RCAAP Repository

Plants of those species were collected from 21 days up to 147 days at 21 days intervals. The material was devided into leaves and stems. Chemical analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were run by conventional methods. The dry matter digestibility was obtained in vivo by the nylon bag technique. The correlation coefficients are:

Hot water treatment was used to control 'Haden' mango spoilage, using immersion in water at 45, 50, 55, and 60°C during 10, 20 and 30 minutes. After treatment, the fruits was pulverized with cloroethylfosfonic acid at 500 ppm. Experiment finished at. 10th day, when the fruits were ripe. Hot water treatments at 50°C for 30 minutes and 55°C for 10 minutes were the best of all, with very good anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) control. There were no alterations in aspect, acid and sugar contents in the fruits treated. Mango fruits immersed in hot water at 55°C during 20 minutes, or at 60°C during 10 minutes were scalded.

Six mango cultivars, namely Oliveira-Neto, Bourbon, Brasil, Extrema, Haden, and Imperial, were treated by immersion in hot water during 30 minutes at 50°C and 10 minutes at 55°C, to verify: 1) fruit reaction to heat; and, 2) anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) control. Fruits were not altered by treatments, resulting in very good anthracnosis control for the six cultivars for fruits matured at ambient.

Four profiles of a Red Yellow Latosol medium texture (RYL-mt) (Quartzipsamment Haplortox) and an Aluvial soil (Tropic Fluvaquent) occuring in a toposequence in São Manuel region, São Paulo State, were studied as to their physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. The RYL-mt profiles are characterized by a deep and homogeneus soil, sandy loam texture, acid, with low base status, high aluminium saturation, kaolinitic or kaolinitic-gibbsitic mineralogy, and having a very low amount of iron. The profiles are located in three distinct physiographic surfaces. The parent material is apparently homogeneus but the the presence of stone lines and the differences in the amount of gibbsite in the three surfaces suggested a reworked material. The mineralogical data suggested a kaolinite gibbsite transformation. The Aluvial soil is characterized by its heterogeneus material, with a similar texture of the LVA-mt. The position of occurense of this soil and its low permeability are favorable to the concentration of bases and silica. The transformation of gibbsita to kaolinite was suggested.

The variation of pH and the production of nitrate were studied in a Dark Red Latosol, Guamium séries, in function of the addition of 200 and 400 ppm of N, as urea and ammonium sulphate in the presence and absence of Ca(0H)2, for a period of 30 days. The results obtained showed that the pH decreased with ammonium sulphate and increased with urea. The variations were observed even in the presence of Ca(0H)2. The production of nitrate increased with pH considering the same level and source of nitrogen.

This study was conducted with the objective of determining the effects of levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied to soil on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). A 3³ factorial experiment with three replications was performed. The experimental area was located at Piracicaba (ESALQ), the soil belonging to the Guamium series. IAC-2, an indeterminate soybean cultivar, was used. N, P and K were applied in the rows at the levels of 0, 20 and 40 kg(ha (N), 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha (P(2)0(5)), and 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha. (K(2)0). Plant samples were taken at 21 days intervals starting at emergence and continuing until partial fall of the leaves (105 days after emergence). The following conclusions were reached: N, P and K had effect on the growth the soybean plants; the plants had their highest rate of growth 61 days after emergence; the production of grains was affected only by the levels of phosphorus applied to the soil

In order to determine the effects of N on quality of lettuce seed, an experiment using 4 repplications and 4 treatments (0, 80, 160 and 320 gN/m²) was carried on. It was concluded that N fertilization did no affect seed production, but affected seed size (weight) and vigor. The size of plants at transplanting time was correlated to vigor and size of seed. The field tests are a complement to lab tests, providing better conditions to evaluate seed quality.

An experiment in nutrient solution was carried out to study the effects of increasing levels of N on growth, yield and mineral composition of 5 cultivars of grain sorghum namely: TE Y 101, C 101, C 102, P 8417, and E 57. Four levels of N were used, all of them being a fraction of the concentration given in the solution of HOAGLAND & ARNON (1950) nº 1. Differential responses in dry matter, yield and N, P and K contents were observed and discussed.

A greenhouse experiment with nutrient solution was carried out to verify the effects of phosphorus levels on growth, yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of 5 grain sorghum cultivars. The plants were grown in 20 1 pots in presence either of full stregth solution, or phosphorus diluted to 0.5, 0.2 and 0.1 of normal concentration, and were harvested at maturity (110 days after germination). At harvest, the plants were split into several parts, oven dried and ground. The samples were then analysed for total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Decreasing phosphorus availability caused a cecrease in grain production, although the dry weight of the other plant parts was not affected; sorghum cultivars showed different responses to phosphorus. The levels of phosphorus in nutrient solution had an effect on nitrogen and phosphorus contents, but potassium absorption was not afected. A decrease in translocation of potassium to the sorghum grains with the decrease in phosphorus availability was observed.

Growth of eggplant was studied. 14 plants were taken from a plantation of 9.926 plants/ha and submitted of growth analysis, according to Williams and Blackman & Wilson methods. Eggplants grow slowly during a first phase, rapidly 42 days after transplanting. Photosynthesys activity varied according to age of the plants, being maximum around 28 days after transplanting.

The present work was carried out in order to study: a) identification of deficiencies symptoms of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and B; b) the effects the deficiency of each macronutrient and boron on the chemical composition of the plants. Young Leucaena plants were grown in pots containing pure quartz. Several times a day the plants were irrigated by percolation with nutrient solutions. The treatments were: complete solution and deficient solutions, in which each of the macronutrients or boron was omitted. Malnutrition symptoms appeared after 200 days of cultivation. Symptoms of nutrition were observed for all treatments. The concentration of the elements in the leaves of plants cultivated under normal and under deficient conditions were: N% - 3.51-2.79; P% - 0,14-0,11; K% - 2.75-1.33; Ca% - 1.11-0.41; Mg% - 0.42-0.18; S% - 0.22-0.11; B ppm - 127-25.

No município de Botucatu, SP, em um solo pertencente ao grande grupo Terra Roxa Estruturada, instalou-se um ensaio com o objetivo de se determinar a curva de crescimento do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas em intervalos mensais a partir do quarto ao décimo segundo mês após o plantio das mudas no campo. Cada amostra era composta de uma planta, onde se determinava: os pesos das matérias fresca e seca do caule, folhas e flores mais frutos, comprimento de diâmetro do caule a 10 cm do solo. Dentre outras observações, constatou-se que apesar das variações climáticas durante o primeiro ano de cultivo, o acumulo de matéria seca pela parte aérea total foi crescente e contínua.

This study was conducted with the objective of determining the concentration of macronutrients in the plant as function of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. A 3³ factorial experiment with three replications was performed. The experimental area was located at Piracicaba (ESALQ), the soil belonging to the Guamium series. IAC-2, an indeterminate soybean cultivar, was used. N, P and K were applied in the rows at the levels of 0, 20 and 40 kg/ha (N), 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha (P(2)0(5)), and 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha (K(2)0), Plant samples were taken at 21-day intervals at emergence and continuing until partial fall of the leaves (105 days after emergence). The several plant parts were analysed for macronutrients (.N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S). The following conclusions were reached: during the period of greatest efficiency of the crop, the level of 40 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the nitrogen concentration in the upper leaves. The level of 120 kg/ha of P2O5 increased the concentration of phosphorus and potassium in the upper leaves. The highest concentration of calcium and magnesium were found in the lower leaves, while the highest concentrations of sulphur were found in the upper leaves, independent of the levels of N, P and K applied to the soil.

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to verify the effects of potassium on growth, yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption of 5 grain sorghum cultivars. Sorghum plants were grown in 20 1 pots, in presence either of full strengh solution, or potassium diluted to 0.5, 0.2 and 0.1 of normal concentration. At harvest (110 days from germination) the plants were split into several parts, oven dried, and ground. The samples were then analysed for total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The potassium levels in nutrient solution afected the dry weight of sorghum grains; effects onthe dry weight of the other plant parts were not observed. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased with the decrease in potassium supply; but only the nitrogen translocation to grains was afected by potassium levels in nutrient solution.

Young plants of Anthurium andraeanum were cultived in in nutrient solutions, lacking one of the following elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. Clear cut symptoms were observed for all the elemtns. The deficiencies were comproved by chemical analysis of the leaves. Chemical composition of the leaves expressed on the dry matter basis is as follows: N% -1.56; P% - 0.37; K% - 3.37; Ca% - 1.44; Mg% - 0.37; S%-0.18%; B ppm - 86. Inadequate: N% - 1.25; P% - 0.24;-K% - 0.53;Ca%-0.65; Mg% - 0.28; S% - 0.16; B ppm - 47. One, two and three years old anthurium plants were collected from a well fertilized field and analysed for the macro and mitronutrients, except for molibdenium. The data showed very great differences in the inorganic composition according to the age of the plants. Three year old plants extracted the following amounts of nutrients: N - 434 mg; P - 61 mg; K - 324 mg; Ca - 327 mg; Mg - 224 mg; S - 45 mg; B - 2434 µg; Cu - 204 µg; Fe - 7851 µg; Mn - 7842 µg and Zn - 237 µg.

Os propósitos deste trabalho foram: avaliar o desenvolvimento do fruto do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), determinar as variações das concentrações dos nutrientes durante seu crescimento e calcular as quantidades de nutrientes exportados pela colheita dos frutos. Dentre os resultados obtidos constatou-se que, as quantidades de nutrientes exportadas através da colheita, por tonelada de frutos foram: N-1.770g- P - 220 g; K-2.120 g; Ca-350 g; Mg - 180 g; S-200g: B-989 mg; Cu-130 mg; Fe-3.364 mg; Mn -1.847 mg; Mo-8 mg e Zn-1.385 mg.

This paper deals with data of the swine breed Piau raised at the Estação Experimental de Criação de Sao Carlos (Fazenda Canchim), now UEPAE de Sao Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brasil. This is a Brazilian breed which was selected by the DVM Antonio Teixeira Vianna. Data referring to 227 sows collected in the period of 1940 through 1970 were used. The numbers of piglets born alive and of piglets farrowed dead in successive litters by eachsowwere studied. Analises of variance were performed after use of the square root transformation. Tukey f s test for the comparison of means was used when advisable. Regression of the variables on the litter order was used for sows with three or more litters. Average numbers of pigs born alive were 7,69; 7,41; 7,50; 6,51; 6,67 from 1st up to 5th litter while the numbers of farrowed dead were 1,35; 1,42; 1,89; 2,17; 1,33, respectivelly. Results also indicate that sows of this breed should only up to the thid farrowing. On the other hand, there are significant differences among sows for the traits studied.

In this paper, the following new species of Pseudo-phyllinae (Orthoptera-Tettigoniidae) are drescribed, to one of which a new genus was erected: Brachyauchenus varicosus, Entaoanthodes tesselatus, Eumecoptevus vetus, Glaphyraspis beieri; Gongroonemis belemita, Gongroonemis montana, Gogrocnemis suvinomaò Gimenesia inoognita, Pavaemesia pavaibana(n. g.), and Scopiorinus turrialbae.

Ninety bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars were grown till maturity in full strength nutrient solution and, after harvesting, analysed for N, P and K in the various organs. Yield potential and N, P and K requirements were estimated by assuming a population of 250 thousand plants per hectare. Major conclusions were as follows: (1) there were striking differences in the mineral composition of the cultivars; (2) leaf analysis should take into consideration the cultivar under study; (3) protein contents in the grain varied from 20.6 to 34.4%, with an average of 27.3%; (4) extraction of nutrients in kg/ha showed the follow ing variation: N-50 to 425; P-20 to 15; K-100 - 262; percentwise export of K was the lowest; (5) yield potential varied from less than 500 kg/ha to more than 5000; (6) higher requirements are not necessarily associated with higher yield potential thereby suggesting differences in nutritional efficiency of the various vultivars.

In order to study the Diagnosis and RecomendationIntegrated System (DRIS), this technique was compared with that of foliar diagnosis based on threshold values. The effect of different foliar sampling times of ratoon crops grown in the 4 great soil groups was observed. The trials were based on the N x P x K x L factorial design, where L * surface and sub-surface placement of fertilizers. Application rates were: 0 - 60 - 120 - 180 kg N/ ha; 0-45 kg P(2)0(5)/ha; and, 0 - 90 - 180 kg K(2)0/ha. The soils under study were: Latosolic B "Terra Roxa" (LR); Red-Yellow Podzolic - Laras variation (PVls); Red-Yellow Latosol sandy phase (LVa), and Ortho Dark Red Latosol (LE). In the latter soil (LE), the cane was grown with and without irrigation. Variety CB 41-76 was used, and lieaf +3 was collected at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of age of the ratoon crop. The plots comprised 7 rows 10 m long, where only the 3 central rows were harvested and the other considered as borders. The inter-row spacing was 1.5 m. The data obtained showed that the sub-surface placement of fertilizers did not bring about any positive effect on cane or sugar yield, with the exception of plants grown in PVls soil. In general, sugar-cane yields were increased, in linear form, with the application on nitrogen and potassium, with the exception of potassium in LR soil. Phosphorus increased cane yield for LE, LR and PVls soils, and brought about an increase in sugar production per area for LE an LR soils. Irrigation did not benefit ratoon crops planted in LE soils. Determination of critical levels in foliar diagnosis for N and K was only possible for some of the times of +3 leaf sampling, whereas for phosphorus it was was feasible for any of the times of foliar sampling. Time of plant tissue sampling and soil type affected the critical levels of N and K. On the other hand, the DRIS approach proved to be an adequate methodology for N, P and K diagnosis in sugar cane ratoon crops, and the interpretation of the transformed indices does not substantially change with foliar sampling time. Also, application of the DRIS on different types of soil is feasible.