RCAAP Repository

Primary objective of this work was to study concentration and accumulation of the micronutrients on the rubber plants, at variuns ages. Leaves, stems and branches from one year up to four years old were collected from a plantation located at the BONAL S.A. farm at Rio Branco, Brazil. The soil under the forest was classified as a heavy texture Red-Yellow Latossol. The results showed: The leaves had the highest nutrient concentration, with the exception for copper and zinc. During the fourth year, nutrient extraction per hectare was: 29.4 g B; 18.3 g Cu; 140.4 g Fe; 436.7 g Mn and 52.2 Zn. Total micronutrients were absorbed in the following decreasing order: Fe >; Mn >; Zn >; B >; Cu.

With the objective to study the course of absorption of the macronutrients by the rape (Brassica napus) in function of the age of the plant, it was installed one experiment in the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP, in Piracicaba , SP. It was determined the curve of growth of the plant in function of the age, the increase, the concentration and the export of nutrients in the strains 1504 and 1530. The experiment was lead in the agricultural year of 1980, in conditions of field, in Terra Roxa Estruturada soil. After each sample the plants were separated in roots, stalk, leaf, floweres, pods and seeds and analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The authors concluded: - The maximum point of development of the plant and production of dry matter is reached to 142 and 179 days after the emergence, for the strains 1504 and 1530, respectively. - The concentration of the macronutrients reduce with the increase of the amount of dry matter, showing one dilution effect. - The increase of the macronutrients maximum increase reached in the end of flowering between 120 and 139 days, for the two strains. - The order of absorption of nutrients is the following: K >; N >; Cu >; S >; P >; Mg. - The order of export of the nutrients by the grains is: N >; P >; K = Ca >; S >; Mg.

A study was made on early, normal and delayed planting dates on the physiological characteristics at flowering of two late soybean varieties, UFV-I and IAC-7 and its relation with seed production. The parameters avaluated were: planta height, number of nodes, leaf area index leaf dry weight. The field experiment was carried out at Campinas Experimental Station on an eutrophic Latosol Roxo, during the years 1979/80 and 1980/81. In the year plantings were made every twenty days starting from October 5 and in the second year every thirty days starting from September 17, the total being eight and seven in the consecutive years. Early plantings affected all physiological characteristics yielding lower values than in normal dates, for UFV-1. The values were identical for IAC-7 in early and normal planting dates. The delayed planting dates lowered drastically the values of all physiological characteristics in both varieties. All the avaluated parameters at flowering correlated with seed production in both varieties through the planting dates. It was verified that differences between the two varieties for each planting date did not como up to differences of seed production. The physiological characteristics at flowering were suitable to avaluate the seed production of each variety through the planting dates but were not suitable to compare the two varieties in the same planting date.

In order to find out the absorption of the macronutrients during the growth of sunflower plants, a field experiment was carried out at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja/EMBRAPA, Londrina, PR, Brazil. This soil used is classified as Latossolo Roxo (Eutrustox). The following doses of fertilizer were used: 0-0--0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1; 1-2-1; 2-2-1; 2-0-0 (NPK) , being 0 = zero, 1 = 45 kg/ha; 2 = 90 kg/ha (N, P2O5, K2O). The population of plants were calculated in 62,500 plants/ ha, with a spacing of 0,80 m between the lines. The authors concluded: - The lowest concentration of the nutrients occured near the period of maximum dry matter production (88 days), - For leave diagnoses the following levels may be use: N = 3.60%; P = 0.39%; K = 3.41%; Cu = 2.43%; Mg = 0.59%; and S = 0.20%.

In order to find out the absorption of the micronutrients during the growth of sunflower plants, a field experiment was carried out at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja/EMBRAPA, Londrina, PR, Brazil. The soil used is classified as Latossolo Roxo (Eutrustox). The following doses of fertilizers were use: 0-0-0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1: 2-2-1; 2-0-0 (NPK). The population of plants were calculated in 62,500 per hectare, with a spacing of 0.80 m between the lines. The authors concluded: The lowest concentration of the nutrients occured near the period of maximum dry matter production (88 days) . For leaves diagnosis the following levels may be use - Cu = 27 ppm; Mn = 200 ppm; Zn = 31 ppm; B = 125 ppm and Fe = 227 ppm.

In order to study the acumulation of the macronutrients at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil. The soil used is classified as Latossolo Roxo (Eutrustox). The following doses of fertilizers were use :0-0-0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1; 2-2-1; 2-0-0 (NPK); being 0=0 kg/ha ; 1 = 45 kg/ha; 2=90 kg/ha (N, P2O5, K2O). For the cultivar 'Contissol' the doses 0-0-0 and 90-45-45 kg/ha were choose and 0-0-0; 45-45-45 kg/ha at intervals of 14 days after the emergence of plants. The authors concluded: The maximum acumulation os nutrients occur near the 87 days after the emergence. The Maximum rate of acumulation occur at the 55 days after the emergence. The total amount of nutrients content in the plants obey the following order: K >; N >; Ca >; Mg >; P >; S. The maximum acumulation of the macronutrients for a production of 1,000 kg os seeds was K = 141 kg; N = 94 kg; Cu = 68 kg; Mg = 23 kg; P = 14 kg and S = 5 kg. The exportation of the macronutrients correspondent to a production of 1,000 kg of seeds were: N = 31.5 kg; K = 9.5 kg; P = 5.3 kg; Mg = 3.0 kg; Ca = 2.3 kg and S = 1.0 kg.

In order to study the acumulation of the micronutrients by sunflower plants a field experiment was carried out at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil. Six fertilizers doses of NPK were use, but in the present paper only the doses 0-0-0 and 90-45-45 kg/ha for the cultivar Contissol and 0-0-0; 45--45-45 kg/ha for the cultivar Guayacan were examined. Samples of plants were harvested form 14 days after emergence to the end of the plant cycle. The author concluded: The maximum acumulation occur on the 88 days and the maximum rate of 56 days after emergence. The total amount of micronutrients content in the plants for a production of 1,000 kg of seeds was: Fe = 933 g; Mn = 787 g; B = 295 g; Zn = 255 g and Cu = 10 g. The exportation of micronutrients for a production of 1,000 kg of seed was: Fe = 68.8 g; Mn = 59.9 g; Zn = 59.3 g; Cu = 22.8 g and B = 12.3 g. The total quantity of the micronutrients by the seeds obey the following order: Fe >; Mn £ Zn >; Cu >; B.

The present research was conducted at Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, SP, in 1981, with the objective to study behaviour of the herbicides bentazon and paraquat applied separately or in mixtures in some bean cultivars and in some weeds. Two experiments were conducted in the field. The bean cultivars studied were Carioca and Moruna. The treatments carried on were: bentazon at 0,48 and 0,96 kg/ha; paraquat at 0,05 and 0,10 kg/ha and the tank mixtures with 0,48 + 0,05; 0,96 + 0,10; 0,48 + 0,10 and 0,96 + 0,05 kg/ /ha of bentazon + paraquat respectively. Visual evaluations were performed to quantify the percentage of injury on the bean cultivars, and on the weeds. Colby formula was utilized to evaluate the effects of the mixtures. The results showed that the mixtures induced evident antagonistic effects on the studied cultivars. The treatments carried in the field had no influence on the Carioca and Moruna cultivars yield. On sandy soil and with low precipitation, the synergism of the mixtures was evident on Sida glaziovii K. Sch. and Portulacca oleracea L. In clay soils with normal precipitations, the synergistics effects were evident on Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., and Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br.

The present research was developed at Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in the agricultural year of 1980-1981 with the aim of evaluating the effect of the incorporation depth of the main herbicides used soybean. There fore two experiments have been conducted, being one in the field and the other in pots at greenhouse . Herbicides have been utilized are trifluralin, metribuzin, vernolate and pendimethalin in respective doses of 1.11, O.36, 3-86 and 1.50 kg a.i./ha incorporated to the soil at depth of 0, 2..5, 5.0 and 10.0 cm, being sown the variety of Paraná soybean in the field experiment, and Bossier, Santa Rosa and Paraná varieties in the greenhouse. The assessment of results has been carried out by collecting data of plants height, initial and final population, and weeds dry matter weigh and production data presented by soybean at different applications, being observed that for field conditions, incorporation depth has not affected soybean development and production, expressed by its dry matter weigh. However, at greenhouse conditions, incorporation depth has affected dry matter weigh in the aerial and radicular part and plants height. Aerial part height and dry matter weigh have been more affected by vernolate when incorporated at 10 cm. Trifluralin incorporated at 10 cm and pendimethalin applied at the surface have affected at a lower intensity as well. The radicular system has been more at fee. led by both pendimethalin and vernolate. The Santa Rosa variety has been the one that showed itself most sensitive to the utilized herbicides.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a eficiência de diversos substratos na germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas de vigna. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: casca de mamona + solo; casca de mamona + sílica; xaxim + solo; xaxim + sílica; sphagnum + solo; sphagnum + sílica; solo e sílica, todas as misturas na proporção 1:1, em condições de vasos e de canteiros (covas); sendo que os ensaios foram realizados em condições de casa de vegetação. A avaliação dos tratamentos foi efetuada determinando-se a altura e o peso da matéria seca das plintulas. Os resultados mostraram que, (a) em condições de vasos, os melhores tratamentos foram: xaxim + solo, xaxim + sílica e sphagnum + solo; (b) os tratamentos onde utilizou-se casca de mamona impediram a germinação das sementes de vigna e; (c) os tratamentos em canteiros sofreram influência do solo adjacente.

This research deals with the effects of application of three plant stimulants (Ergostim, Agrostemmin and Triacontanol) on growth of two sunflower cultivars (Uruguay and Anhandy), under greenhouse conditions. Sunflower was sowing in pots and Triacontanol (0.05 mg/l), Agrostemmin (l g/10 1/3 l) and Ergostim (1.5 ml/l) where applied 24 and 43 days after sowing. Ergostim and Agrostemmin promoted growth and increased dry matter production by sunflower plants. Triacontanol promoted flowering and reduced dry matter production.

A field experiment was carried out, at Areão Experimental Farm of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, in a soil named "Terra Roxa Estruturada". The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of three potassic materials originated from Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil, which were subject of hydrothermal treatment, on sweet or saccharine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cv. "Start", in respect to the grains and stalks yields, the potassium contents of grains, stalks and leaves, the quantities of potassium extracted by grains and stalk and the ethanol. These potassic materials, including potassium cloride, were applied at two rates of K2O/ha (100 kg/ha K2O and 200 kg/ha K2O). According to the data, the following conclusion can be drawn: 1) One of these potassic materials showed the highest content of K2O soluble in 2% citric acid solution (26.02%) and gave the highest yield and the highest quantity of potassium extracted by the grain, when applied at the rate of 200 kg/ha K2O. 2) There was no difference between potassium sources and rates in respect to potassium content and quantity of this element extracted, in the stalk, but the potassium sources used in this experiment was superior to the control. 3) The potassium chloride when applied at the rate of 200 kg/ha K2O showed negative effect on grain yield, on concentration and quantity of potassium in the grain. 4) The potassium sources increased the quantity of total sugar and ethanol yield in respect to the control .

The effects of NPK on the yield of bean was studied by means of a 3³ factorial experiment In an incomplete block design according to Yates confounded W model. The experiment was conducted in the same site for two subsequent years. Rates of nutrient utilized were as follows: nitrogen (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha of N) , phosphorus (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha of P(2)0(5)) and potassium (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha of K(2)0) applied as urea, triple superphosphate and potassium chloride, respectively. All plots received an uniform application of 60 kg/ha of S as calcium sulfate, 4 kg/ha of Zn as zinc sulfate, 4 kg/ /ha of Cu as copper sulfate, 1 kg/ha of B as borax and 0,2 kg/ha of Mo as sodium molibdate. A number of extratreatments was planted with the main field trial to study the effect of sulfur and micronutrients. The same rates indicated above were used. Treatments were as follows: check, complete minus S, complete minus micro and complete (NPK S micro). These treatments were analysed as a randomized block experiment. The results obtained led to the following conclusions: a) yield of common beans was significantly affected by the application of phosphorus in the two years the field experiment was planted; b) no significant effects on the yield of beans were detected for nitrogen, potassium, sulfur and the composite mixture of micronutrients.

In order to study the dry matter production with age and seed production an experiment was carried out at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja/EMBRAPA, Londrina, PR, Brazil. The soil used is classified as Latossolo Roxo (Eutrustox). Six fertilizer doses were use: 0-0-0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1; 1-2-1; 2-2-1; 2-0-0; (NPK), being 0 = 0; I= 45kg/ha; 2= 90 kg/ha (N, P(2)0(5), K(2)0) with four replications. The distant was of 0.80m between the lines and five plants per linear meter. Samples of the plants were taken at 14 days of interval from the emergence of the plants to the harvested. The authors concluded: a) the dry matter production was not affected by the fertilizers; b) the seed production was higher in absent of the use of fertilizers; c) the highest rate of growth occurred at 56 days after the emergence; d) the maximum of dry matter production occurred at 85 days after the emergence of the plants.

With the objective to study the course of absorption of the macronutrients by rape (Brassica napus) in function of the age of the plant, it was installed experiment in the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP, in Piracicaba, SP. It was determined the curve of growth of the plant in function of the age, the increase, the concentration and the export of nutrients in the strains 1504 and 1530. The experiment was lead in the agricultural year of 198O, in conditions of field, in Terra Roxa Estruturada soil . After each sample the plants were separated in roots, stalk, leaf, flowers, pods and seeds and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The authors concluded: a) the maximum point of development of the plant and production of dry matter is reached to 142 and 179 days after the emergence, for the strains 1504 and 1530, respectively; b) the concentrations of the macronutrients reduce with the increase of the amount of dry matter, showing one dilution effect; c) the increase of the macronutirents maximum increase reached in the end of flowering between 120 and 139 days, for the two strains. The order of absorption of nutrients is the following: K>;N>;Cu>;S>;P>;Mg. The order of export of the nutrients by the grains is: N >; P >; K = Ca >; S >; Mg.

Germinating setts of sugar cane with different age and number of roots were placed in contact with a solution of phosphate labelled with p32. After 24hours the material was sliced and radioautographed. It was found that all ports were radio active (roots, buds, nodes and internodes). Radioactivity increased with age and with the number of absorbing roots.

A survey on parasitic nematodes was carried out in several banana-growing regions of Brazil for a period of 4 years. It included 157 samples of roots and soil from the rizosphere of banana plants (Musa spp). The following percentual values of positive samples and population density were respectively obtained for the nematode species identified: Helicotylenchus dihystera (23.5%-272), Helicotylenchus multicinotus (80.2%-1770), Macroposthonia ornata (1.2%-122), Meloidogyne spp. (55.4%-725). Radopholus similis (43.3%-1326), Rotylenchulus reniformis (7-6%-225), and Tylenchus sp. (0.6%-114). H. multicinctus was the most abundant and widely spread species. R. similis was found only in areas where Cavendish banana plants have been grown, large populations being associated with remarkable parasitic symptoms. Meloidogyne spp. and H. dihystera have been widely distributed and probably promote economical damage. The still restricted distribution of R. simiLis suggests that strong control measures to be adopted, in order to avoid its dissemination throughout the country and to assure the protection of other crops which could be eventual hosts of this nematode.

O experimento foi conduzido em um solo Latossolo Vermelho Escuro álico, textura média, na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP - "Campus" de Ilha Solteira, SP. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento, da Galactia striata(Jacq.) Urb., quanto ao aspecto do valor nutritivo, em duas épocas de semeadura (28/09/79 e 25/03/80) e épocas de coleta (de 28 em 28 dias após emergência das plantas). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, considerando as épocas de semeadura, as parcelas,e as épocas de coleta , as subparcelas. A aplicação de calcário se processou 30 dias antes de cada época de semeadura e a adubação fundamental na semeadura consistiu na aplicação de 20 kg/ha de nitrogênio na forma de sulfato de amônio(21% N), 120 kg de P2O5 na forma de cloreto de potássio (49,8% K). As semeaduras foram realizadas em linhas espaçadas de 0,30 m, com dez linhas de 5 m por subparcela, a uma profundidade de 2,5 cm, sendo deixada após o desbaste 10-15 plantas por metro linear. No material coletado separaram-se as folhas de hastes e efetuou-se a análise de digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca. Conclui-se que: Em função do decréscimo da digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca por ser lento com o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a época de corte da Galactia striata pode ser determinada em função da produção de matéria seca. A Galactia striata é capaz de prover forragem de alto valor nutritivo, tanto no período de verão corno no de inverno.

Two observations were done searching for jaboticaba trees (Myrciaria jaboticata Berg) propagation by grafting methods. When grafting was tried on ponhema (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) seedlings, during summer season, 30.5% of takes were observed. Approach grafting on jaboticaba seedlings, during fall - winter seasons, results in 80% of sucess.

A study was made on early, normal and delayed planting dates on the seed yield and its components of two late varieties of soybean, UFV-1 and IAC-7. The field experiment was carried out at Campinas Experimental Station in eutrophic Latossolo Roxo during the years 1979/80 and 1980/81. In the first year planting were made every twenty days starting from October 5 and in the second year every thirty days starting from September 17, the total being eight and seven in the consecutive years. The parameters studied were: seed yield, nodes/ /plant, podes/plant and seed weight. The planting dates affected the seed yield and its components in both varieties. The number of nodes and pods/plant were more affected than the seed weight. Each variety had the same behavior with regard to the number of nodes and pods/plant and the same cannot be said to seed weight. In the first year the seed weight was not affected by the planting date and in the second, late plantings decreased the values of this parameter. The variability of yield components was more effective for highest yields planting dates. Number of nodes and pods/plant exercised a greater influence on the seed yield than the seed weight.