RCAAP Repository

The ESALQ park, was criated by Arsenio Puttemans, a belgian architect, in the early 20th century. Today this park has an important cientific and historical purpose and is the Piracicaba city main green area. This work tries to present data of a floristic and fitossociological survey, to advice the management of this important area. All the over 5 cm DBH trees were numbered, measured , identified and mapped . The fitossociological parameters were obteined by FITOPAC software (SHEPHERD, 1988). Three beds were analysed. The first bed, a 382 square meters size one, has 24 species from 13 families, amounting 88 individuals. This area Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') was 2.53 . The eminent species was Aspidosperma ramiflorum Mull.Arg. The second bed, a 2694 square meters size one, has 33 species from 21 families, amounting 212 individuals. The H' value was 2.68, and the main species were Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. and Tipuana tipu (Benth) O.Kuntze. The third bed, a 3786 square meters size one, has 66 species from 28 families, amounting 419 individuals. The H' value was 3.50, and the main species were Aspidosperma cylindrocarpum Mull.Arg.; Machaerium villosum Vog.; CentrolojbiuTn tomentosum Guill. and Myrcia laurotteana Camb.

The objective of this work was to study the immunological behavior of newborn Mangalarga and Angle-Arabian foals, the acquiring process of maternal immunoglobulins and its correlation to the levels of colostral immunoglobulin. The Mangalarga and Angle-Arabian foals serum immunoglobulins were analysed by the ZST (Zinc Sulfate Turbidity) method. The results were tested by mathematical models which study the biological process of passibe immunity transfer in that period of observation: to the Mangalarga foals the tested model was: y = 23.9274 - 0.39766X + 6.4675 10-3 x², with r = 0.91 and P < 0.01 to Angle-Arabian foals was: y = 34.161 - 0.756062X + 0.015604X² - 1.013 10-3 x³, with r = 0.96 and P < 0.05. Estimation of the colostral IgG concentration was based on total protein concentration measured by Micro-Kjeldhal method. The results of this study allowed the following conclusions: (1) higher passive IgG in foals serum delayed the stablishment of normal Ig level; (2) animals which acquired lower quantities of passive IgG showed more intense response of endogenous Ig production; (3) colostrum estimated IgG concentration showed positive correlation Serum IgG concentration of the foals at the point of maximal absorption showed positive correlation with colostrum estimated IgG.

This paper describes the effects of the growth regulators, gibberellic acid (30 ppm) , naphtalene acetic acid (30 ppm), the biostimulants Ergostim (30 ppm) and Atonik (30 ppm) on the anatomical features of foliar and floral stalk of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) "Sequóia". Three weekly applications of 10 ppm were studies. They started just after plants began blooming. The leaves (lamina and petiole) and the floral stalk harvested from three plants after the last pulverization. The histological studies were carried out by preparing and observing plant material slides. Observations of the plant slides allowed us to conclude that every leaf apex and marginal serration had a terminal hydathode region. The leaf blade was amphistomatic with anomocytics stomata. There were two types of trichomes: non-glandular and glandular. On the abaxial side, there were some structures similar to a lenticel. The mesophyll was dorsiventral. The venation pattern conformed to camptodromous type. The petiole had an uniseriate epidermis with stomata and trichomes, an annular collenchyma, some parenchyma cells with druses and the collateral bundles arranged in a descontinuous cylinder. The floral stalk anatomy different to the petiole because it had a continuous perivascular fibre ring and the vascular cylinder was almost continuous. The anatomy structure of the treated plants was not affected by growth regulators.

This study investigates the effects of growth substances on the growth of macadamia-nut rootstocks and the possibility of shortening the period of time plant formation on nursery. Four-month-old rootstocks were sprayed with gibberellic acid 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm, naphtalenacetic acid 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm, gibberellic acid 100 ppm plus naphtalenacetic acid 100 ppm, and check treatment. Gibberellic acid 500 ppm applied 12 0 days after sowing (D.A.S.) promoted increases in plant height, gibberellic acid 50 ppm applied 120 and 181 D.A.S. showed effectiviness too. Spraying with gibberellic acid 500 ppm or gibberellic acid 100 plus naphtalenacetic acid 100 ppm 120 D.A.S. promoted increases in stem diameter, gibberellic acid 50 and 150 ppm applied 120 and 181 D.A.S. showed effectiviness too.

The present study was carried out aiming to determine the effect of different rootstocks in plant vigor and yield of 'Pera' sweet orange, Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck. The research work was conducted in plants of a rootstock experiment, established at Lageado Experimental Farm, UNESP, Botucatu, State of São Paulo. The eight rootstocks studied were: 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia, (L.) Osbeck); 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana, Pasquale); 'Florida rough' lemon (Citrus jambhiri, Lushington); 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni, hort. ex. Tanaka); 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki, hort. ex. Tanaka); 'Caipira' sweet orange (Citrus sinesis (L.) Osbeck); 'Trifoliata' orange (Poncirus trifoliata, Rasfinesque) and 'Carrizo' citrange (Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata) . The results showed that 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins and 'Florida' rough lemon induced the greatest plant vigor. The rootstocks 'Volkamer' lemon, 'Florida' rough lemon, 'Rangpur' lime and 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins induced the greatest total yields. The greatest values of eficiency index (yield (kg)/m³ canopy volume) were obtained in plants budded on 'Trifoliata' orange, 'Carrizo' citrange and 'Rangpur' lime. Characteristics of these rootstocks are discussed.

The objective of this work was the evaluation of different air temperatures in intermittent drying on the quality of corn seeds, double hybrid AG-162, during the drying process. The study was carried out in three parts named 1, 2 and 3. Each part was made up of three drying methods: natural drying, artificial-natural drying and artificial drying. In the artificial-natural drying and in the artificial drying, air temperatures of 70, 80 and 90°C were used, respectively, during the process named artificial (intermittent drying) . After the drying process, the seeds were stored during six months and evaluation was carried out four times every two months, by determination of moisture content, germination, accelerated aging and cold without soil. In the first and fourth periods, seed infestation, seed health and field emergence tests were put into effect. The analysis and the interpretation of the results, considering the drying process at temperature 70, 8 0 and 90°C and moisture content reducing from 16,5% to 13,0%, permited the following conclusions: a) the intermittent drying did not cause prejudicial effects on the physiological quality of corn seeds; b) the Penicillium spp. incidence on corn seeds may be reduced by means of intermittent drying.

The mobility of the principal cations of a diabase is studied in a weathering sequence, from unaltered rock to the rock-derived soil. From the original rock, just about 44% of the original rock material remains in the final fase, making up the detrital fraction of the soil. Elimination of the soluble cations is fast and occurs in the early weathering stages. Silica, which is removed at a slower rate is eliminated up to about 60% of the original rock content, while aluminium, iron and titanium stay in the soil.

From a coffee plantation situated on a Red-Yellow Latossol in the Santo Izidro farm near Salto, State of São Paulo, Brazil, coffee plants two, three, four and five years old were cut near the ground level of the soil at the following grown periods: July (grow almost nihil), January (pin-head stage) and June (ripe stage). The material was divided into stem, branches, leaves and fruits, dried at 80°C and analyzed by conventional laboratory methods. The authors concluded: - The greatest accumulation of calcium, occurs in the aerial parts of the five year old coffee plants during the months of July, January and June. The accumulation of magnesium and sulphur, differ for the different ages of the tree. - Fruits of five year old coffee trees export through-out the following percentage in terms of the total content in the tree: Ca - 2 6%; Mg - 32% and S - 37%.

From a coffe plantation situated on a Red-yellow Latossol in the Santo Izidro farm near Salto, State of São Paulo, Brazil, coffee plants two, theree four and five years old were cut near the ground level of the soil at the following growth periods: July (grow almost nihil), January (pin-head stage) and June (ripe stage). The material was divided into stem, branches, leaves and fruits and dried at 80) C and analyzed for N, P, K, by laboratory conventional methods. The authors concluded: - During the months of January an June the five years old trees accumulated the greatest quantities of dry matter and nutrients in the fruits. - Fruits of five years old coffee trees export through-out the following percentages interms of the total content in the tree: N-45%, P-56%, K-62%.

Correlation studies were carried out among nutrient concentrations in leaf of "Coast Cross nº 1" grass and chemical characteristicas of a Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (Typic Acrortox) soil at Jaguariuna, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The leaves were dried and analysed for N, P, by convencional methods. Soil samples were dried and analysed by the following methods: soil water pH; soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2); organic matter content by wet digestion; P, K, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Na by double acid extration; P by ionic exchange resin in water; Ca, Mg and Al by solution of 1 N KCl. The authors observed: - Leaf nitrogen concentration presents negative correlation with P and K, and positive correlation with Mn and S in the soil. - Leaf concentration presents negative correlation with Ca, and Zn. - Leaf potassium concentration presents negative correlation whit Ca, and Zn. - Leaf potassium concentration presents negative correlation with silt.

An experient was carried out in order to determine the nutrients extraction by leek, in field condition. Plant materials were collected, since 50 days after transplanting, in intervals of 20 days up to 170 days growth. The results showed that, in the end of the experiment, the dry matter weight was 12.87 g per plant: N and K levels were the highest levels in the shoot and root of the plants. The same occurred with Fe in relations to micronutrients. The nutrients extraction by a population of 166.667 plants per ha occurred as follow: 115,36 kg of N, 7,88 kg of P, 55,16 kg of K, 13,14 kg of Ca, 7,69 kg of Mg, 7,10 kg of S, 38,89 g of B, 17,77 g of Cu, 1165,49 g of Fe, 52,09 g of Mn and 47,15 g of Zn.

This paper reports the analysis of 625 samples of shelled peanuts, mostly hand pick selected (HPS), during the years of 1988 (517) and 1989 (108) . Considering that the Brazilian legislation permits a maximum of 30 ¼g/kg of aflatoxin B1+G1, the results showed that in 1988, 52% of the samples (mostly corresponding to lots) were contaminated and in 1989, 34%. The average level of aflatoxin (B1 + G1) in the contaminated samples were 133.8 ¼g/kg in 1988 and 414.8 ¼g/kg in 1989, which can be considered high. The amount of utilizable lots by the food industry, was 67% in 1988 and 76% in 1989 (corresponding to the samples with the levels: not detected and under 30 ¼g/kg).

The occurrence and the level of aflatoxin contamination in 169 samples of cottonseed meals were investigated. The samples were furnished by oil processing plants located in the regions of Araraquara, Campinas, Bauru, Paraguaçu Paulista, Guararapes, Londrina and Maringá in the States of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil, from April to November, 1986. Aflatoxin was determined by thin layer chromatography. From the results the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) 114 samples, representing 67.45%, were contaminated with aflatoxin; (2) the level of contamination was considered low with values ranging from less than 10 to 40 ¼g/ kg. The latter value held only 12.30% of the total positive samples; (3) there was a significant difference (alfa = 0.05) among the regions studied, Maringá showing higher incidence and level of contamination, while Araraquara, Campinas and Bauru lower values; (4) there was no predominance of the aflatoxin incidence any time during the whole processing season; (5) in all investigated samples, B1 was the sole aflatoxin found.

Two species of Phthiracaridae oribatid mites, namely Atropacarus (Hoplophorella) scapellatus Aoki, 1965 and A. (H.) schauenbergi Mahunka, 1978, are reported from debris accumulated on a tree branch about 1.8 m above soil surface, in Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil.

This research deals with the effects of exogenous growth regulators on mineral nutrition of the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. 'Miguel Pereira'). To study the influence on mineral nutrition, (2-chloroethyl) trimethilammonium chloride (CCC), at concentration of 2,000 ppm, succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) (4,000 ppm), gibberellic acid (GA) (100 ppm), (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (CEPA) (200 ppm), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (100 ppm), and 6-furfurylamino purine (FAP) (500 ppm) were applied. Higher levels of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium occurred in the stem of plants sprayed with CCC. Treatments with FAP. SADH and CEPA demonstrated an increase in nitrogen levels in the stem. CEPA also increased calcium contents in stems. Growth regulators used did not alter the levels of macronutrients in leaves of tomatoes in relation to check plants.

The present was work carried out in order to study: a. the effect of the omission and presence of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B and Fe on the growth of Eucalyptus urophylla. b. deficiency symptoms; c. the effect of the deficiencies on the dry matter production and on the chemical composition. Seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in pots containing nutritive solution (HOAGLAND & ARNON, 1950, modificated by SARRUGE, 1970). Clear cut deficiencies symptoms of N, P, K, Mg, B, Fe were observed. The morphological deficiencies symptoms of phosphorus and calcium observed in the leaves were not in complete agreement with the symptoms reported in the literature. The leaves presented the following mineral contents (% and ppm expresse in dry matter weight):

Two methods for the determination of the quantities of P to be added to samples of 10 g of soil are presented, so that after a 4 day incubation period, 30 ppm of P will remain soluble in a 100 ml of 0,05 N in HCl and 0,025 N in H2SO4 solution. The methods are as follows: a. based on the correlations between the quantities of P added to the samples and the ones that were extracted by the cited extractor. b. based on the similarity of the triangles obtained from the rectangular coordenates of the representative points of 30 ppm of extracted and added quantities and of the points immediatly inferior and superior to this value. It is concluded that both methods show equivalent results, being indifferent the use of either.

An experiment of incubation soil with organic matter (castor bean meal) was carried out in pots in order to test the effects of the organic matter on the moisture retention capacity of four soils of the Piracicaba municipality, State of São Paulo, Brasil. It was found that the organic matter increased the moisture retention capacity of the soils significantly at the levels of 5% (two soils) and 1% (two soils).

The mineral nutrition of Azolla feliculoides Lam was studied in solutions deficient in phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron and molybdenum, and in excess of Mn and Al. Dry weight, N2 fixation and mineral composition of Azolla were determined after 3 weeks. Phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium deficiencies and excess of manganese and aluminium decressed growth severely and also depressed the activity of nitrogenase. Phosphorus deficiency improved the uptake of iron and zinc. Potassium deficiency increased the levels of phosphorus in dry matter. Magnesium deficiency caused lower uptake of K and better uptake of Ca, Fe and Mn. Sulfur deficiency reduced aluminium uptake and promoted the best growth. Positive correlations were found between: N content and dry matter, nitrogenase activity and N content.

The majos purposes of this work were to measure the evapotranspiration in a potato field-crop under three soil moisture regimes and to correlate these values with solar radiation data and to those employing Penman's formula. The estimatives obtained by the two methods studied were significantly correlated to the evapotranspiration values measured in the various periods of the plant growth. In the first stage of the growth season, Penman's formula uppertestimated the measured values in about 25-30%, however from the stage of tuber growth to maturity, it suplied the best estimates, except in the tratment where the matric potencial of soil water reached -2.0 bars. This contributed to reduce evapotranspiration rate during all growin season. The relationship between evapotranspiration and solar radiation is presented for varius stages of the plant growth.