RCAAP Repository

Performance of some pesticides on the control of the two-spotted spider mite on cotton was evaluated by means of a test carried out in Leme, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The following treatments and quantities of active ingredients per hectare were sprayed: A) check; B) dicofol, 369.6g; C) dicofol, 739.2g; D) propargite, 1080g; E) silaneofane, 200g; F) bifenthrin, 60g; G) abamectin, 7.2g. Six evaluations were made on leaves using stereo microscopes: 02 days before spraying and 03, 06, 12, 16 and 21 days after the application. Results obtained with propargite were relatively good 03, 06 and 12 days after spraying, whereas bifenthrin and abamectin were only effective six days after the application.

The biology of the immature stages of the brown lacewing Nusalala uruguaya (Navás, 1923) was studied under laboratory conditions of 25 ± 2°C temperature, 70 ± 10% RH and photophase of 14 hours, using aphids of the species Toxoptera citricidus (Kirk), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Dactynotus sp. as diets. Prey species affected brown lacewing larval stage development, as indicated by the length and viability of each larval instar, the head capsule width, and the weight and the length of the larvae body. Dactynotus sp. was the most consumed species and gave the best insect development whereas T. citricidus caused 100% mortality during the first instar. Brown lacewing larvae fed only on live aphids and showed a canibalistic behavior eating eggs and larvae of its own species.

Phytometers were used as standard systems to verify the effect of vertical distribution of leaf area in the canopy profile of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. cv. RRIM 600 under Rio Claro (SP) conditions and the relation of leaf dispersion to the penetration of light and photosynthesis. These ecological indicators were installed in 30 uniform and randomized trees, with 60 phytometers distributed at 1.50, 1.20 and 3.00 meters above the soil. Variations in growth analysis parameters of the indicator plant (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Asgrow Wonder) were established in three 14 days periods in May, July and September. As from these data, LAR and SLA showed higher values in the upper canopy, while DMV, LAV, RGR, NAR and LWR presented lower values in the lower canopy. Light distribution varied with the hour of the day. The coefficient of absorption of the incoming solar radiation increased in the morning period, presenting a tendency to attain the best landing-place of the asymptot near 11:00 AM and extending throughout the afternoon. The average of the coefficient of absorption at the landing-place of the asymptot was 0.588 for rubber tree.

This trial was carried out in order to verify the effect of growth regulators on the yield and morphological features of strawberry (Fragaria x. ananassa) 'Sequóia'. The statistical lay-out was a randomized block with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The tested products were the gibberellic acid (30ppm), naphtaleneacetic acid (30ppm) and the biostimulants Ergostin (30ppm) and Atonik (30ppm). Three weekly applications of 10ppm were started just after plants entered the blooming stage. The results showed that there was no significant difference among treatments on the morphological aspects. However GA3 sprayed plants showed a different conformation. The treatments did not affect significantly average yield, total yield, not fruit classification (diameter and height). GA3 showed a tendency to increase the number of strawberry fruits. There was a significant interaction between number and size of strawberry fruits and the period of harvest for all treatments. Atonik increased fruit soluble sugar content (Brix index).

Substrates with water potentials between O and -12atm, were used to evaluate the behavior of corn seeds during the germination process. Water deficiency treatments were compared with the control (adequate available water) using seeds with and without fungicide treatment. The analysis and the interpretation of the results permitted to conclude that the absorption of water, the emergency and the initial development of the embryonic structures are interdependent and vary with the water deficit. For these cases the reduction of water potential promotes difficulties in the evolution of the processes. The presence of fungicide treatment may not influence quantitatively the processes occurring in the beginning of the germination.

Fungicide treated and untreated corn seeds were sets to germinate under varying water availability conditions (0 to -12atm water potential). The seedlings obtained on each individual treatment were subsequently grown under ideal available water conditions. The results permitted to conclude that the occurrence of a water deficit during the on set of the germination process results in reductions on the length of the embryonic structures, particularly the epicotil. This effect attenuates with times due to the increase in growth velocity in environments where water potential is lower. Fungicid treated seeds, did not appear to be consistently vantageous in environments with water stress.

The present paper considers the possible effects of physiological pre-treatment during the beginning of corn seeds germination in environments variable as to water availability (0 to -12 atm ). Periods of defficiency followed by 5 days without hydric limitations were compared with a control that remained equally, without reservations as to the disposability of water during 5 days. Results indicated that hydric pre-treatment of seeds can, if property adapted in its details, provide some advantages in the development of the seedlings derived from them. Chemical fungicide treatment of the seeds, submmited to the hydric pre-treatment may not be beneficial to the seedlings; as indicated by, in some isolated cases, the production of abnormalities in the embryonic structures.

Crude sugarcane bagasse (BIN) with and without the addition of sodium bicarbonate was evaluated as a substitute for grass hay as source of long fiber in ruminant diets balanced with high proportions of steam pressure treated sugarcane bagasse (BAH, 17kgf/cm² for 6 minutes). The basal ration (I) had 54% BAH; 10% corn grain; 25% cottonseed meal; 8% grass hay, 0.9% limestone; 0.5% urea; and 1.5% mineral premix, dry basis. In rations II and III, grass hay was replaced by BIN and BIN plus sodium bicarbonate (1.1%, dry basis) respectively. Nelore bull and heifer calves (18 animals each sex) with 199kg average weight and 11 months average age were used in a factorial design (3 rations and 2 sexes), with two animals per plot. The adaptation and experimental periods were 15 and 87 days respectively. The results for LWG (kg/day), DM intake (% LW), DM conversion (kg DM/kg LWG), and fecal pH were: 0.909; 2.79; 7.41 and 6.46 for ration I; 0.867; 2.65; 7.24; and 6.57 for ration II; and 1.019; 2.88; 7.03 and 6.75 for ration III respectively. Ration III was superior to rations I and II for LWG (P < 0.05) and showed higher fecal pH than ration I (P < 0.05). Bull calves were superior to heifer calves for LWG (1,044 vs 0,820; P < 0.01) and DM conversion (6.7 vs 7.7kg MS/kg GPV; P < 0.01). A significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) was observed between DM conversion and fecal pH (r =-0.50). The high levels of dry matter intake (2.8% LW), the low BAH pH (2.9 to 3.4) and the apparent low rumination activity observed during the experiment suggest that rumen and lower tract pH can be limitant factors in diets with high proportions of BAH as those used in this experiment.

From a well managed plantation situated in Caraguatatuba on the coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, plants were collected from two months after the emergence to the final stage of maturity at 30 days intervals. The plants were separated into leaves, "stems", flowers and rhizomes. Plant materia] was washed, dried and analyzed by laboratory conventional methods for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The authors concluded that: a) ginger plants present a continuous growth; b) macronutrients were accumulated in the following decreasing order: N, K, Ca, Mg, S and P, while the order for micronutrients was: Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Cu; c) rhizomes exported 15.3% of the total nutrients content of the plantation.

Quantities of nutrients removed by the harvest of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) of four varieties (Haden, Sensation, Tommy-Atkins and Edward) are presented. The orchard was nine years old, situated on an alfison in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The fruits were harvested 39, 55, 97, 108, 125 and 144 days from the initial stage of growth. The fruits were rinsed, dried, weighed, and analyzed for nutrient content by laboratory conventional methods. The authors concluded: Fruit growth followed the decreasing order: Edward, Haden, Tommy-Atkins and Sensation; The total amount of nutrients (macro and micronutrients) removed by each variety for the production of 15,000kg of fresh fruits by hectare amounted to: Haden 44kg, Sensation 29kg, Tommy-Atkins 40kg and Edward 39kg.

Growt, yield and nutrient accumulation by sweet corn (Zea mays var. saoharata) cv. Contibrasil was studied in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil on a Dark Red Latossol, "Luiz de Queiroz" serie, with a very high natural fertility. Fertilizer used consisted of 10.5g of N per meter as sidedressing, 30 and 60 days after emergence. Plant population consisted of 45,000 plants per hectare. Plant samples were collected for analysis 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after germination. Each plant was separated into young and old leaves, stems, tassel and ears for chemical analysis of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Results showed maximum quantities of dry matter were produced by 105 day-old plants; the macronutrient accumulated by the whole plant in larger quantity was N followed by K, P, Ca=S, and Mg; micronutrient accumulated by the entire plant obeyed the following decreasing order: Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B; maximum accumulation of micronutrients occurred in the stems, except for N which occurred in the ears. Exportation of nutrients by the ears represented 26.15% of the total content in the plantation.

Young sweet corn plants (Zea mays var. sachirata L.) cv. Contibrasil were transplanted to pots containing 7kg of S and size pure quartz. During the first 5 days the plants received only water. Treatments were started 18 days after germination and consisted of: complete solution (all nutrients): -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Zn. Solutions were supplied to the plants through percolation. Plants were collected as soon as the symptoms appeared and divided into: new leaves, old leaves, stem, tassel, straw, and cob. All the material was dried at 80°C for several days and analysed for nutrient content by laboratory conventional methods. The authors concluded that: a) omission of any of the elements reduce plant growth; b) clear cut symptoms were obtained for all nutrients; c) levels in the new leaves both healthy and diseased were: N% 1.29-0.72; P% 0.17-0.03; K% 1.33-0.15; Ca% 0.90-0.74; Mg% 0.36-0.03; S% 0.20-0.08; B ppm 39-21; Zn ppm 3-4; and d) levels in the old leaves, both healthy and diseased, were: N% 0.54-0.48; P% 0.05-0.02; K% 1.12-0.08; Ca% 1.05-0.70; Mg% 0.54-0.03; S% 0.13-0.10; B ppm 58-25; Zn ppm 2-10.

Young rubber plants were cultivated in BOLLE-JONES (1957) nutrient solutions. A separate aluminum solution was prepared by dissolving a aluminum foil with HC1 N. From this stock solution the following concentrations were prepared - none, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm of aluminum. Plants were grown alternately for periods of 24 hours in these aluminum solutions and in the Bolle-Jones solution. This procedure was conducted for 95 days after which period the plants were harvested and divided into top whorl, 2nd and 3rd basal whorls, stem and roots. The material was dried and analysed for Ca, Mg and S. The concentration and accumulation of these plant nutrients were affected by levels over 15ppm of aluminum in the solution.

A study of drainage network accomplished with the help of aerial photographs in areas of oxisols and ultisols occurence is presented. The study area with approximately 600km², is located in the Peripheral Depression in the Iracemapolis region, state of São Paulo. The composition of natural drainage networks of the third order of ramification of the studied areas was determined through watersheds which were selected by the principles of geometrical similarity and same order of ramification. The oxisols region is formed by cleyey soils developed from basic rocks and the ultisols area is formed by soils developed from sandstone or shale. The analysis of parameters: number, total length and mean length of stream segments was done with each area unit. The drainage density appeared to be the best parameter to differentiate between soil mapping units.

The main objetive of this work was to evaluate the anaerobic digestion of cheese whey (68.000mg COD/l), without whey pH adjustment, incomplete mixture semi-continuous laboratory reactors with temperature maintained at 35° ± 1°C. Cattle manure with 8% total solids was used for seeding the reactors. The experiment was carried out for a period of 100 days. The first 20 days were characterized for the aclimatization of seed manure and four 20 days periods as hydraulic retention times (¸). A loading of 3,0g COD/l digester/day was fed to each digestor. In the 1rst ¸ the loading was divided in three portions and fed to the reactors at intervals of 8 hours. In the 2nd t h e loading was divided in two portions and fed to the reactors at intervals of 12h; in the 3th ¸ a 6h interval of feeding was used, and the loading divided in four portions; the 4th ¸ was characterized by feeding the total loading to the reactor at once. The experiment was controled by the following analysis: volatile acidity, alkalinity, pH, volume of biogas produced and chemical oxigen demand (COD). The results obtained show an effect of the feeding system on the process of anaerobic digestion of whey. The increase in volatile organic acid production at the retention times studied caused a change in the equilibrium of the microbial population and consequently lowered the efficiency of the process. Under these condition biogas production expressed as 1.gas/g of COD used was 0.35 l/g.

Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was obtained anaerobically (with and without the addition of following fatty acids: palmitic, oleic and linoleic) aerobically and utilised infermentation trials with 14 and 16% of sucrose in the medium at 32°C. There were no significant differences among oleic acid, linoleic acid and aerobic treatments (which were rich in palmitoleic and oleic acids) in relation to cellular viability. Yeasts enriched with palmitic acid and under anaerobic conditions showed a higher reduction on viability than those treated with unsaturated fatty acids. An increased production of pyruvic acid and a reduction in higher alcohols with a reduction on cellular viability were observed.

This study was carried out to compare the effects of several factors (temperature, pH, sucrose concentration, 2,4-dinitrophenol and nitrogen sources) on trehalose production by Saccharomyces uvarum IZ-1904 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (M-300-A and baker's yeast) during alcoholic fermentation. Trehalose production was lower with the yeast LZ-1904 than with M-300-A or baker's yeast. More trehalose was formed at 34°C than at 25°C. For M-300-A and baker's yeast trehalose accumulation was higher at pH 4.5 than at pH 3.0. Addition of 18ppm 2.4-dinitrophenol strongly decreased the amount of trehalose formed by baker's yeast, but was ineffective for IZ-1904. Increase of sucrose concentration led to a higher production of trehalose.

Pumpkin and squash were studied in the production of sweet condensed caramelized milk "dulce de leche". The following treatments were studied: 1) pumpkin pulp, 2) squash pulp and 3) pumpkin and squash pulps. Experimental results showed that pumpkin pulp is the preffered one to be mixed with the "dulce de leche"; next is the mixture of the two pulps. The product containing squash pulp as well as the product containing pumpkin and squash pulps was classified in the degree of appreciation between "like" and "like very much". On the other hand the product with pumpkin pulp was classified in the degree of appreciation "indiferent". The most important attribute in the discrimination of the samples was the flavour.

This study rated and compared the dimensional change and strength (elongation) of fabric finished for soil release after automatic laundering and drying. Neither finished nor unfinished fabric presented significant dimensional change. Unfinished fabric showed a higher degree of resistance to rupture than the finished one, both in warp yarns and weft yarns directions.

The alellopathic effects produced by five vegetables species: Avena sativa L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Vicia sp., Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium repens L. were studied as to their effect on weeds. Individual plots were prepared, fertis. A high weed incidence was noted in the plots of Trifolized and sowed according to the usual recomendationlium repens L. and Medicago sativa L.; in the plots of Avena sativa L. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. , few weed specimens were found; the plot of Vicia sp. maintained an intermediate position. Based on the data obtained it is possible to recommend the two grass species as alellopathic plants to cover the soil. Vicia sp. is indicated when besides the reduction of weed plants, organic matter is desired for incorporation.