RCAAP Repository

Plant material from a well fertilized 7 years-old vineyard var. 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifera L.), situated on an Entisol at country of Jundiai, SP, Brazil, was harvested every fifteen days up to 150 days. The plants were divided into: terminal and basal leaves, terminal and basal shoots, and canes, as well grapes. The plant material was analysed by conventional methods for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. The research was conducted in order: a. to obtain information on the accumulation of dry matter, during a period of one year; b. to obtain data on the absorption and distribuition of the nutrients by the grapevine; c. to obtain data on the exportation of nutrients by the shoots and by the grapes. Conclusions : The maximum accumulation of the dry matter took place at the age of 148 days. The leaves present always a higher concentration in nutrients than the other parts of the plant. The leaves, shoots and grapes present different concentration of the nutrients during the year. The maximun absorption by the leaves, shoots and grapes in mg per plant was observed at the following age (days): The grapevine exported by shoots (pruned) and by grapes the following quantities of nutrients in mg per plant: A vineyeard of 5.000 plants per hectare content the following quantities of nutrients: N: 90.85 kg; P:28.40 kg; K: 97.60 kg; Ca: 41.20 kg; Mg: 8.10 kg; S: 9.30 kg.

This work was carried out in field conditions to study the effects of phosphorus increasing levels on the yield, seed oil contents and macronutrient concentration, except S, in the seeds and hulls of castor bean, cv. 'Guarani'. Six rates of phosphorus (0-40-80-120-160-200 kg of P(2)0(5)/ha) were used in randomized blocks, with five replications, on the low fertility of a São Paulo State soil (LVa). The results showed that phosphorus increased numbers of fruit per raceme, decreased hull percent in the fruit and increased seed weight per raceme. In consequence, there was a mean increase of the seed yield of 100,21%. With regard to nutrient contents in the fruits, it was verified an increase of phosphorus contents and a tendency to reduce the nitrogen contents in the harvested seeds from the treatment with phosphorus fertilization. Phosphorus effects on oil contents of the seeds were not well noted. Therefore, this will be better studied later.

The mineral nutrition of Macroptilium, Galactia, and Glycine wightii was studied in two soils of the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, mamely, a Red Yellow Podzol form Araçatuba (PVA) and a Distrophic Sant Quartz (AQD). By using the technique of diagnosis by subtraction in the greenhouse, the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) different factors limit yield in the two soils; (2) nutritional requirements, efficiency of uptake and utilization of several nutrients are not the same in the three legumes; (3) Ca as a nutrient was required in all cases, except by galactia in AQD; (4) liming AQD to pH 6,5 induced deficiencies of Zn, B, and especially Mn in the case of siratro and galactia.

Macroptilium atvoporpureum (siratro), Galactia striata and Glycine wightii were grown in pots filled with two soil types of the State of S.Paulo, Brazil, namely, a Red Yellow Podzol from Araçatuba and a Distrophic Sand Quartz, according to the technique of diagnosis by subtraction; chemical analyses of the material provided information concerning both mineral requirements and nutrient levels in the tops destined to evaluate the nutritional status. One ton of dry matter contains the following quantities of macro (kg) and micronutrients (g) for the three species in the given order: N - 33; 22 and 29; Ca - 15; 17 and 22; P - 3.6; 1.9 and 2.6; Mg - 2 .1. ; 1.5 and 2.0; K - 54; 45 and 52; S - 2.4; 1.4 and 2.2; B - 16; 17 and 18; Mn - 642; 182 and 179; Cu - 13; 10 and 11; Zn - 57; 42 and 60; Fe - 558; 539 and 701. Maximum production of dry matter under the experimental conditions took place when the tops contained the following levels of macro (%) and micronutrients (ppm), data referring to the three species in the order already given: N - 3.39; 2.26; 3.20 Ca - 1.64; 1.76; 1.72 P - 0.33; 0.18; 0.28 Mg - 0.24; 0.16; 0.24 K - 5.60; 4.57; 5.35 S - 0.23; 0.14; 0.20 B - 18; 19; 20 Zn - 68; 59; 76 Cu - 10; 6; 9 Mn - 400; 397; 464 Fe - 539; 456; 563.

Three field trials were carried out to study the uptake of iron by stalks, leaves and "stalks + leaves" by sugarcane. The trials were carried out on the 3 great groups of soils, which were: Latossolic B "Terra Roxa" - LR, Ortho Dark Red Latossol - LE and Red Yellow Podzolic - Laras variation-PV1s, in the State of Sao Paulo. Variety under investigation was CB41-76. Harvests were made every two months, from the 4 th to the 16 th month for plant cane, and 4 th to 12 th month for ratoons. At each harvest and for each replicate, samples were drawn from a furrow 3 metres in length. The experimental design was a splite-plot, and each time of sampling constituted a su-plot. It was concluded that there is a soil influence on iron concentration (stalks, leaves and leaf +3) and on the iron uptake (stalks, leaves and "stalks + leaves") for plant cane and ratoons on, where the values of PVls soil were lower than LR and LE soils. The concentration of iron in the leaf +3 behave differently, according to the age.

Continuously growing Sesamum hypocotyl callus cultures were successfully initiated from hypocotyl tissues of seeds cultured on Wetherall's Medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and subcultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.1 mg/1 2,4-D and 100 mg/l inositol. Both 2,4-D and inositol appear to be essential for maintenance of continous growth. Callus cultures were likewise established from explants of anthers, cotyledon, and hypocotyl on the MS medium with the occurrence of arrested globular structures in some cultures.

Two chemical soil conditioners, namely carboxymethyl cellulose at the dosage of 0,1% and 0.25% by weight, and sodium silicate (3.2 of silica-to-soda ratio) at the quantity of 0.6% and 1.2%. were studied in relation to their effects on physical indexes of both clayey and sandy loam soils employed in this work. The data were statistically analysed and the results led to the following conclusions: treatment 0.25% of carboxymethylcellulose diminished the dry density of the soils increasing consequently the void ratio and porosity; the effect of treatment 1.2% of sodium silicate and 0.1% of carboxymethylcellulose on the dry density of the clayey and sandy loam soils were respectively similar to that of the 0.25% of carboxymethylcellulose.

Duas cultivares de Vigna sinensis, "dorminhoco" e "pitiúba" foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa ate o fim do ciclo. Nas diferentes partes, vegetativas e reprodutivas, foram determinados os macro e micronutrientes. Os dados obtidos permitiram estimar as exigências de uma população no campo e as quantidades de elementos exportados como produto colhido.

Symptoms of deficiency of macro and micronutrients were induced in Vigna sinensis by growing two cultivars in nutrient solution under the necessary treatments. Results there of were used to prepare a key which could be used in the visual diagnosis of mineral deficiencies. As a rule, the information obtained is in agreement with result found in the literature for other legumes. It is noteworthy, however, that symptoms of Mo and Zn first showed up in older leaves.

From a well fertilized 7 years-old vineyard var. 'Niagara Rosada' (Vinis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifera L.). situated on an Entisol at country of Jundiaí, SP, Brazil, plants were harvested every fifteen days up to 150 days. The plants were divided into: terminal and basal leaves, terminal and basal shoots, and canes, as well grapes. The plant material was analysed by conventional methods for B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The research was conducted in order: a. to obtain data on the absorption and distribution of the nutrients by the grapevine; b. to obtain data on the exportation of nutrients by the shoots and by the grapes. Conclusions: The leaves present always a higher concentration in nutrients than the other parts of the plant. The leaves, shoots and grapes present different concentrations of the nutrients during the year. The maximum absorption by the leaves, shoots and grapes in mg per plant was observed at the following age (days): The grapevine exported by shoots (pruned) and by grapes the following quantities of nutrients in mg per plant: A vineyeard of 5,000 plants per hectare contains the following quantitites of nutrients: B = 145.45 g.; Cu = 33.60 g.; Fe = 588.85 g.; Mn = 4,093,35 g.; Za = 373.30 g.

Three levels of P (0.0, 16.0 and 32.0 ppm), B (0.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ppm), Zn (0.0, 3.0 and 6.0 ppm) and two levels of lime (0.0 and 6.0 gr. CaCO3 + 2.5 gr. MgCO3) were applied to 8.0 kg of an orthox soil, originated from "Cerrado" area from Itirapina (SP, Brazil). A factorial experiment consisting of 3³ x 2 with two replications was conducted in a greenhouse at Piracicaba (SP), Brazil). Phosphorus and liming had a significant effect on growth and matter production by Eucalyptus. The boron levels (2.0 ppm and 4.0 ppm) interacted with lime, P and Zn application. The addition of 3.0 ppm and 6.0 ppm of zinc to the soil interacted negatively with B and P on the growth of the plants.

Utilizando-se um Latossol Vermelho Amarelo fase arenosa, originalmente sob vegetação de Cerrado do município de Itirapina (SP), foi desenvolvido um experimento em vasos, em casa de vegetação, na E. S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba (SP), com a finalidade de se verificar o efeito da aplicação de níveis de P (0, 16 e 32 ppm), níveis de B (0, 2 e 4 ppm), níveis de Zn (0, 3 e 6 ppm) e níveis de calagem (0 e 6,0 g CaCO3 + 2,5 g MgCO3) por cada vaso, na concentração de N, P, K, Ca e Mg das folhas de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis (Hill, Ex-Maiden), A calagem e as adubações fosfatadas, com boro ou com zinco, alteraram as concentrações dos macronutrientes dos tecidos foliares das plantas.

The effects of levels of phosphorus and zinc on dry matter production, nodulation and nutrient uptake by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. 'UFV-l') were determined in greenhouse. Three levels of phosphorus, corresponding to 0, 200 or 400 kg P2O5/ha, and three of zinc, corresponding to 0, 15 or 30 kg of zinc sulfate/ha were tested in three soils. Plants were grown in clay pots containing 7 kg of either a Red-Yellow Latosol (LV), a Dark-Red Latosol, medium texture (LEm), or a Dark Red Latosol (LE. Seeds were inoculated with strains of Rhizobium japonicum during planting. Phosphate fertilization increased dry matter production and nodulation while zinc fertilization did not. Less dry matter was produced on LEm while most nodulation occured on this soil and the LV, The concentrations of N, Ca, Mg and Zn decreased with phosphate fertilizer suggesting a dilution effect as evident in plant growth intensity. The largest dose of phosphate decreased level of K in old leaves but increased K in young leaves and stems through translocation.

Mineral and organic fertilizations (NPK, NK+organic matter and NPK+organic matter) were applied to Orthox soil in three native plantations of coconut (Caaporã, Cabedelo and Santa Rita) localized in the Coast area of the Paraíba State (Brazil). Each plant, respectively, received 0.40 kg of N, 0.18 kg of P, 1.20 kg of K, and 20.00 kg of an organic matter (manure). The application of mineral and organic fertilizations increased the coconut yield. In Caaporã plantation, the increment of yield by the addition of organic matter is relationed with the application of Phosphorus in the soil.

It has been found that flowers of Abutilon striatum Dickson (Malvaceae) are robbed by hummingbirds and Trigona bees and, thus opened up, invaded by ants of the genus Pheidole.

This study was conducted with the objetives of determing the rate of macronutrient absorption considering the following items: . periods of greatest need for macronutrient nutrition; . amount of macronutrients accumulated in the different parts of the plant; . amount of macronutrients exported in seeds. A 3³ factorial experiment with three replications was used in this study. The experimental area was located at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The soil belongs to the Guamium series. IAC-2, an indeterminate soybean cultivar, was used. N, P and K were applied in the rows at the levels of 0, 20 and 40 kg/ha (N), 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha (p2o5), and 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha (k2o). Plant samples were taken at 21-day intervals starting at emergence and continuing until partial fall of the leaves (105 days after emergence). The several plants were analysed for macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S). At maturity, seeds from each plant were harvested and analysed for macronutrients. The following conclusions were drawn: . The period of highest rate of absorption of the nutrients by leaves and stems occurred between 44 and 55 days of age for the leaves, and between 55 and 76 days for stems. The amounts of nutrients removed, with exception of N and Mg, were affected by the levels of phosphorus applied to the soil; with exception of N and Mg, the nutrient contents varied according to plant parts; . The accumulation of N, P, K and Mg in the soybean seeds was influenced only by the levels of phosphorus applied to the soil. The accumulation of Ca and S in the seeds was not affected by the levels of N, P, and K. The removal of nutrients through harvest was influenced only by the effects of the treatments on yield of seeds.

A green-house experiment was conducted for 90 days according to a completely randomized block design. The treatments used were as follows: five levels of sodium, 0.0; 4.0; 40.0; 400.0; 4,000 (all in ppm) added as NaCl and Na2SO4, respectively, to a HOAGLAND & ARNON complete nutrient solution. These were used individually as nutrient media for two cotton plant cultivars, namely '9193' and 'c-71', thus comprising a total of 20 treatments wich were replicated four times each. The results showed an increase in dry matter production of the plants as a result of the addition of 4.0 ppm of sodium whereas 400.0 ppm and 4,000 ppm had a decreasing effect. The drymatter production of the cultivar '9193' interacted negatively with the chloride íon.

Tuckerella ornata (Tucker) is, for the first time, recorded from Brazil (Belem, State of Pará) and also for the first time on cocoa. The female is carmine in color with white dorsal fan-like setae. It was found on woody stems of cocoa plants, where most of the outer tissues have turned corky, but, where areas of live tissue are still present; it was also found inside cracks of the stems. Other Tetranychoid mites from Pará include: - Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, found on the lower face of median to old rubber tree leaves (Hevea sp.); rather large populations were observed, causing a light leaf distortion and bronzing; it is not considered as a pest. - Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Punjab) causes intense leaf bronzing on Terminalia catappa L., an ornamental tree. Rather large populations of this mite were observed on the upper leaf surface; much dirt is caught in their webbings. - Tetranychus desertorum Banks was observed damaging jute, Corchorus capsularis L., causing intense chlorosis to the leaves. Collected at Alenquer, Pará.

Present evidence suggests the following picture for cell wall extension: there is the possibility that auxin acts to induce synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins which presumably are envolved in cell enlargement through enzyme activation and cell wall components synthesis. Rapid responses to auxin may be through the auxin activation of a proton pump on the plasmalemma. The resultant lowering of the pH in the wall enhances the activity of wall-loosening enzymes there promoting cell wall enlargement. A schematic representation of the mechanism concerning the action of auxin in elongation growth is presented.

The effects of cardinal orientation of experimental plots on soil temperature were studied. The results indicated that the experimental plot located at 15°S latitude, with a 5% slope, had distinct soil temperatures in the north face as compared with the south face. The soil temperature data was coherent with previously published soil radiation measurements.