RCAAP Repository

The purpose of the present research was to characterize boron deficiency on papaya trees growing on nutrient solution, of which boron was excluded, as well as, to correlate it a field occuring problem called "Careca". Plants growing on nutrient solution were cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The field experiment was set out in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, with a climate classified as Cf.b. and Paleudalf soil type. Boron deficiency was characterized by the emergence of small leaves with narrow deformed and hard leaf blades, necrosed margins and prominent veins. As an advanced boron deficiency symptom, plant stunting occurred. Boron concentration in the leaves and stems of plants growing on nutrient solution, of which boron was excluded, was 20 ppm and 17 ppm respectively. They were smaller when compared with the check plants, with boron concentration of 136 ppm and 35 ppm on leaves and stems respectively. Is is concluded that field occurring problem called "careca" is correlated with boron deficiency.

The purpose of the present research was to characterize symptoms of macronutrient deficiency of papaya trees growing on nutrient solution under greenhouse conditions. It was possible to characterize and distinguish deficiency symptoms for all macronutrients, except for sulfur. Nitrogen deficiency showed off a clorosis of the basal leaves. Phosphorus deficiency was characterized as a partial clorosis of the intermediate leaf blades and potassium as a marginal clorosis and necrossis og young and old leaf edges. Magnesium deficiency was characterized as a clorotic mottle of young leaves and an upward growth of the leaf edges. The analytical levels found in leaves of plants growing on a complete nutrient solution and on solutions which nutrients had been excluded were respectively: N-4.24% and 3.61%; P-0.52% and 0.14%; K-3.81% and 1.36%; Ca-1.29% and 0.28%; Mg-0.65% and 0.17%.

It was proved that it is possible to use bench grafting for pecan (Carya illinoensis), using as rootstocks roots of one year old seedlings. In one trial there was a competition between bench grafting and grafting on the seed-bed. The best result for bench grafting was obtained through conservation of the grafts during 25 to 30 days in moist sand at 26ºC, resulting in 60% survival. This number was similar to that obtained when the grafts were done in the seed-bed, with subsequent transplant to the nursery at 30th and 45th day from the grafting date. The root pieces used as rootstocks must be longer thant 12 cm. Roots with 9 cm resulted in only 20% survival. In all treatments, poor development of the plants after the first year in the nursery was observed.

A trial was carried on pecan propagation, comparing bench grafting and grafting of rootstocks in the seed-beds. One year old seedlings of cultivar monepaker were used as rootstocks. Treatments were as follows: 1) grafting in the seedbed; 2) bench grafting and replanting on the same day; and, 3) bench grafting with controlled growing callous. One year later, results were 64,70 and 90% survival, respectively. Plants showed poor growth, being 39.1, 21.4 and 21.5 cm high.

Rice plants cultivars IAC 47 (upland) an IAC 435 (lowland) were grown in nutrient solution either under low levels of N, P, K or S, or in the absence of B, Cu or Zn. At the tillering stage the deficient element was supplied via nutrient solution or through leaf feeding. Yield data and leaf analyses allowed for the following general conclusions to be drawn: (1) the deficiency of a given element affected differently grain production in the two varieties; (2) for a given nutrient the same nutritional status, i.e., "normal" or "deficient" could be defined by different leaf levels; (3) additional yield (due to corrective measures) divided by quantity of element applied was higher in the case of foliar feeding of macronutrients; the opposite took place in the case of micronutrients.

Two soybean cultivars, Santa Rosa and FV-1, were grown in nutrient solution in the presence of high concentrations of Al (24 ppm), CI (1750 ppm) and Mn (25 ppm). Observations, measurements and chemical analyses allowed for the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) symptoms of toxicity are in agreement with those described in the literatura; (2) the detrimental effect obeyed the decreasing order - Mn Al CI; (3) dry matter production by the variety UFV - 1 was relatively more affected by the treatments; (4) leaf analyses do not provide a reliable indication of the sensitivity of the two varieties to the high levels of the three elements in the substrate; (5) Ca/Al ratio in the roots keeps a good relationship with the relative tolerance of the two cultivas to excess Al in the medium.

As soluções nutritivas de HOAGLAND & ARNON (1950) nº 2 de KARIM & VLAMIS (1962) foram fornecidas a duas variedades de arroz, uma de sequeiro (IAC 47) e uma de irrigação (IAC 435). A primeira solução, que contém N nítrico e N amoniacal, garantiu maior produção de matéria seca e maior teor de N total nas plantas que foram colhidas no meio do estádio de perfilhamento. A aeração forçada mostrou-se desnecessária para o crescimento.

Two soybean varieties were grown in nutrient solution either in the presence on in the absence of B, Cu and Zn. Symptoms of deficiency were observed. Dry matter production and yield data were recorded. Leaf analyses were made in the end of the pod filling period (except in the case of the minus B treatment in which plants failed to produce grains). Main conclusions were the following: (1) lack of B in the substrate affected dry matter production more than the deficiencies of Cu and Zn; (2) Cu deficiency reduced growth and yield formation more than the lack of Zn; (3) symtoms of deficiency are in agreement with those already described; (4) variety UFV-1 seems more sensitive to the deficiency of micronutrients than Santa Rosa; (5) leaf levels of B and Zn indicative of adequate nutritional status seem to be different for the two varieties.

Plants were grown in nutrient solution under conditions of deficiency of N, P, K, S, B, Cu or Zn till the stage of tillering. An attempt was then made to ascertain the extent of correction of the deficiencies by supplying the element lacking in the substrate either in the nutrient solution or through foliar application, The results of the corrective tratments are presented in Table 15 in which yield data are given as percentage of those obtained with the non deficient plants.

Analysing the various organs of plants grown in nutrient solution until full maturity, an estimate was obtained of the mineral requirements of both cultivars, which in shown in Table 4. Differences found among cultivars were due primarily to yield level rather than to contents of elements per unity of dry matter.

Young Guinea grass plants were transplanted to a soil of the series "Luiz de Queiroz", belonging to Terra Roxa Estruturada (Alfisol) group at Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. On the forthcoming day after planting, each plant received by dressing 2.4 g N (ammonium sulphate), 3.2 g P2O5 (normal superphosphate) and 1.9 g K(2)0 (potassium chloride). The plants were cut at the height of 10 cm from the ground and divided into leaves and stems. The dry matter contents were obtained at 609C. Digestibility was determined in vivo by the nylon bag technique. The mineral contents were determined by conventional laboratory methods for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, and Zn. The experimental designed was randomised blocs with three replications. CONCLUSIONS Dry matter production The relation steii/Leaf was altered by the aging of the plant. The dry matter contents were higher in the stems than in the leaves. A linear positive relation was observed between dry matter production and age of the plants. Digestibility This decreases with aging of the grass. No differences among leaves and stems were observed. Minerals The concentration of N, P, Cu and Zn decreased with aging of the grass. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S and Mn were not affecred by aging of the grass. Animal nutrition The minimum mineral nutrient requiriments for large animals were not affected by cutting frequency of the grass.

This paper deals with the results of a field experiment conducted in order to study dry matter production and macronutrient accumulation in two cassava cultivars 'Branca de Santa Catarina' and 'IAC Mantiqueira'. Plants received an uniform dressing of N, P2O5 and K2O of 40, 80 and 60 kg/ha, respectively as ammonium sulphate, simple superphosphate, and muriate of potassium; N was top dressed 60 days after emergence. Two irrigations were provided in the beginning of the growth cycle. Plants were sampled and analysed for growth parameters and macronutrient composition in six occasions with 60 day intervals: The main conclusions and relevant data were as follows: 1. there was a statistical difference in root production of the two cultivars;.maximum dry matter accumulation took place in the period pf 120 - 180 days after emergence; 2. extraction of macronutrients was the same in the two cultivars, except for P; export was different only in the case of K and S.

Macro and micronutrients were determined in the various organs of two soybean cultivars grown in nutrient solution until the period of pod filling. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) there are striking differences between the two cultivars with respect of composition, total absorption and proportion of elements in the pods; (2) Santa Rosa showed higher efficiency for utilization of N, P and K for yield formation.

Two soybean varieties were grown in nutrient solution in the presence and in conditions of deficiency of macronutrients (supplied at 1 tenth of full strength level). During the life cycle samples were taken for leaf analyses, as well as for the determination of the activity of nitrate reductase (NO3R). At the end of the pod filling, periodical mineral analyses were carried out in all the organs of the plants under the "complete" tratment; only leaves were analysed in teh remaining plants. The main conclusion were the following (1) symptoms of deficiency which showed up (N, P, K and Ca) are in agreement with those described in the literature; (2) plants deficient in N,P, K or Ca did not produce any pods; (3) there was a differential response in quantitative terms, of the two varieties to the deficiency of elements in the substrate; (4) the adequate levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S are not the same for the two varieties; (5) quick tests provided and indication of the nutritional status; (6) NO3R activity reflected the level of N in the nutrient solution.

An experiment was conducted in the Experimental Area of Horticulture Section of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba (SP), Brazil, in order to study the influence of some growth regulators on cycle and final production of strawberry, cv. Campinas and Monte Alegre. The following products were applied: indoleacetic acid (IAA), 30 ppm; 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionamid acid (CPA), 75 ppm; giberellic acid (GA3), 30 ppm; (2 - chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), 1500 ppm; 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (MH), 900 ppm; and succinic acid-2,2- dimethylhidrazide (SADH), 900 ppm. Dosages were sub-divided and applied in three times, one week interval starding three weeks after strawberry transplanting to field. Of was concluded that: a) the highest productions were reached with GA3, CPA and IAA; CCC induced smaller and more compact plants, but with medium to large fruits; and the lowest production was obtained with MH. b) Plants treated with GA3, CPA and IAA showed earlier fruit production, hoving GA3 and CPA induced the highest number of fruits, but in lower weight and medium volume; CCC, SADH and MH delayed iniciation of production. All products induced plants to produce for longer periods. 'Monte Alegre' produced higher number of fruits than 'Campinas', but there was no difference between total production, having 'Campinas' produced larger and heavier fruits.

Com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito da densidade de população de plantas sobre a cultura de repolho (Brassica cleraoea var, capitata L.), foi realizado um experimento no Campo Experimental do Setor de Horticultura da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo, em um Latossol Roxo, Série Luiz de Queiroz, utilizando-se os espaçamentos de 0,60 mx 0,80 m; 0,60 m x 0,65 m; 0,60 m x 0,45 m; 0,60 m x 0,30 m e 0,60 m x 0,15 m. À medida em que se aumentou a densidade de população, houve as seguintes alterações na planta de repolho: mudança de for mato chato da "cabeça" para cônico, redução do numero de folhas, tamanho (peso, volume e diâmetros transversal e longitudinal) , aumento na densidade da "cabeça" (peso/volume) e aumento na porcentagem de plantas que não produziram "cabeça.

No summary/description provided

The present research had the following goals: (1) to assess the effect of mineral deficiences on early growth and mineral composition of the several plant organs; (2) to obtain analytical data which would permit to distinguish between healthy and deficient plants. The conclusions obtained are as follows: 1. growth was affect primarily by the deficiency of Cu. The lack of B, Fe, Mo, Mn and Zn had less effects. 2. the following leaf values for healthy plants were obtained: B - 112,5 ppm; Cu - 13,0 ppm; Fe - 597,3 ppm; Mn - 31,0 ppm; Mo - 1,04 ppm; Zn - 28,3 ppm. 3. The nutritional status of the plants seems to be revealed better in the following organs: leaves of mature stem: Cu, Mn; leaves of the developing stem: B, Mo; new vines: Cu, Fe and Zn.

An experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area of E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, to study the influence of growth regulators on development of strawberry (Fragaria spp.), cultivars Campinas and Monte Alegre The following products were applied: indoleacetic acid (IAA), 30 ppm; 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionamid acid (CPA), 75 ppm; gibberellic acid (GA3), 30 ppm; (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC), 1.500 ppm; 1-2,dihydro-3,6-piridazinedione (MH), 900 ppm; and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhidrazide (SADH), 900 ppm; the dosages being applied in three times; with one week interval starting three weeks after transplanting to field. For quantitative analysis of vegetative growth, plants for determining foliar area and dry matter production, were picked up each 14 days, iniciating one week after the last application of growth regulator, and finishing when plants began to produce runners. It was concluded that: GA3. IAA and CPA induced a better growth, givingahigher above ground/root system ratio, foliar area index, dry matter production rate, solar energy conversion efficiency and runner number; CCC and SADH induced medium values of these parameters, medium growth and reasonable production; and the lowest growth indexes were obtained with MH, with reduced growth and production. Growth analysis showed that 'Campinas' has higher relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, dry matter production rate and solar energy conversion efficiency and has lower relative foliar growth rate and foliar area ratio than 'Monte Alegre', and there was no difference in foliar area index and above ground/root system ratio between both cultivars.

Granular insecticides used in the soil were evaluated for the control of the citrus rust mite, Phyttocoptruta oleivora, on orange trees. The application consisted of two parallel lines in the soil per tree. The treatments and the active ingredients per tree were as follows: A) etoprop, 8 g; B) carbosulfan, 4 g; C) isazophos, 7 g; D) carbosulfan, 2.5; E) fensulfothion, 20 g; F) fensulfothion, 12.5 g; G) check. Counts of the mites were made in laboratory at the day of application and 22, 36, 50, and 88 days after the application (Table 1). None of the granular pesticides gave positive results (Table 2).