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In this article we present the afoxé as cultural expression and spatial, the relations between the terreiro (Afro-Brazilian temple) and the city, and, finally, the link between some black cultures. This communication is the result of two complementary researches: one that focuses on the relationship between candomblé and public space, which in turn is part of the research project “Black trajectories and territorialities “. The afoxés are carnival groups, linked to Afro-Brazilian religions, particularly the candomblé, and exist throughout the national territory, with a concentration in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco. The Afoxé Axé Omo Odé, da cidade de Goiânia, State of Goiás, created in 1990 and reconstituted in 2008 seems to be related to a process of affirmation of these religions and other cultures black as capoeira and congada. In their routes the afoxé becomes a mobile territory and contributes to establish and consolidate “geo-symbols” in the city.

The urban economy from the cities of Rio Grande do Norte bring in the last twenty years a new dynamic due the unequal diffusion of technical-scientific-informational medium, which is allowing among others, the unequal spread of new ways of trade, services and production. Since this new reality we can confirm that the urbanization in Rio Grande do Norte has been fed by a huge expansion of the lower circuit for most of its subspaces while the upper circuit comes in forms of spots located in the main urban centers of the state. In this context, the aim of this paper is to raise some elements which come to allow us the understanding of dynamic and functioning of circuits of urban economy in the cities from Potiguar territory. Thus, we performed a literature review about the theory of two circuits of the economy as well as empirical research conducted to know the events that have shaped these circuits in the cities of Potiguar space.

Due to the environmental conditions of the semiarid territory, livestock has constituted one of the main economic activities and plays an important role in regional economic system.The municipality of Caturité - PB is characterized by the predominance of cattle livestock as the main productive activity. In recent years, however, this is being threatened due to infestation of the Cochineal Carmine (Dactylopius opuntiae) in plantations of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), primary forage food for bovine and goat herds.As consequences of the devastation of spineless cactus, there has been the productive processes of dispossession and dislocation, with consequent loss of identity. In this sense, the objective of this work was to analyze public policies that have been established in the municipality of Caturité the major organs Municipal, State and Federal, seeking to reverse the current situation and promote rural development, as well as producers realize and given the actions of these bodies.Was used as the research methodology of theoretical frameworks, focusing on the concepts of rural areas, public policy and development, there was also the questionnaires in government agencies as well as to farmers in two rural communities surveyed (Serraria and Malhada daPanela) aiming establish their socioeconomic profile.The results revealed the importance of agriculture for local development, as well as the environmental degradation caused by Cochineal carmine.There was also the implementation of new cactus cultivars resistant to pests as a possible referral to the minimization problem, which should have an answer in the medium term. However, it was found that the actions have been ad hoc and are not integrated into a broader development project that will be sustainable.

This work intends to examine how some Jorge Amado’s literary works and some music from the singer and songwriter Dorival Caymmi express in different ways, different places in Bahia, specially its capital, Salvador. Specific cultural aspects of everyday life, worldviews and the ways of people from Bahia, inspired literary works and songs that spread beyond the scope of the Bahia State, the elements of this “baianidade” which can be read, understood and analyzed in different ways in other states or countries. It aims to discuss how some important literary and musical works of these authors expressed and still express the african-bahia elements and some identity aspects of the people from Bahia. It was found that in both the literary texts and the musicality of the authors under review, the places and landscape stand out as cultural spaces and symbolic buildings of high visibility, such as Pelourinho, the historic center of Salvador, and the Church of Bomfim , an important religious and devotional temple of Salvador.

The Northeast region of Brazil had its tourist preponderance planned in the last decade of the twentieth century. Before that time, the regional public policies did not see tourism as a strategic and developmental activity in Brazil and also did not evaluate the impacts arising from the real estate deals proper for summer vacation. In this paper, we propose an investigation on the diffusion models and ideas about the global and local tourism and summer vocations activities in coastal areas, focusing on the coast of the Northeastern region of Brazil. The territorial arrangement promoted by the construction of tourist-estate on the coast of Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte were the focus of the research, as they are the largest recipients of these types of properties for leisure. Regarding the Methodologly, the study was conducted in three stages: bibliographical survey, secondary data analysis, along with the right public bodies and the preparation of cartograms that enabled the understanding of logical installation of these projects in the main cities of the Northeast region. The coast designed as recreational space is a spatiality predominantly in the main cities of the Northeast region of Brazil. There are leasing investments in non-metropolitan centers, however, the metropolitan perimeters are the ones that consolidate large private estate projects regarding on the new demands facing the tourists demands.

The year 1988 was an important landmark for afro-brazilian communities, when, for the first time, their constitutional rights were accorded to their land and exploitation of their cultural practices. Since then, several communities were internally reorganized and externally articulated in order to rescue and revitalize the celebrations, festivities and traditions inherited from their ancestors. In this context, this paper seeks to reflect about the processes of cultural (re)signification and (re)invention in the maroon communities of Moça Santa, municipality of Chapada do Norte and Quilombo, municipality of Minas Novas, in Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. The rescue and recovery of dances, songs and celebrations locally regarded as “traditional”, like the Curiango’s group in Moça Santa, and the Marujada’s group in Quilombo, gained acceptance from the recognition of these territories as Quilombo, mobilizing youth and adults to practice and dissemination their cultural expressions. Through empirical observations and reports from the field, you realize that the Curiango and Marujada groups are important symbolic and cultural references of these territories, contributing to integration and community cohesion, for affirmation of his afro-brazilian identity, and especially, for legitimation of his self - recognition as Quilombo.

The importance of studies related to flooding and mappings can be observed by the significant increase in research in recent decades. The municipality of São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Su State, has more than 80% of its population in urban areas. Part of this population is located in the nearness of Rio Vacacaí and has subsequently been affected by flood events. This study aims to map the areas with susceptibility and hazard of flooding in the urban area of São Gabriel. The methodological procedures involved the inventory of events, collection and processing of satellite images and topographic data. The analysis and synthesis of information derived from maps. From the analysis of the thirty years it was found that in sixteen years have records of flooding. A total of sixteen years of events were recorded thirty-two where the population was affected with floods. The total susceptibility area is 3.57Km², representing 7.75% of the entire urban area. The danger areas are added to 0.62Km², representing 17.36% within the susceptibility and 1.34% compared to the urban area. This mapping is an important tool to help prevent and reduce natural disasters associated with floods in the study area.

The Brazilian environmental legislation sets the intervention instruments of the states on environmental management and planning. One of such instruments is the Ecological Goods and Services Tax. Through this tax fundraising, the states can share part of the total with the cities, by the usage of many criteria, among them the environmental criteria. This article shows this tax redistribution system, according to the environmental criteria, executed in Minas Gerais state, and analyses its implications on the environmental conservation of Uberlândia, western Minas Gerais. Through bibliographic revision, documental research and fieldwork, it is noted the potential of such instrument and the lack of its reach regarding the Environmental Conservation Index. Therefore, some changes on the state laws are proposed, so its goal to be reached: environmental quality improvement.

Cet étude s’agit du deuil des mondanités des immigrants forcés, les gens pour qui, en conditions normales dans votre pays d’origine, probablement, quitter la patrie ne serait pas la première option. Basé sur Métreaux (2011), nous avons analysé mondanités du deuil des mineurs immigrants et les travailleurs du sexe brésiliennes en Guyane et au Suriname, étudiés par Oliveira (2012), les expériences d’immigrants brésiliennes à Rome, analysée par Della Pasqua et Dal Molin ( 2009) et le Projet Nouveaux Brésiliens, une expérience du Brésil comme deuxième pays d’asile, rapporté par Fiametti (2005). L’analyse a été guidé par l’approche phénoménologique herméneutique de Heidegger dont les bases ont contribués pour le géographes humanistes faire des nouvelles interprétation de la notion de lieu et de monde. A partir de la notion de mondanité, chez Heidegger (2010, 2012), on a identifié des façons de deuil vécus par les immigrants, réfugiés et sans patrie: deuil du rêve inaccompli, privacité, liberté, références, la perte de la relation précédente, la reconnaissance, le développement professionnel et le respect de la dignité humaine, l’alimentation, l’absence du connu et du aimé, la santé, l’orientation et la direction, l’estime de soi, l’interaction sociale et le deuil empêché ou refusé. Avec cette étude préliminaire, nous avons l’intention de contribuer à élargir les possibilités d’accès à la lecture existentielle de la dimension géographique des flux migratoires.

The city of Guanambi stands out in centre-south Bahia for economic, political and infrastructural aspects as a regional pole. Its importance is linked traditionally to trade and services provision with medium complexity, such as education and health to other municipalities for a variety of its surroundings. In this article we aim to analyze the new centrality of Guanambi (BA) through education with a focus on higher education institutions present in the city in 2012. The methodology for achieving this was the analysis of literature sources and the collection and analysis of statistical data of the institutions surveyed. The results obtained confirm that Guanambi is the most important urban centre in the region for higher education, a service with high complexity, and this reinforce its centrality.

This article was devised based on a survey that establishes an intrinsic relationship between geography and vote in the State of Tocantins. The main objective consisted in developing an analysis of the spatial distribution of the votes for the state executive (governor) from 1988 to 2010 in this state, distributed into its 139 municipal districts, so we can identify the territoriality of the votes as well as the state voting domains that were established during the political life in Tocantins. For such, during this survey, we spent time reading bibliographies related to the theme in question, and to collect and map the results of the election dispute available in the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) and Regional Electoral Court-Tocantins (TRE/TO). As considerations, we appointed the use and control of the territory exercised by means of the vote by distinct regional political players, maintenance of the political power over a political elite established since the first election for governor (1988) and its implications on the electoral geography of Tocantins.

From two Theories of Knowledge, based in Aristotle (Posterior Analytics) and Ernst Cassirer (An essay on man), this text explore the notions of scientific knowledge and symbolic knowledge, respectively. With these notions, and with its inherent philosophies, the present work will ponder how these theorizations have influenced/influences in geographical epistemology.

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when Rudolph Kjellén created the geopolitics term, political realism was recognized as a dominant explanatory theory for understanding power relations globally. After the two World Wars, the interdependence of nations seemed a final goal, even during the Cold War period, the opposition between ideologies could put political limitations on integration which already was possible due to advances of transport and communication. In the 1970s, Realism has found in academia, within the International Relations, a rival theory that have a great explanatory power for rearrangement of the future order: liberalism, understood as a theory pointing the international institutions and the interdependence of trade as powerful forces to explain the power relations globally. Through the 2003 invasion of Iraq, this work intends point to two different ways to interpret the same event in the light of Realism and Liberalism, aiming at finding their limitations on a world still in transition with regard to consolidation or extinction of its analytical assumptions. To do so, it focuses on the characteristics of the contemporary world coming jeopardizing some realistic assumptions.

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Les luttes sociales émacipatrices se présentent aujourd’hui comme luttes pour l’espace. L’espoir, éclairant les possibilités du réel, apparaît dans ce contexte comme médiation pour la transformation des victimes du processus social en sujets sociales qui luttent pour amméliorations concrètes dans sa vie quotidienne. La lutte pour l’espace et l’espoir se réalisent comme conscience social dans l’action, comme processus colectif qui gagne corps dans la pratique, dans la lutte comme activité concrète, em quête d’une nouvelle citoyenneté.

The recent transformations occurred in the cities have translated in the space enlargement constructed by a process not always orderly and planned. In a complex game of multiple factors, this urban territories have been subject a very processes diversified of fragmentation, a lot of times conducting cases, voluntary or involuntary, of spatial confinement of populations. This fragmentation is not new. Have like example the Portuguese case, already in the past, in the city it was creating along 20th century, were detected microterritorial of isolation and fragmentation, especially of the most poor populations. In this aspect, the cities are a good laboratory to analyse this processes of lifting the old and new borders. In this article, they will discuss some of Portuguese cases and give it up special emphasis to the closed condos and how these, examples of spacial and social enlargement on a non-city, constitute an obstacle to the broad approach and discussed of destiny of each places. Indeed, the public rejection can constitute a way on the walk for the non participation of collective strategic destinations.

The universities have an important role in our society to promote social, cultural and economical development. In many countries universities has been installed in small and medium-sized cities since the 70’s to promote the development and ‘modernization’. Some of them are very successful and the economical development is visible and unquestionable. Our empirical study focuses the cities of the Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia (installed in 2006) and Passau/Bavaria/Germany (University of Passau, installed in 1978). Our goal is to propose methodological approach to support a research based on the integration, fragmentation and conflicts between the city of the local population and city of the Universities. Our major conclusions are connected with the increase of the real estate market, diversification of commercial and service activities, intensification of regional role. From the social point of view, however, there are weak and punctual connections with the cities, promoting spatial and cultural conflicts between the students/professor and the local population.

In this article I discuss other possibilities for thinking the city in order to problematize the discourses and practices that deny these contradictions and conflicts in such space, such as those related to race/ethnicity. I point out that many of the practices and mechanisms involved in the production of urban space permeate is markedly prospects hygienist and eugenicist. With this and look through a discourse of a supposed racial democracy in this city are established strategies that reinforce the exclusion of blacks the socio-spatial dynamics of urban. There is therefore considers the territories in which this ethnic-racial group makes other urban cartography in an attempt to seek revaluation of their cultural and identity. However, the black communities are forging counter-discourses that might reframe their places and roles in society. The discussions presented here focuses Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais and settle from the community quilombola Manzo Ngunzo Kaiango located in that city.

The following article proposes the articulation of two often neglected research fields in Brazil, which are Geography of Social Activism and Historical Geography. Through this perspective, it is suggested the conception of a Historical Geography of Social Activism. Such field can be characterized by having the analysis of the spatiality of social activism at its core by means of the incorporation of historicism and temporality in a thorough and consistent inquiry. Therefore, it is intended to incorporate the theoretical and methodological framework of the Historical Geography while fully preserving the contributions and theoretical formulations of researches constituent of social activisms.

This paper aims to analyze the final report of the National Programme for Youth and Environment, through the theoretical contributions of Environmental Education, answering the question: the National Programme for Youth and Environment can lead to critical thinking and emancipation of individuals, leading to rupture and transformation of the traditional education? We analyzed the policy highlighting sections and discussing it. From this analysis, we considered that the National Programme for Youth and Environment needs to deepen the debate about the environmental knowledge, hear the communitie’s voices and consider it epistemological diversity, for then to break the boundaries of knowledge and exceed the limits of disciplinary knowledge. We concluded that, as the program is now, it is not able to lead to critical thinking and emancipation of individuals.