RCAAP Repository

This research deals with the study of the biology of Rolepa unimoda (Dognin, 1923) (Lepidoptera , Lymantri idae) . The larvae are defoliators on ornamental plantings of Tabebuia avellanedae Lor. ex-Griseb (Bignoniaceae). They also attack Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Burmeister. The insects were reared in laboratory conditions (temperature 27 ±2°C; RH 70 +15%; 12 hour photoperiod), in the Section of Entomology, Center of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, in Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The following parameters were determined: period and viability of the egg, larva, prepupa and pupa stages; number and length of the larval instars and leaf consumption of the larval stage; adult longevity and sex ratio; natural enemies; host plants and occurrence of the insect in the States of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul.

Young Tobiatã plants were cultivated in pots containing pure fine quartz and irrigated with nutrient solutions lacking one of the following elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B. Four pots recieved nutrient solutions with all essencial elements. Clearcut picture of the deficiencies was observed in all treatments. Leaves of normal and deficient plant showed the following concentrations: N% 2.20-1.22; P% 0.21-0.09; K% 2.96-0.39; Ca% 0.67-0.04; Mg% 1.46-0.05; S% 0.16-0.10 and Bppm 8.1-12.

Young asparagus plants (Asparagus officinalis cv. Mary Washington) were transferred from field to pots containing pure fine quartz. The pots were irrigated several times a day with Hoagland & Arnon nutritive solutions lacking one of the following elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B at time. Once the symptoms became visible the plants were harvested dried and analyzed for the element. The authors concluded: 1) The visual identification of the deficiencies were unclean and difficult; 2) The omission of the element affected with severity the growth of the plants; 3) Healthy and malnutrition plants presented the following concentration in the leaves: N% 2.20 - 2.93, 1.22 - 1.36; P% 0.10 - 0.20, 0.07 - 0.09; K% 2.95 - 3-11, 0.39 - 0.75; Ca% 0.67 - 0.98, 0.04 - 0.18; Mg% 0.76-1.35, 0.05 - 0.15; S% 0.16 - 0.18, 0.08 - 0.10; B ppm 81.6 108.3, 12.3 - 12.6.

Brazil (CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP) joint with 15 others country, shared a large research program about wheat fertilization, co-ordinated by A.I.E.A. One aim of this program, which is related here, was to value the phosphorus utilization from single superphosphate by wheat, affected by places of application and nitrogen sources. The experiment was carried out in a red-yellow Podzol with 9 ppm of P. The nitrogen sources are: ammonium sulphate, nitrate and urea, N-rate = 120 kg/ha, half at planting and the remainder at the tillering stage. The single superphosphate - 32P, P2O5-rate = 30 kg/ha, was applied in two places: with the seeds or with the N-sources, 5 cm depth and 2 cm on the ride of the seeds. The wheat was harvested after tillering stage but before heading stage. In the dry mather were determined: % P total, % 32P and percentage of phosphorus utilized (% UP). The nitrogen fertilization reached the % UP, but the nitrogen sources effects were equal. The % UP were equal in the two methods of application of phosphorus fertilizer and ranged within 12 to 19%.

A corn field work was carried out in Tietê, State of São Paulo, Brazil in order to control the fall armyworm. The treatments, with four repetitions, and the quantities of active ingredients, per hectare, were as follows: A - check; B - bendiocarb, 250 g; C - hydrazone BTS 54439, 250 g ; D - trichlorfon, 250 g ; E - pyrethroid biphenthrin, 30 g ; F - pyrethroid FMC 65318, 30 g ; G - thiodicarb, 200 g ; H - triazophos, 200 g. The best results were obtained with pyrethroid FMC 65318, thiodicarb and pyrethroid biphenthrin.

The fall armyworm is one of the most important pest on corn fields. It causes enormous losses almost every year. In order to know the effects of some chemicals against the caterpillars, a study was conducted under field conditions in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, durin December of 1983. Plants were sprayed (200 liters per hectare) with a twenty liter costal manual sprayer. The treatments were nine: A - check (nothing was applied). B - moncrorophos, 240 g; C - biphenthrin 10 g; D - triazophos, 200 g; E - carbamate UC 75118, 150 g; F - monocrotophos, 400 g; G - acephate, 375 g; H - carbamate UC 76724:, 150 g; I - c lofentezine, 250 g. The quantities mentioned above are of active ingredient used per hectare. Two days after the spray, the best pesticides were triazophos and biphenthrin. After 07 days no one product had a good efficiency.

A field test was carried out in Americana, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the control of the "two spotted spider mite", the main pest on cotton in that area. The treatments were eitht with four repetitions (each repetition ocupied 150 m² and each treatment, 600 m²). The treatments and active ingredients per hectare were as follows: A) check; B) triazophos, 300 g; C) monocrotophos, 600 g; D) biphenthrin, 55 g; E) fenpropathrin, 150 g; F) biphenthrin, 60 g; G) binapacryl, 800 g; H) clofentezine, 750 g. Five counts of the mite were made: the first, three days before the spray and 01, 05, 08 and 13 days after spraying. The best results were obtained with biphenthrin and binapacryl (05 days); biphenthrin and clofentezine (08 days) and clofentezine (13 days).

Mustard plants (Brassica juncca) 'Lisa' were cultivated in pots containing fine crushed quartz. The plants were irrigated several times a day with several nutrient solutions. The treatments were: all nutrients, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B. Once the plants sowed a clear picture of malnutrition their were harvested and analyse for the elements. The authors concluded: - the omission of the nutrients affected with severity the growth of the plants; - the malnutrition symptoms were easy identificated for all elements; - the normal and abnormal leaves presented the following concentrations: N% 3.68-3.44; P% 0.60-0.50; K% 4.97-1.03; Ca% 2.40-0.46; Mg% 1.00-0.06; S% 0.31-0.13 B ppm 85-23.

Plant development and fruit production of cucumber cultivars 'Marketer IAC- 2 2 0 5 ' , 'Palomar IAC- 3 0 5 0 ' , 'Santee IAC- 2 4 4 1 ' , 'Verde Paulistano IAC-1336' and 'Aodai 1 - 4 3 2 1 ' were compared under two sowing dates, 5 t n of May and 5 t n of December of 1970 in Campinas, SP, Brazil, in a Yellow Red Latossol. Air temperature ranged from 1 2 , 0°C to 26, 8°C in the first period of culture, and from 18,5°C to 30,2°C in the second period. Adequate cultural practices were provided. When the first female flower appeared in the field, insecticides and fungicides applications were interrupted. For all cultivars, yields were higher and fruit quality was better in the first period of culture. Both in May and December cultures, plants have concentrated their highest yields between the third and the penultima te harvesting dates. 'Santee' presented low yields and the quality of its fruits was poor. 'Aodai' showed the best results as to fruit yield and fruit quality. Yields of the other cultivars were similar. 'Verde Paulistano' presented the latest fruit production. 'Marketer' showed a relatively uniform behaviour in both periods of culture. There were found positive correlations between yield in each harvesting date and total yield, total yield and marketable yield, number of fruits and fruits weight, plant height and yield, and number of lateral branches and yield. The relation between marketable and total yield, and fruit average weight, decreased at the end of the plants cycle.

Soybean, seeds (Glucine max (L.) Merrill) of IAC-Foscarin 31'(Group Vl)and ' IAC-8' (Group VIII) were harvested we ekly in field plots planted in 1981, 1982 and 1983; after harvests, seeds were stored under normal environment conditions, dry chamber (35% RH) and cold chamber (10°C + 80% RH) during six months at the Seed Laboratory of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de Sio Paulo,Brasil. The behavior of seeds during storage was evaluated bimonthly by germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence tests; plant performance was studied in field experiments planted in 1982, 1983 and 1984. Results showed that all laboratory tests were related to field emergence, but electrical conductivity was found to be the most efficient test to characterize physiological quality and field emergence potential. Seeds of'IAC -8' showed better quality than 'IAC-Foscarin 31', but this fact was related to environmental conditions during maturation and harvest time. Storability was determined by environmental relative humidity and initial quality of seeds.

It was studied applications of different concentrations of 3-indolylbutyric acid (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 200 ppm) in field conditions and cold treatment (15°C) on rooting of Stachytarpheta elegans cuts. From the data it was concluded that there was better rooting with 40 and 60 ppm concentrations in field conditions, and those treated with 40 ppm and later thermic treatment during kS days presented large number of bud growth.

Este trabalho trata do estudo da biologia de Glena unipennaria unipennaria (Guenée, 1857) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), cujas lagartas são desfolhadoras e consideradas como praga de grande importância econômica, em povoamentos homogêneos e implantados de Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae), no Brasil. Os insetos foram criados em condições de laboratório (temperatura 25±3°C; UR:70±10; fotoperíodo de 12 horas), no Laboratório de Controle Biológico, do Departamento de Entomologia, da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"-USP, em Piracicaba, SP, em 1978. As lagartas foram alimentadas, exclusivamente, com folhas de Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden. Foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros: período e viabilidade das fases de ovo, lagarta (exceto viabilidade), pré-pupa; número e duração dos ínstares larvais e consumo foliar na fase larval; longevidade dos a dultos e proporção quanto ao sexo. Medidas lineares foram tomadas das cápsulas cefálicas das lagartas, comprimento e maior largura das pupas e envergadura das asas anteriores dos adultos. Aspectos relacionados com o comportamento e morfologia externa também foram observados.

Two cultivars of common bean were grown in soil samples of an Oxisol (LR) and an Alfisol (PVp), with and without fertilizer, subjected to three compaction levels , and confined in 3.8 liter pots. The data showed that with the increase on soil compaction, there was a general tendency, in the above ground part at the end stage, to increase the nutritional efficiency of K and to decrease of the N, P, Mg, Ca, Cu and Fe. The behavior of Zn, B and Mn was influenced more intensively by the soil type, the soil fertility and the cultivar.

With the goal to observe the influence of the soil compaction on the concentration and accumulation of the Al and the micronutrients by 2 bean cultivars growing on soil samples of an Oxisol (LRT and an Alfisol (PVp), with and without fertilizer, a 3,8 liter pot experiment was carried out. It could be verified, at the end of the growing stage, a reduction of the con-contration and accumulation of the Al in the fertilized pots, and the increase in the not fertilized pots. In the roots occured a decrease on the accumulati on of Al in both fertilized and not fertilized soils. With increasing compaction, Cu presented a general tendency to increase in the shoots, and the other micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Mn) showed a specific behavior due to the soil type, the fertility level and the cultivar. At the end of the growing cycle, it could be verified a general tendency in increase on accumulation of Fe and B, ana decrease on Zn in the Oxisol, and decrease on the Mn, Zn and B accumulation in the Alfisol, considering the above ground part. In the roots all micronutrients decreased their accumulation.

Pot trials with fertilized and non fertilized soil samples of the A horizon from an Oxisol (LR) and an Alfisol (PVp) , confined in 3,8 liter pots, and cropped with two common bean cultivars, were conducted in greenhouse. The soil samples were subjected to compaction forces, and mantained with a soil water tension between 100 and 300 mbars . The beans were harvested at the flowering stage and at 67 days after emergency (maturity). It could be verified a diferential variation in dry matter production due to the genotype, the cultural stage, fertility and compaction levels of the soils. In general, at the end stage of the culture, the dry matter accumulation is related with the soil macroporosity. It seems to exist an ideal zone for maximal accumulation, below and above of which, there is a tendency to decrease. The major influence of the compaction occured on the fertilized pots. In the above ground part occured the general tendency of increase on the Mg concentration (up to 26.3%), besides on Ca and N, and the decrease on the K level. In the roots the tendency was of increase on the Mg and the K, and reduce on the N concentrations. At the end stage it could be verified a general tendency in increase on accumulation of Mg and the decrease on K an( N in the drave ground part, and the decrease on and the Ca, P and N in the roots, considering the Oxisol. In the Alfisol, it could be verified a general tendency in increase on the accumulation of Mg and N, besides the decrease on K In the shoots, and the decrease on Ca and K in the roots.

Granulometric parameters (mean diameter, graphic standard deviation, graphic assimetry and kurtosis) and morphological characteristics of a Entisol were studied in soil profiles ocurring in three different positions of a toposequence. The studied area is located in the Itirapina and Brotas municÍpalíties, State of São Paulo (Brazil). The granulometric homogeneity of the sand fraction was observed between horizons and profiles. Morphologically the profiles do not differ one to each other and usually show an A-C sequences of horizons and sometimes an incipient B horizon, identifiable by color.

Aspectos mineralógicos e químicos foram estudados em três perfis de Areias Quartzosas localizados em uma toposequência da Bacia do Ribeirão do Lobo, nos municípios de Brotas e Itirapina, no Estado de São Paulo. A homogeneidade mineralógica observada entre os horizontes e entre os perfis permite que se conclua serem estes solos derivados do mesmo material de origem. A maturidade mineralógica e arredondamento dos grãos do resíduo pesado indicam que os solos estudados sofreram a mesma intensidade de transporte. Quimicamente são solos distróficos, caracterizados por reação ácida, baixos valores de soma de bases e elevada saturação com alumínio,determinando caráter álico.

Este experimento foi efetuado com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da hidrazida maleica (MH) e do ethephon (CEPA) no crescimento da cana-de-açúcar 'NA 56-79'. 0 trabalho foi realizado em condições de casa-de-vegetação, sendo que o plantio dos toletes de uma gema foi efetuado em 8 de agosto. Em 28 de agosto pulverizou-se MH (21,7%) nas dosagens de 5, 9, 13 e 17 ml/1 e CEPA (480g/1)1,2,1 e 4 ,2 ml/l, sendo que em 18 de se tembro aplicou-se, em outras plantas, MH 5, 9, 13 e 17 ml/l e CEPA 4,2, 8,4 e 16,8 ml/l. A altura total e o comprimento do colmo foram determinados nas da tas de aplicação, e em 4 de setembro no primeiro ensaio e em 3 de novembro no segundo. As variações em altura e no comprimento, entre as datas, mostraram que a hidrazida maleica promoveu inibição no crescimento do cultivar 'NA 56-79', sendo que o ethephon causou drástica redução na altura da cana-de-açúcar. Ambos os reguladores vegetais exerceram efeitos mais pronunciados com aumento nas concentrações aplicadas, revelando-se promissores como agentes maturadores da cana-de-açúcar.

In the present research it has been studied the possible correlation among the parameters of quantitative analysis of vegetal growth through experimental data from tomato cultivars Kada, Angela, Floradel and Tropic carried out in the tropical-humid conditons of Manaus (Amazon State, Brazil) in a typical regional fashion (open side greenhouses with plants cultived in suspended wooden boxes). Every 14 days plant samples were collected in the seedling time, to determine height, leaf area, dry matter, weight of the plant and fresh and dry matter weight of the fruits, during all the tomato cicle. Thus an analysis was made of the cultivar vegetal growth and the correlation among the evaluated plant parameters : height, yield, dry matter, weight (DMW), leaf area index (LAI), dry matter production rate (DMPR), vegetative dry matter production rate (VDMPR), fruit dry matter production rate (FDMPR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). Studying the correlation among the parameters, the height presented the greatest amount of hight correlation, becoming this way a good cross-index to estimate the plant growth. The positive correlations are: a) Height With LAI, with yield, with DMW and with DMPR , that is, these parameters were directly cor relationed with the height; b) DMW with yield and LAI. The NAR presented all coeficient correlations with low rates and among these rates the highest was with the RGR, showing this way to be affected by this parameter. The RGR only had high correlations with the height and the LAI, these correlations being negative, that is, while the plant grows, the RGR decreases. The most productive cultivars presented high positive correlations between FDWPR and DWPR, showing that the economic productivity is directly affected by the biological productivity in the cultivars.

Sixteen mature lactating cows were used to evaluate the nutritive values of diets containing either raw or biologically treated sugar cane bagass. Blood, from ear veins, was collected directly into heparinized capillary tubes for determination of the hematocrit value. A high negative correlation (-0.97) was observed between mean hematocrit values and ambient temperature.