RCAAP Repository

Foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação usando quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino: CMSXS603, Br 500, Sart e Br 602, em solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon nº 1 modificada para a soluçao padrão contendo os tratamentos (níveis de Al, P, Ca). Após a colheita foram determinados os pesos da matéria seca da raiz e parte aérea e os teores de P, K, Ca, Mg e Al. Verificou-se que: a) o alumínio reduziu a produção de matéria seca dos cultivares sendo a parte aérea mais afetada que a radicular. Entretanto, a quantidade de matéria seca do sistema radicular refletiu melhor a tolerância relativa dos cultivares. b) o aumento dos níveis de Ca no substrato proporcionou um aumento na tolerância ao Al, desde que o P estivesse em alta concentração, c) quando comparados os tratamentos que acarretaram as maiores e menores produções de matéria seca na presença de Al e tolerância ao mesmo, os teores dos elementos Ca, Mg, K, P e Al na parte aérea dos cultivares foram diferentes. O elemento fósforo foi mais importante para conferir tolerância ao alumínio no tecido radicular e na parte aérea.

A greenhouse experiment were conduced with soil of the A horizon of an Oxisol (LR) and an Alfisol (PVp), confined in 3,8 liter pots, and cultivated with two bean cultivars, with and without fertilizer. The soil samples were subjected to compaction and mantained with a soil water tension between 100 to 300 mbars. The dry matter,wich normaly reduce the accumulation with the compaction level, had his behavior afected by the fertility level, but the intensity of accumulation afected by the soil type. Considering the absolute values of the elements accumulated, it could be verify that the fertility level afect the behavior of N, P, Ca , B, Cu and Fe, considering the shoots, and K, Mg and Zn considering the roots. The relative values inform that the fertility level only afect the behavior of Ca , Zn and B in the shoots and of Ca, Zn, B, Fe and Mn in the roots.

Serum total protein fluctuation, during the first 70 days of age, under different milk feeding programs, were evaluated in thirty-seven calves, males and females, of Holstein breed (15/16 Holstein: Guzerá, high grade and pure breed) . Calves at birth were alloted to one of the following treatments: A1 - Whole milk, colostrum and milk replacer (1:1:2) during the first 30 days of age; A2 - whole milk, colostrum and milk replacer (1 :1 :2) during the first 45 days of age; A3 - whole milk, colostrum and milk replacer (1:1:2) during the first 60 days of age; B - whole milk during the first 45 days of age and C -milk replacer during the first 45 days of age. All calves were fed colostrum up to 72 hours after birth. The employed commercial milk re placer had milk sub-product as protein source. The concentrate used was a commercial product for early weanning. The blood samples were collected in the following times after birth: zero (before suckling), 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days post-partum. Serum total protein was analysed by the biuret method. The results were interpreted by the following statistical analysis: analysis of variance, Tukey, correlations, regressions and analysis of variance under factorial model considering the effects of treatments, sampling time and interactions. The lowest concentration of serum total protein was found at birth (5,02 ± 0,51 g/100 ml) and the highest (8,09 ± 0,51 g/100 ml) at 24 hours post-partum. In the first 30 days, the concentration in the treatment A (A1 + A2 + A3) was significantly higher than treatment C and not different from B. It was found a linear and quadratic reduction of total protein concentration, in the first 30 days, followed by an increase from 50 to 70 days.

It was determined the production of Metarhizium anisopliae conidiain Petri dishes containing both complete medium and media with differents rice concentrations, The more productive isolates were M, P and E9 and it was noted that in rice medium high conidia production where obtained with 60 g of rice per liter.

The tropical butterfly pea is a very promising legume for Brazil specially in the northeast region of the country. In order to obtain: - A clear picture of the macronutrients and boron deficiencies symptoms; - Levels of the macronutrients and boron in normal and deficient plants. Butterfly peas where cultivated in pots containing pure quartz and irrigated several times a day with nutrient solutions manured as: complete, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S and -B. It was observed that the visual sintomatology of the deficiencies were similar the the observed for other tropical legumes. The levels of the nutrients in the leaves of normal and deficients plants, expresed as dry matter, were: N% 3.51 - 1.59; P% 0.96 -0.18; K%3.42 - 1.58; Ca% 1.62 - 0.50; Mg% 0.89 - 0.38; S% 0.13 - 0.09; B ppm 73.0 - 16.0.

Com o objetivo de obter: - os teores e acumulos de micronutrientes nos órgãos aéreos da planta, em diferentes estádios de crescimento; - a exportação de nutrientes na colheita de frutas, no ponto de consumo. Foi conduzido um ensaio no campo o qual consistiu da amostragem em cinco estádios de crescimento - 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a emergência das plantas. As plantas eram cortadas rente ao solo, divididas em caule, ramos, folhas, flores e frutos para determinação dos elementos minerais B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Os tratamentos representados pelas épocas de amostragem, constaram de um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Conclui-se que: - A concentração dos nutrientes na parte aérea varia com a idade e o órgão considerado; - A parte aérea aumenta, nos 75 dias em mg por planta: 0,033 de B; 0,172 de Cu; 0,199 de Fe; 0,109 de Mn e 0,042 de Zn. - São exportados em uma tonelada de frutas: 1,67 g de B; 1,07 g de Cu; 2,51 g de Fe; 1,2 g de Mn e 2,3 g de Zn.

In order to obtain: - The deficiency symptoms of macronutrients and boron; - The analytical levels in the plant or parts of the under mineral deficiencys conditions. One greenhouse experiment was carried out Melon plants were cultivated in pots containing pure quartz and irrigated with nutrient solutions with different composition consisting of "complete solution", lacking N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. Once the deficiencies were clearly identified the plants were harvested divided into roots, stem, leaves and "flower + fruits". The material was dried at 80°C, weighted and analyzed for the elements. The main conclusion are: The malnutrition symptoms were clearly identified for each element; The omission of nutrients affected the plant growth. The levels of nutrients in sound leaves, expressed in dry matter were: N% 2.30-3-30; P% 0.28-0.62; K% 2.53-2.87; Ca% 2.59-5.14; Mg% 0.79-0.99; S% 0.22-0.24; B ppm 65-111. The levels of nutrients in unsound leaves expressed in dry matter were: N% 1.11-2.21; P% 0.12-0.23; K% 0.86-1.72; Ca% 0.85-2.22; Mg% 0.60-0.71; S% 0.17-0.19; B ppm 54.7-101.

The experiment was done in order to increase the knowledge of Cruá (Sicana odorifera Naud.) of the appreciable quality, as well to evaluate some aspects related to morphology in the initial growth. The seeds utilized in the experiment were obtained in perfect conditions and some in greenhouse of Didactic Vegetagle Garden, Botany Department ESALQ. The seeds were arranged in two positions at sowing: horizontal and vertical. Substratum utilized was mixture of forest soiland river sand. It was verified that positions of seeds do not affected germination, but to morphological characters there was significative differences. To length of future principal root (CR), length of petiole (CP) it was detected significance at 5% level, also for distance between cotyledonous leaves to insertion of definitive first leaf (DFCIFD), length of limb (CL) and breadth of limb (LL) were detected significances at 1% level. These significances refered to seeds in the horizontal position. The distance between collum to insertion of cotyledonous leaves (DCIFC) was not significative.

Soybean, seeds (Glycine mas (L.) Merrill) of 'IAC-Foscarin 31' (Group VI) and 'IAC-8' (group VIII) were harvested weekly in field plots planted in 1981, 1982 and 1983; after harvests, seeds were stored under normal environment conditions, dry chamber (35% RH) and cold chamber (10°C + 80% RH) during six months at the Seed Laboratory of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. The behavior of seeds during storage was evaluated bimonthly by germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence tests; plat performance was studied in field experiments planted in 1982, 1983 and 1984. Results showed that all laboratory tests were related to field emergence, but electrical conductivity was found to be the most efficient test to characterize physiological quality and field emergence potential. Seeds of 'IAC-8' showed better quality than 'IAC-Foscarin 31', but this fact was related to environmental conditions during maturation and harvest time. Storability was determined by environmental relative humidity and initial quality of seeds.

In order to obtain: - The dry matter production of butterfly pea under field condition from 41 to 146 days. - Concentration and extraction of the macronutrients. A field trial was executed on a soil called Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, serie "Luiz de Queiroz" (ORTHOX) at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Plants were harvested every 15 days when the plants were 41 days old. The plants were divided into leaves, stems, flowers and pods. The material was dried a 75°C and analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S content. The experimental design was a complete randomized experiment with four replications. The authors concluded: - The dry matter production is very intensive from the begining to the 131 days old plants. - At 86 days the plant presented the following concentrations of the elements in the leaves: N% - 3-96; P% - 0.32; K% - 2.30; Ca% - 0.85; Mg% - 0.43 and S% 0.15. - For the same age the plant presented the following amounts of the elements: N mg - 322; P mg - 31; K mg - 219; Ca mg - 71; Mg mg - 39; S mg - 16.

Foi efetuado um ensaio de competição entre adubos nitrogenados fisiologicamente ácidos, em vasos, com a finalidade principal de se verificar o comportamento da uréia frente ao nitrato de amônio, sulfato de amônio, uréia + enxofre, este sob duas dormas: sulfato de potássio e sulfato de cálcio. A terra utilizada era de tabuleiro proveniente de Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brasil e o ensaio foi conduzido na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", da Universidade de São Paulo, localizada em Piracicaba, Brasil. A planta teste foi o milho (Zea mays L.) cv. Piranão. Resumindo, pode-se concluir que a dose de 240 kg N/ha foi excessiva em relação à de 120 kg N/ha. Doses menores que esta última devem ser experimentadas. O nitrato de amônio superou os demais, na dose de 120 kg N/ha.

An experiment was carried out in order to study the effects of thermal treatment and of the addition of dolomitic limestone on the release of potassium from a nephelinic sienite from Poços de Caldas. The potassium silicate was blended with dolomitic limestone in the proportions, respectively, of 1:1 and 3:1. The mistures were calcined at the temperatures of 1000, 1100, 1200 and 1300°C and subject to fusion. The materials afterwards were shaken with water (ratio 1:100, w/v) for 1, 4, 8, 12 , 24, 36 and 48 hours. The untreated K rock was used as control. Both thermal treatment and addition of dolomitic limestone, increased the liberation of K which was higher when the mixture was prepared using the 1:1 ratio and the temperatures of calcination were in the range of 1000 - 1100°C.

Through relief indices obtained from circular samples on a planialtimetric chart (1:35,000), the characterization was made of five soil units occurring in the Ribeira de Iguape Valley in the São Paulo State and the efficiency of the indices in the discrimination between these soils was also tested. The relief indices utilized in this study were mean declivity, maximum altimetric amplitude and mean length of the slopes. The five soils studied were: a) Alic Yellow Lato sol - LAa (Pariqüera unit); b) Alic Latosolic Red-Yellow Podzolic - PVLa-1 (Taquaruçu unit); c) Alic Latosolic Red-Yellow Podzolic - PVLa-2 (Arataca unit); d) Alic Red-Yellow Podzolic-PVa (Vapamirim unit); e) Alic Cambisol - Ca-2 (Canfilito unit). The relief indices made possible the characterization and discrimination of the studied soils, and the most efficient indices for differentiating the five soil units were maximum altimetric amplitude and mean declivity.

Tobiatã grass has an apparently great future in the Tropical and is use by many rangers in Brazil. Unluky very few informations on the mineral nutrition of these grass exist. An experiment was carried out with young seedlings which were cultivated in pots containing fine quartz sand a substract and irrigated with nutrient solutions without one of the micronutrient (-B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn and -Zn). After 81 days the plants were harvested and divided into dry leaves, old leaves, new leaves and stem. The material was dried at 70-80°C and analyse for the micronutrients. The autors concluded that: - The production of dry matter was affected by the omission of the micronutrients in the following order: Cu >; Zn = B, Mn >; Fe. - Clear cut symptoms were obtained for the elements. - Preliminary levels of deficiencies of the micronutrients, founded in the sound leaves were: -B = 23 ppm; -Cu = 0.5 ppm; -Fe = 81 ppm; -Mn=41 ppm and -Zn = 37 ppm.

This paper deals with chemical control of the citrus leprosis mite on nature orange trees. The test was carried out in Tietê, State of São Paulo, Brazil (november 1985 - january 1986). The seven treatments were evaluated using plots, with four repetitions (three plants per repetition). Treatments were as follows: A) cyhexatin; B) cyhexatin; C) quinometionate; D) flubenzimine; E) clofentezine; F) clofentezine; G) bromopropilate; H) check. Table 1 shows the pesticides, doses, formulations and the material used in 100 liters of water and per hectare. Counts of the mite were made on fruits 01 day before and 07, 20, 34 and 58 days after the application (table 2). The most efficient treatments after 58 days of the spray were obtained with bromopropilate, clofentezine (20 g/ha), and flubenzimine (Tables 3 and 4).

Características morfológicas, físicas, químicas e mineralógicas foram estudadas em seis perfis de solos localizados em uma topossequência de 20 km de extensão, ao norte do Rio Piracicaba, na região de Iracemápolis. Na superfície V, mais antiga e elevada (parte superior do Morro Azul) ocorre um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo de textura média (LV-m) (Quartzipsammentic Haplortox, caulinítico); na encosta do Morro Azul, inferior à superfície V e que constitui a superfície de erosão IV encontra-se uma Terra Roxa Estruturada - (TE) (Oxic Paleustulf, caulinítico); na transição encosta-pedimento um Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo Latossólico (PVL) (Typic Paleustulf, oxídico); na superfície III (pedimento), a mais extensa região estudada ocorre um latossolo Vermelho Escuro - (LE) (Oxic Paleustulf, caulinítico) e um Latossolo Roxo(LR) (Oxic Paleustulf, oxídico) e finalmente na superfície erosional II, a mais jovem da topossequência, próxima ao Rio Piracicaba ocorre um Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo - PV (Typic Paleustulf). Os solos mais intemperizados ocorrem nas superfícies mais velhas e estáveis enquanto que os solos menos intemperizados ocorrem nas superfícies mais jovens e instáveis. O LE e o LR estão, nesta região, sempre associado, ocorrendo numa mesma superfície. As diferenças entre o TE e o LR, solos desenvolvidos de um mesmo material originário, se deve principalmente a posição que eles ocupam no relevo; pois a TE normalmente ocorre em superfície instáveis enquanto que o LR ocorre em superfícies mais estáveis. Apesar do substrato rochoso entre as superfícies ser variável, a caulinita foi o mineral dominante nestes solos. Constitue excessão apenas o PV, localizado na superfície mais recentes, onde há predominância de argilo-mineral 2:1, minerais estes herdados do material originário. A gibbsita encontrada na maioria dos solos parece ter origem pedogenética.

Three sweet sorghum cultivars (Br500, Br602 and Ample-H-OK) were grown in a Red Yellow Podzolic Soil (Laras va riation) in the presence and absence of amendments of acidity, limestone and calcium silicate. The three cultivars showed differences in their response to the treatments. The best treatment for leaf production was not necessarily the one associated with higher stalk yelds. Limestone was a better means to correct acidity than silicate, as a rule. The cultivar Br602, however, showed a higher response to silicate, where as Br500 presented a better reaction to limestone. It was found that the plant response to the amendments was due to the reduction in aluminum saturation, and to increases in the effective cation exchange capacity, exchangeacle calcium and soil pH. Limestone caused a decrease in the contents of P, Ca, Mg and K in the dry matter, very likely by dilution effect. As expected, Al and Mn also decreased. On the other hand silicate application caused a raise in the contents of Ca, Mg, K, P and Al. Although visual symptoms of Mn toxicity were not observed, the c ontent of this element caused a decrease in dry matter yield. Soil aluminum affected dry matter production in the following decreasing order: Ample-H-OK, Br602, Br500 was the most influenced.

Cento e quarenta crianças de 6 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram solicitadas a cumprir duas tarefas, baseadas no método de colocação de bonecos. Na primeira deveriam dispor um conjunto de 15 bonecos sobre uma folha de papel, e na segunda deviam tomar dois bonecos quaisquer supondo que mantivessem certo tipo de relação social e inventando o diálogo que pudessem estar travando. A análise dos resultados revela um processo psicogenético de estruturação do conhecimento social, e uma crescente antecipação das implicações do comportamento, acompanhada do aumento da complexidade do pensamento.

This paper relates an experiment carried out at the Departamento de Solos, Geologia e Fertilizantes of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" from the Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, to observe the phytotoxic effects on sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) of different doses of biuret added to urea and applied both to soil and leaves. Two types of soils were used-Sands Quartz and Terra Roxa, a clayish soil from the municipality of Piracicaba. The treatments were as fallows: 1. 1.15 g/N pot in soil 2. 1.15 g/N pot + 1% biuret in soil 3. 1.15 g/N pot + 2% biuret in soil 4. 1.15 g/N pot + 3% biuret in soil 5. 1.15 g/N pot, foliar application 6. 1.15 g/N pot + 1% biuret, foliar application 7. 1.15 g/N pot + 2% biuret, foliar application 8. 1.15 g/N pot + 3% biuret, foliar application The amount of urea applied was 2,5 g/pot The results showed that both soil and foliar biuret applications did not affect the plant development, which was evaluated by plant height and leaves and stem dry matter.

The present paper discusses a greenhouse experiment carried out at the Departamento de Solos, Geologia e Fertilizantes da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, to observe the phytotoxic affects on sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench) of different doses of biuret added to urea and applied both to soil and leaves. Two types of soils were used - Sandy Quartz and Clayish - Terra Roxa, and the following treatments applied: 1 - 1.15 g N/pot in soil 2- 1.15 g N/pot + 1% biuret in soil 3- 1.15 g N/pot + 2% biuret in soil 4- 1.15 g N/pot + 3% biuret in soil 5- 1.15 g N/pot foliar application 6- 1.15 g N/pot + 1% biuret foliar application 7- 1.15 g N/pot + 2% biuret foliar application 8- 1.15 g N/pot + 3% biuret foliar application The amount of urea applied was 2.5g/pot. The results showed that both soil and foliar biuret applications did not affect the metabolism of the nitrogenous compounds (proteins and aminoacids) although there was variation in sugar content.