seeks to present Facebook in its history, discussing its main characteristics , arguing for that the internet and social networks on the Internet ( or social networks mediated by computer) in the view of some theorists , anchoring in Manuel Castells conceptions about characteristics involving Facebook as a social network mediated by computers. Follow investigating the characteristics of the mass media, these institutions that make up the Ideological Apparatuses information, enabling us to perceive the Internet as a means of mass communication. Therefore and on the understanding of Ideological analyze information Facebook as a space of struggle, where the subjects perceive and make use of the scientific and political weapons, found this tool to counter the ideologies transmitted by the ruling classes. Thus the Information Ideological apparatus is not only object, but instead of class struggle, since the resistance of the oppressed classes can find the means and the occasion of it and from it, to express themselves

This research focalizes the way the theatrical signs are structured and organized in the dramatic spectacle Vau da Sarapalha, performed by the Piollin Company during two decades. The main objective of this academic work is the understanding of how the theatrical code operates the catalyzing process of different semiotic languages that interact dialogically to generate the meaning of the dramatic perform. The methodology employed includes the examination of different signs that are responsible for the meaning of the performance, such as: the gestures produced by the actors, the scenery’s objects, the music, the lighting, the costumes and the linguistic signs, among others. Scholars who follow the approach of the Semiotic Study of Cultures, as for instance, Lotman, Machado, Schnaiderman, Bakhtin and Jakobson, will support the analysis. The contributions of Pavis, Fischer-Lichtie, Ubersfeld and Guinsburg, theorists who studied the theatre as a semiotic system, were also essential to the development of this analysis. In this way, this research intends to contribute to the understanding of Vau da Sarapalha as a semiotic text.

Heavy chains had been keeping Ireland attached to the English colonial system. During seven hundred years, Ireland had been fighting for its political, military, financial and religious independence. The nationalists, arising from the process of seeking for sovereignty, had idealized on the historical roots and on the necessary weaponry for their national project to succeed. This path, nonetheless, pervaded the Celts, the people that became the nation’s spirit for the national movement. Thus, the myths, tales and ancient Gaulish folk tales were freshend. Literature became one of the most important pillars for Ireland’s independence enterprise. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) founds the Celtic Twilight characterized by a group that started, in short, the presentation of the Irish people, by emphasizing to the Celtic inheritance over culture though drama. By this time, Yeats writes The Countess Cathleen, a play that opens both Celtic Twilight and Abbey Theater, in Ireland. The plot presents the conflicts of a community devasted by starvation. It spins around a heroic character, Countless Cathleen, the action evolves with the appeal for the nationalist sacrifice. By offering her soul towards the country people, Cathleen evokes pagan and Christian myths, in a plot that inspires historical facts and political ideals. In this scenario, our work has for its purpose to investigate the building of Cathleen as an Irish heroin, and the folkloric tales used by Yeats during this learning process of this main character for the play, during the action. For this, we turn to theorists like Propp (1984), Sperber (2009), Campbell (2007), Bettelheim (2012). Due to the Romantic aesthetics overlaid Yeat’s plot, we also had to carry a historical and theoretical analysis on Romantic movement main aspects, especially the movement that brought to life medieval feelings through the Medieval Revival during the nineteenth century. The analysis is built as symbolic and allegorical literature reflecting , respectively , the engagement of the work to the Celtic folklore and the political purpose of the nationalist struggle waged by Yeats

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the bicycle as an alternative to improving the urban mobility, taking as a case study the Campus I of UFPB. For the development of research, focused on three methodological steps: referential research, physical, environmental and urban mobility diagnosis, and user profile (current and potential) of the bicycle. Several methodological techniques in extensive field work, due to lack of data about the study object focusing on the bike were used. From the applied methodology, it was observed that in terms of physical infrastructure of the campus, the bicycle is not contemplated as a means of transport, presenting only few paraciclos by the territory and no other facilitation the displacement of the bicycle. Currently it was revealed that there is demand for cyclists across campus, and several respondents stated interest in change in other modes of transport for the use of bicycles. It is concluded that there are several possibilities of incentives and increase of demand for bikers on campus, mainly in the case of addition to the infrastructural system of urban mobility for the bike. In order to maximize the use of bicycles in the subject matter, it was proposed two moments of action for implementation of cycling infrastructure and a stock frame for improvements to bicycle use, described by short, medium and long term. It is considered that this dissertation collaborated to the indication points to consider for the urban planning of the campus in order to prioritize the bicycle as a means of transport.

This research investigates the relation between use and form in three public squares (praças) of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil: Praça Sílvio Port, Praça Alcides Carneiro and Praça Chateaubriand Arnaud. The three squares are located in the same neighborhood Manaíra. By choosing three squares in the same neighborhood, some variables remain fixed, such as geographical location in relation to the city limits and the socioeconomic profile of the resident population. On the other hand, hey have distinct spatial configurations, which result into different types and intensities of uses. The aim of this work is to identify the relationship of the physical and spatial attributes of the squares and their surroundings, with their use, using concepts of urban design and universal (inclusive) design as a reference. Thematic maps to analyze the variables were developed: number of lots, land use in lots, access roads and population. The observation and mapping of the users was also carried out to identify the amount of activities and people in the square. The results show that there are differences in the intensity of use and the types of predominant activities in the three squares, and associated with this there are also differences in the characteristics of the squares and their surroundings. By identifying these relationships, this piece of research can serve as a reference basis for the planning and implementation of new squares, as well as renovations and redevelopment of these spaces.

This dissertation aims to analyze Law 11.888 / 2008, Law of Public Technical Assistance, which gives instructions about the access to architecture and engineering technical services for population that has an income from 0 until 3 minimum wages, understanding that its effective use can become an important tool in the exercise of citizenship. The research initially rescues the consolidation of the Brazilian housing problems, including the practice of self-build house, as well as all historical formulation process by which passed the aforesaid Law, from initial discussions until its actual publication. Then, a systematic analysis of the major barriers to its use in municipal, state and federal levels is performed. The work continues with the presentation of some cases of application of the law in some municipalities, pointing out examples of good practice as well as some cases of failure, in order to extract, from this survey, important information to underlie future proposals. The research makes an approach to the object of study in the State of Paraíba, where ve municipalities are selected for analysis in situ, with the objective of demonstrating the level of information about the Law 11.888 / 2008. To complement the theoretical framework collected in the survey, it sought the position of the CAU – Conselho de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Board of Architecture and Urbanism), both federal and state level, to verify which actions could be supported by this Board and how it can subsidize the multiplication of practices or programs of public architecture and Engineering, not only in Paraíba State, but also in the whole national territory. Finally some practical guidelines and conjunctural analysis of the entire panorama presented in this work are outlined. Thus, this dissertation seeks to contribute to the effective application of the Law 11,888 / 2008, in order to that this important Law does not become a dead letter, but an effective instrument to access a constitutional right, what contributes to exercise citizenship and to built a just city.

El presente estudio problematiza conflictos contemporáneos en el espacio urbano desde la perspectiva y experiencias de los ambulantes en el bario del Centro de la ciudad de João Pessoa- PB. La pesquisa es estructurada por tres puntos: el espacio – la calle, una perspectiva – práctica cotidiana, un sujeto – el ambulante. La cuestión central que mueve la pesquisa es: ¿como los ambulantes inseridos en el bario del Centro de João Pessoa experiencian la calle y comprenden el espacio que actúan? No tenemos la intención de romantizar las calles, y si aprender como espacio de conflictos, discutiendo herramientas de planeamiento y gestión urbana desde la analice cualitativa de descripciones, de apropiaciones y narrativas sobre las prácticas cotidianas de ambulantes. La analice se divide en tres momentos: el camino, el espacio/tiempo y las tensiones, en las cuales identificamos aspectos de la relación espacio, tiempo, cuerpo y acción en las calles de la ciudad, destacando características como la heterogeneidad del trabajo en la calle, padrones de apropiación, y consensos fijados sobre acciones. Reafirmamos, la dinámica cotidiana de las calles del centro de João Pessoa – PB (espacio vivo e que pulsa) y la importancia de reflexiones acerca de la dinámica urbana en la práctica del planeamiento urbano.

Analyzes the dissemination strategies and use of religious information by means of information and communication technologies (ICT) by Catholics: Pio X, Remidos no Senhor e Obra Nova by Campina Grande - Paraíba. Of quantitative and qualitative nature and descriptive, our study adopted as a data collection tool, the semi-structured interview in dialogue with the religious leaders of these associations and the joint questionnaire in the dialogue with the young participants of the communities. For data analysis, we chose to adopt the categorization technique of Content Analysis (CA). The development of research, reflect on the media coverage of concepts that reconfigures the notions of space and time of social phenomena, in particular the field of information. The results show a strong presence seized by the Catholic entities Pio X and Obra Nova in cyberspace, especially on websites and social networks, while the Remidos no Senhor invests more personalized. In all of the above, the main objective is to give resonance to community actions and add new members. The young respondents in the research reported to be connected to the new interaction platforms and stressed that one of the motivations for the use of ICT is to be attentive to issues involving the communities participating, reiterating be religious, with restatements of positions that fit in full virtual militancy.

The South Presbytery of Paraíba is a concilio of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil in the State of Paraíba that has under its jurisdiction nowadays eleven churches. The visibility to the sociocultural contexts promoted by the Science of Information motivated in this research work the documental preservation and of the ecclesiastic institutional memory as a theme of reflexion and archival proceedings in the documental mass accumulated in the South Presbytery of Paraiba and its churches. The familiarity of many years and the Presbyterian institutional experiences brought a reflection: How does the documental management can contribute to the ecclesiastical memory of the South Presbytery of Paraíba? The raised question motivated the research and raised the definition of the general definition like: To analyse the present state of the documental mass that constitutes the memorialistic universe of the South Presbytery of Paraíba with the purpose of the preservation of its institutional memory and in a specific way to elaborate a manual of archival proceedings to the preservation of documents ruled by the principles of the documental management. Exploratory, documentary, qualitative research, directed its collect and data analysis to the documents of permanent use for understanding that the preservation of these documents with its historical informational value will strengthen the collective memory and the life of a community. The manual of the archival proceedings to the organization and preservation of the institutional memory of the South Presbytery of Paraíba takes part in the written presentation as appendix and soon after the delivery of legal procedures to the coordination of the Post graduation of Science Information Programme will be delivered to the direction of the South Presbytery of Paraíba with the purpose of evoking the possibility of an archival structuration to the supports of information which research pointed to the need of an archival organization to the preservation of the history and the ecclesiastic institutional collective memory of the Churches in the South Presbytery in the State of Paraíba.

The objective of this thesis is to build an integrative model of search behavior and use of information based on the models of Ellis (1989), Krikelas (1983), Kuhlthau (1991), Taylor (1986) and Wilson (1981, 1996 and 1999) and validate it through the application with the information of users not specialized in healthcare (patients, except for students and professionals). The theoretical foundation came from the study of these models, as well as specialized literature in relation to the identification of information needs, search processes and use of information, in addition to addressing the concepts of Information and Health Science, as well as behavioral studies from theoretical psychology area. Through a phenomenological study, we build an integration of models and consolidate the final proposal for a single integrative model of search behavior and use of information. For validation, interviews were conducted in-depth and technical application of the critical incident with General Hospital patients of the Dr. Carls César de Oliveira, in Fortaleza. The theoretical and practical research presented validates the integrative model of search behavior and use of the proposed information as a tool to identify regularities about the search behavior and use of information unskilled users in healthcare and is also capable of application in the study of other audiences, characterized as a general model of search behavior and use of information. This statement stems from the fact that all aspects, phases and stages of the information behavior of the subjects in this study fall (are represented) in the integrative model built, being able to bring these results: the subjects of this research feel the need for information as soon realize a disease in themselves or a family member; they throw themselves in the search for information immediately, even without knowing formal sources of information in the area, through the Web, performing Google searches through popular terms and description of symptoms; at the beginning of the search, they feel insecure for not knowing the most effective words to use in the search strategies, but rely on Google's capability to provide information they deem relevant; they don´t admit, but prefer informal sources of information, which spread testimonials from others who have experienced the same health problems, and are able to identify drugs; there are users who only seek medical attention when they can not find treatment and healing on their own Web; there are users who seek information to better understand and talk about her condition with the doctor; they have urgency in the search for information because they rush in curing the disease not only because of the physical nuisance they cause, but also for fear of losing their jobs due to the delivery of medical certificates and away from social contact with family and friends; the Web is used as a means of access to information that is used for self-diagnosis and self-medication. Research on the search behavior and use of information made from the application of integrative model will bring wider results and provide scientific inputs that can be used by managers of information units at the planning and implementation of products and services.

Information is an strategic tool which is essential in the organizational environment because it is through it that it is possible to stablish a relation between the external environment to the organization and its strengths and weaknesses, taking into consideration the needs of the public. This study comprises the process of Information Management utilized by the Special Education Center (NEDESP) in the provision of information for the visually impaired students of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) they attend, considering the particularities of these attendees. It covers the study of the Information Science in its interaction with Information Management, aiming at social equity from the availability of informative content. It adopts, methodologically, the case study and an approach of a quali-quantitative type of descriptive character. It starts, at a first stage, at a bibliographical and documentary research and, in a second stage, at the application of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The field of research is the NEDESP/UFPB and the sample consists of students attended by the Center and its staff. It utilizes content analysis of Bardin (2010) to analyze the results and the Ecology of Davenport (1998) was adopted to define the following categories: the perception of the information environment, the structuring of information and the organizational political structure, as well as the use of information and evaluation of informational processes. The evaluation (MONTEIRO, S. A; DUARTE, E. N, 2015) of informational processes (monitoring and evaluation of information) was ached to those categories because it was considered indispensable to the Managing process. It identifies that there is no information management structured at NEDESP, the information is not systematized and there is not a monitoring and evaluation process to suit the informational practices utilized. It presents the practices of information management proposed, as well as document management, procedures and the systematization of data collection in the center and the Corporate Portal. It can contribute to the understanding of both management and employees about the information management process at the Center and collaborate with practices that help the process of providing NEDESP information so that they can meet the visually impaired in your information cycle in process of teaching and learning.

This study presents an approach about the accessibility in e-commerce, whose research objective is to outline its structure through interaction with blind users in most accessed websites in Brazil, like Americanas.com, Neshoes.com.br and Walmart.com.br. Among the methodological aspects, was adopted the review literature with the realization of an exploratory and descriptive research through one qualitative and quantitative approach. The deployment of this research was divided into two stages: (1) automatic accessibility evaluation on websites that are part of the search and (2) accessibility test with five blind users divided into three tasks, namely: recognition navigation, search a product on the website and realize the purchasing procedures. For aspects related to the understanding of visual impairment, the concept of blindness was defined and explained specific aspects related to its classification and causes, as well as presenting the main legislation in force in the country and the use of technologies such as social inclusion. The accessibility as support for blind users on the web is approached with the purpose of deepening the theme, as well as major initiatives undertaken by international and national institutions. It also presents aspects related to e-commerce in Brazil, in which it discusses its concepts and characterization, describes the overview of the electronic market in Brazil and lists the main websites, considering the number of access. The automatic accessibility test reports showed that the websites analyzed did not pass by the test battery with a minimum level recommended by WCAG 2.0. In addition, the results with the user test showed that the websites have accessibility barriers that hindered navigation blind users in the analyzed pages, making it impossible, at least one user, to complete the purchase procedures. Therefore, are needed changes in the structure of pages tested with the objective of correcting the barriers reported in this study. Thus, companies involved in the study should understand the differences between the navigation of the blind users and sighted users, in order to provide inclusive and accessible digital information environments.

his paper aims to examine the relationship established between the issue of Art and Education from the thought of Martin Heidegger. It is seeking to understand the art of ontological place and how it becomes the most proper way of human habitation on Earth, which is thought by Heidegger mainly from the influence of the poetry of Hölderlin. Heidegger criticizes the Aesthetics and his way of understanding art and aesthetic formation, coming from the metaphysical thought. Criticism attentive to the need for the aesthetic context of deconstruction as it proceeded in Being and Time with the proposed deconstruction of the history of ontology. Deconstruction not as demolition, but in order to return to the origins, the foundations of which were the concepts of aesthetics, and not to repeat the past but to enable new avenues of interpretation. Upon his recovery from Heidegger's ontology, it has to be, since its inception, the art can be seen as a foundation that contributes to the emergence of a particular way of being in the world for man, what happens when there is the establishment of belonging to their own land, the homeland. The Arts, more specifically poetry, is for Heidegger the original language through which a people can express originally, authentically. Thus, poetry gains a crucial dimension in that it is not only copy, imitation or representation of a given reality and not only seeks to express the feelings of a subject, but is a saying that originating gives rise to a new reality. Such question has that art is not just an entertainment or a treat from object to subject, but it is a foundation, which enables the union of a group on a membership (Bewährung) in common, giving rise to the sense historical community. So to think of Art and Formation in Heidegger, we must consider the idea of a historical community, to the philosopher, is not identified with the general notion of society as a set of individuals with no common bond. The Art, to build a world and enable a people to communion in his truth, enables the output under the impersonal, all that surrounds it, to its own mode of existence which unites a people in a common destiny.

During the manufacture of footwear, are generated various types of waste, including the Ethylene Vinyl Acetat (EVA), as inevitable patchwork of expanded boards of the material to obtain the shoe formats. An alternative to an appropriate destination of EVA waste is its use in the manufacture of blocks produced with lightweight concrete. The issue addressed in this study is related to the thermal gains made by vertical sealing and thermal comfort of built environments. The environments that do not have the appropriate type of masonry to its climate generate thermal comfort problems due to loss, or excessive heat gain, what happens in regions with predominantly hot dry weather wet hot, as is the case of Northeast Brazil. Considering the thermal discomfort of environments due to misuse elements appropriate in the walls of buildings, as well as the problem of disposal of waste EVA, this work is to extend the characterization of the thermal performance of the blocks composed of EVA. Therefore, we sought to analyze compared samples developed from EVA blocks with other components. The study was done from the development of miniature single skin and double samples (made of EVA blocks, ceramic bricks and concrete blocks), which were tested in a thermal chamber composed of two rooms, a heated and another cooled, separated by an insulating partition in which the sample was inserted. The instrumentation was performed with the use of thermocouples installed in the walls and surfaces of the mini black globe thermometers in the chamber environment. From the experimental characterization of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and density of the EVA blocks of various parameters calculations were performed as set out in NBR 15220-2 (ABNT, 2005b) and calculations to obtain the heat transfer rate of samples. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the insulation block with the highest percentage of waste and the various samples using proposed block can meet EVA hot and wet/dry climate requirements.

This study aims to investigate how is the critique of nominalist system ockhamiano front of realistic theories developed in the Middle Ages. For this research takes place we choose to trace an investigative path that begins with the elucidation of what the 'Quarrel of the Universal' in the Middle Ages and the establishment of typologies that bring together the theories of the period. Later we work with the contextualization of the logical system developed by William of Ockham setting the bases of your system and pointing out some of the realistic writers who are criticized by the author. So that the logic of the author system became clear we seek to elucidate the logic of the terms of their time, which means the author's nominalism and what are the logical tools that he used to implement his critique of realism, namely: the supposition, the connotation and the signification. Finally we seek to discuss and demonstrate what the nominalist response of the author face the realistic theoretical models, placing the universal only with mental existence, exerting a semantic function, and devoid of ontology and a reality that is outside the human mind, shifting the axis the discussion of the problem to the field of logic to the detriment of the ontological field.

This dissertation has as a purpose the process of institutional and physical dismantling of religious brotherhoods that existed in the City of Parahyba (João Pessoa/PB nowadays) in the beginning of XX century. The churches of the brotherhoods of Nossa Senhora do Rosário do Preto, Nossa Senhora das Mercês and Nossa Senhora Mãe dos Homens had been built between the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century when they had an important role in assisting their members and their churches were landmarks in the urban situation. But in 1923 and 1935 they were demolished pointing local historiography to justify this fact as part of the works of urbanization and modernization of the city. However, this present research comes to add new data of this history version which allows lifting up some hypotheses about a convergence of Church and State interests that culminated with the disappearance of these brotherhoods in the city of Parahyba. Documents listed in the historical and ecclesiastical archives have revealed that the church had a clergy reorganization proposal in Parahyba, involving the dismantling of institutional lay’s brotherhoods at the same time the government proposed modernizing interventions that also provided for the demolition of temples belonging to the same brotherhoods. We deepen this issue by analyzing the most emblematic of these processes of dismantling and demolition, which was reported by the local press under the title "the case of Mercês" which gained evidence by the clash between the agents involved: the diocese, the brotherhoods and the government.

In the universe of research that make intercession between film and architecture and urbanism, a framework dominated by panoramic approaches is identified. In contrast, the present study aims deepening this relationship by looking at intercessions in a specific movie - Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (Walter Ruttmann, Germany, 1927). Representative of the film genre known as 'urban symphonies', the film builds in its narrative a generic day in the late 1920s of Berlin; thus, makes room to try to understand the historical context, the customs of the, then called, Weimar Republic, the centre of a rich architectural and urban culture, embryo of the modern movement, which propagated at the time by the publications by the Bauhaus, the Novembergruppe , and the magazine G: Material Elementaren zur Gestaltung. In this research, it is questioned the film's ability to represent, as well as an episode of the urban history of Berlin for showing the daily life in the city, to also represent an episode of the history of town planning, as it uses cinema’s own tools to allude to a functionality and rationality desired by theorists and planners of the time, represented here by architect Ludwig Hilberseimer’s theory. On the path, this research will deal with the relationship between cinema and the city, in addition to film, architectural and urban culture of the time that is expressed in the film and the avant-garde theories that marked the twentieth century.

The main goal of this work is to study how was the developing of the modernization of the scholar architecture on João Pessoa in the 1930 years, with the adoption of the ideas of the New School pedagogic movement. In this sense, was selected for analysis the educational complex corresponding to the once called Institute of Education of Paraíba, formed by three buildings: the Central Building (where was promoted the secondary school and teacher's formation), the "Infancy Garden" and the "School of Application". This institution was planned as a model of the educational system of the Paraíba, predicted by the Plan of Reform of the Public Institution in 1935, which proposed new directives for the construction of new scholar buildings. This work is organized in three chapters, where the first presents how was the scholar environment in João Pessoa before the existence of an architecture specific for educational purposes and how was the first schools built to this end; the second chapter presents the new scholar architecture that toke place with the educational reforms in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraíba, whose directives were based on the two first States; the third chapter analyzes the buildings of the “Institute of Education of Paraíba” and its architecture through the relation of the pedagogic ideas of the movement “New School” with the modernization of the scholar environment.