RCAAP Repository

Pot-grown plants of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Carioca, under greenhouse conditions, were sprayed with 50ppm of gibberellic acid, 50ppm of naphthaleneacetic acid, 1000ppm of chlormequat, 3000ppm of daminozide, 100ppm of chlorflurenol and 50ppm of Figaron. Gibberellic acid significantly increased plant height and the number of leaves, chlorflurenol decreased these parameters. Daminozide increased K level and presented a tendency to increase N compounds increasing the level of proteic nitrogen. Chlorflurenol increased K and Ca levels, and Figaron also increased Ca content. Histological analysis of changes induced by chlorf lurenol showed an accumulation of starch grains on medullary parenchyma cells of petioles in treated dry beans. The yield of dry beans was inhibited by chlorflurenol and decreased by naphthaleneacetic acid, chlormequat and daminozide.

An experiment was carried out to establish a comparative growth analysis of stock and scion of rubber plant under nursery conditions. Samples were collected in four periods at 30 days intervals. The results indicated values of 0.018 to 0.031g.dm-2.day-1 for NAR, 0.0145 to 0.0165g.g-1.day-1 for RGR and 0.4363 to 0.8510dm².g-1 for LAR of RRIM 600 and Tjir 16 rubber cultivars. Dry weight variation and leaf area variation showed a higher vigour of the rootstock compared to the clone, and a difference in the growth period of 'Tjir 16' compared with 'RRIM 600'. LAR and LWR showed, respectively, a higher relative proportion of leaf area and leaf weight in the dry weight of the plant in the initial phase of growth of the stock and latter in the clone. A direct relationship was noted between the values of RGR and NAR of the stock and clone. 'Tjir 16' and 'RRIM 600' did not present sensible differences in dry matter increase with time.

Ten maize seed lots, representing two cultivars ('AG-401' and 'AG-162') were treated with fungicide + insecticide and stored under normal environmental conditions, during 18 months (from May/1984 to November/1985). The laboratory studies, conducted at three month invervals, consisted of germination, accelerated aging and cold test (with and without the use of soil as substrate); field study comprised seedling field emergence. Results indicated that cold test with the utilization of soil and accelerated aging showed the greatest efficiency for identifying seedling field emergence potential, storability and separation of maize seed lots in different vigor levels. The utilization of a combination of several tests for vigor evaluation is a fundamental procedure to be done before seed storage.

Vegetative growth and first production of pear cv. Seleta were observed when submitted to various treatments: a) plants from cuttings were submitted to various ringing treatments after planting b) plants from cuttings having the root system twisted and c) plants double grafted in 'Le Conte' rootstock, with 'Garber' and 'Kieffer' as interstocks. After 5.5 years from planting of the 10 treatments in the field the conclusions were: 1) ringing and interstocks treatments did not interfere in the pear vegetative growth, 2) twisted root systems plants had normal growth development after planting in the field and 3) pear plants had their first production with the same age, independently of the treatments.

In order to establish the critical level of phosphorus in annual varieties of IAC-17, LAC-19, IAC-20, CNPA 78/SME-4 and in perennial varieties CNPA 2M and CNPA 3M, young cotton plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing the following phosphorus concentrations: 0.38ppm, 1.14ppm, 3.42ppm, 10.26ppm and 30.78ppm. Plants were harvested when 75 days old. Plant height and dry weight of roots, stem and leaves were determined. The authors concluded that available P for all varieties is in the range between 19.20 and 21.9ppm.

In order to establish the time of sampling of leaves and petioles for the varieties IAC-17, IAC-19, IAC-20, CNPA 78/SME4 (annual) CNPA 2M and CNPA 3M (perennial) cotton plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing the following phosphorus concentrations: 0.38ppm, 1.14ppm, 3.42ppm, 10.26ppm and 30.78ppm. From plants 44 days, 59 days and 74 days old the 5th leaves from the apice of the plants were collected and their leaf blades separated from the petioles. Phosphorus content of these separate leaf parts were determined. The authors concluded that the most adequate time of sampling for the annual varieties is around 44 days whereas 59 days is adequate for the perennial varieties.

The present work was done with the objective of verifying the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels on the development of five progenies of guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) under nursery conditions. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária -Porto Velho, RO. Brazil). The experimental design consisted of a completely randomized design with three replications and nine treatments. The results obtained allowed for the following conclusions: a) N1P2 treatment showed better results among those studied; b) Progenies 16 and 13 showed greater potential for development when compared with the others; progeny 29 was second best.

This paper describes analytical methods for determining the various phosphorus fractions in filter cake. These fractions can be classified as to their solubility in several extractants: water; 2% citric acid; neutral ammonium citrate; 0,5 N sulfuric acid. All procedures employed colorimetric methods, using the reagents according to the needed sensitivity. The metodology for the determination of total phosphorus after a dry solubilization procedure is described as well as the methodology for organic phosphorus determination. The inorganic phosphorus predominate in the samples with a range of 2,3 to 0,8%, depending on the origin and harvesting period. The best procedure was the analysis of the cake in its natural condition (moist cake) using the extraction by 2% citric acid solution.

Phosphate fixation capacity of eight soils representative of the Piracicaba municipality, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were studied. Representative samples of the following soils were utilized: Iracema, Luiz de Queiroz, Pau D'Alho, Monte Olimpo, Lageadinho, Quebra Dente, Gibóia e Ribeirão Claro. Once the amount of phosphate fixed by each soil was known, the quantity of P to be added to neutralize their respective fixing capacities was calculated. The available P from soils incubated without this element was extracted and a calculation was made to verify how much of it must be added to the soils for them to maintain their mean values of available phosphorus. Mean values of available P, soluble phosphate that must be added to the soils varied according to soil type. It was concluded that the percentage of clay is a good index to evaluate the capacity of phosphate retention by soils from the municipality of Piracicaba.

Phosphate fixation capacity of soils from the municipality of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was studied under laboratory conditions. The main conclusions are as follows. Clay and free iron oxides are the main factors contributing to P fixation by the soils from the municipality of Piracicaba. Gibbsita must be important for the Iracema Serie. In all cases sand contributed to reduce P fixation. Fixation capacity of the soils studied decreased as follows: Iracema >; Luiz de Queiroz >; Monte Olimpo >; Lageadinho >; Pau D'Alho >; Quebra Dente = Gibóia >; Ribeirão Claro. After incubation with 250ppm of P, the soils still continued to retain this element but none of the studied factors correlated with the fixed amounts with the exception of sand which correlated negatively.

This study puts together three different methodologies that utilize Remote Sensing Techniques for the study of soils. The soils of the selected area were studied by their spectra parameters and analysed through satellite images processed in an appropriate equipment. The drainage indices were correlated to their respective soils. The well known relationship between types of cerrado vegetation and associated soils were also studied. For each situation a soil map was prepared; those maps showed a reasonable relationship with the ground truth. Wen these informations were put together in a single map, the relationship with the reference soil map was highly significant, showing the applicability of the methodology.

The mineralogy of the heavy minerals and the roundness of the quartz, of the sand fraction from the B horizons of two Latossol Roxo profiles, occurring in the Piracicaba municipality, SP, were selected for a study on the origin of soil parent material and the presence of lithological descontinuities. The soil resulted from the weathering of basic eruptive rocks, but material from Botucatu sandstone contributed for the formation of their sand fraction. The results do not confirm the lithological descontinuity in the profiles.

An experiment was carried out in pots with three sandy soils from the municipality of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the most active period during the decomposition of cornstalk residues and the beginning of the stabilization phase of this process, and also to test the amount of soil carbon and the carbon-nitrogen ratio as decomposition evaluating parameters. A completely randomized block design was utilized with and without the addition of cornstalk residues and with the addition of increasing dosages of nitrogen. The main conclusions were as follows: a) Soil carbon as well as the carbon-nitrogen ratio were adequate as indicators of rate of organic matter mineralization. Carbon content is recommended for practical reasons as it if of easier and faster execution, b) Organic matter decomposition tended to estabilize after approximately 45 days from the beginning of the incubation.

Branches of Araucária angustifolia (Bert.) 0. Kuntze trees ca. 15 years old were collected twice a month during the year September 1983 - August 1984 and processed in Tullgren funnel and by beating them over a screen on a white enamel tray, to obtain the mite fauna. Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) and Tydeus formosus (Coorenman) were present throughout the year, as well as the Phytoseiid species Amblyseius chiapensis De Leon, A. metapodalis El-Banhawy and Proprioseiopsis spp. No visible damage to the foliage was observed. Oribatid mites were also obtained year round. Other mites, less frequent, were Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese), Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank) and mites of the families Bdellidae and Cheyletidae. Beating produced a somewhat better result than the funnel method.

Guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. (Taub.)) cv. Brooks is an option for the semi-arid regions in northeastern Brazil, because besides the seed potential for the extraction of galactomonnan it is an option for that region where a constant deficit of food for animal feeding prevails. In order to obtain the malnutrition symptoms of macronutrients, boron and zinc, young guar plants were grown in nutrient solutions. The symptoms were described. The analytical satisfactory range and defficient range in the leaves was: N% 1.83-1.62; P% 0.20-0.04; K% 3.85-1.64; Ca% 2.34-0.56; Mg% 0.74-0.22; S% 0.39-0.03; B ppm 114-71; Zn ppm 16-6.

No summary/description provided

The effect of the addition of sodium benzoate on alcoholic fermentation of molasses medium with 15% total reducing sugars was studied by using industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae M-300-A. Sodium benzoate was added at the rate of 7.5 miligram to 0,8 grams of dry yeast during 0, 2, 4 e 6 fermentative cycles. The addition of sodium benzoate resulted in an increase in ethanol production and a reduction of yeast growth and glycerol and n-propylic, isobutylic and isoamylic alcoholic contents. The inhibitor did not reduce cell viability; soon after its removal the yeast returned to grow. This fact suggests the possibility of using the benzoate in distilleries.

Through starch gel electrophoresis with horizontal migration, Amaranthus hybridus green biotype was the only accession to show variation in esterase patterns, with presence or absence of a band in position 0.7. On the other hand, all species and biotypes (A.viridisand A.hybridus green and purple biotypes) showed variation in banding patterns for peroxidase. Through the existence of common bands to both species, one could detect evidence for hybridization and introgression between them.

The effect of nitrite up to 80 ppm on alcoholic fermentation was studied with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). There was an increase in fermentation time but not effect on ethanol yield. With the addition of 60 and 80 ppm NO2- there was a reduction on cell viabilitty and budding with correspondent increase on trehalose and glycogen accumulation. Increasing nitrite concentration resulted in increase on n-propilic alcohol level and a reduction on isobutilic and isoamilic alcohols content.

This study was carried out to compare the effects of several factors (temperature, pH, sucrose concentration, 2,4-dinitrophenol and nitrogen sources) on glycerol production by Saccharomyces uvarum IZ-19 04 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (M-300-A and baker's yeast) during alcoholic fermentation. The strain of yeast strongly influenced the amount of glycerol. With IZ-1904 there was lower production of glycerol than M-3 00-A and baker's yeast in all conditions studied. Significantly more glycerol was formed by fermentation at 34°C than at 25°C and 12°C. At pH 4.5 there was higher glycerol production than at pH 3.0. Addition of 18 ppm 2,4-dinitrophenol decreased the amount of glycerol formed, and the decrease was greater with M-300-A and baker's yeast than IZ-1904. The increase of sucrose concentrations led to a higher production of glycerol.