RCAAP Repository

Contribution to the study of Aluminium on wheat (Trt>;-ticum Vulgare L.) grown in nutrient solution. Wheat seedlings (TvLtiewn vulgaris L.) var.Piratini , susceptile to aluminium toxicity (crestamento), were growen in nutrient solution with divided root system. Morphological symptoms of toxicity were observed in leaves and roots on seedlings exposed to 20 to 50 ppm of aluminium An alter was observed on the distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Al in leaves, stems and roots.

Wheat seedlings (Triticum vulgare L.)var. Piratiní susceptible to aluminum toxicity (crestamento), and var. Colônias, tolerant to aluminum, were grown in nutrient solution with divided root system. One part of the roots were grown in nutrient solutions lacking phosphorus and containing from 0,0 at 6,0 ppm of aluminum while the other part of the root system was grown in nutrient solutions containing all nutrients and 25 uCi of 32P as tracer. In both varieties, the aluminum concentration in leaves did not effect the translocation of phosphorus 32P to the new leaves. Both varieties showed a different P/Al relations in leaves, seem and roots.

The method described herein involves the quantitative determination of the amine putrescine by paper chromatography followed by spectrophotometry of the eluted spot. From the data some conclusions can be drawn: 1. Satisfactory recovery of putrescine added to plant extracts can be achieved with that method (c.a. 80-85%); 2. The absorption spectra of the reaction products of putrescine and ninhydrin shows a maximum peak at 575 mu; 3. In the assay on the effect of the lenght of heating on the color yield of the reaction product it was observed that the color development reached a maximum within 20 minutes, at 65ºC, and did not decline within the next 10 minutes: 4. It was found that the eluted ninhydrin color was stable for at least 3 hours following elution; 5. The absorbance at 575 mu of the putrescine-ninhydrin reaction product as a function of the amount of putrescine in the reaction mixture as well as applied to the chromatograms yielded a straight line.

A technique is described for the production of carbon negative replicas for electron microscopy, which has revealed the same type of ultraestructure observed by other authors, on leaf surfaces of the Brassica oleracea. The procedure follows: 1) deposition of a carbon film over the surface of the leaf to be studied; 2) the carbon film is then backed with Zapon Acquanite "A" lacquer as intermediate replica, whichmis applied full strenght over the specimen surface and dried before a heat lamp; 3) the carbon-zapon composite film can be stripped from the leaf with no dificulty whatsoever, and is them metal shadowed; 4) the composite film is placed, carbon side down, on a specimen screen and this placed upon a course wiremesh back in a petri-dish. Amyl acetate as solvent for the zapon is added until it just wets the support screen and the dish is covered. Thus the zapon is dissolved by the condensed amyl acetate vapors. The method has, also, allowed to observe that in the Coffea arabica leaf surfaces the characteristics ultrastructure does not present the microprojections found on the Brassica oleracea.

The authors study the influence of Rio coffee in mixture with Brasilian coffee of Soft taste. Increasing percentages of Rio coffee were tried: 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; 12,5; 15,0; 20,0;25,0; 30,0; 35,0; 40,0; 50,0. Two experiments were carried out, in a balanced incomplete block design, with t = 21 treatments (those just mentioned), k = 3 plots per block; r = 10 replications; b = 70 blocks, L = 1. Each plot had 3 standard cups, and was tasted by 3 tasters, who gave only one opinion for each plot. Data thus collected were, therefore, 630 for each experiment (210 plots x 3 tasters). But each trial had indeed only 210 plots, to every plot corresponding the average of 3 opinions. The experiments gave results in good agreement, which led to the following conclusions: a) Transformation of the data is necessary, since variances corresponding to different treatments are rather different. b) The square root transformation gave satisfactory results. c) Rio coffee injures a lot Soft coffee taste, for percentages from 2,0% upwards. d) For percentages of 4,5% and over the mixture has taste Rioy or Rio. e) The regression obtained is not strictly linear, but the straight line gives a reasonable approximation. f) Taken in account only percentages 0,0 through 10,0%, the regression equation is: T = 1,7045 - 0,1278 X, where X is the percentage of Rio coffee, and T gives the square root of the score corresponding to tasting categories. g) For treatments 0,0 through 10,0% the regression equation for the original data is: Y = 3,0997 - 0,3281 X, that is, there is a decrease of 0,3281 in the score corresponding to coffee taste for every unity of percentage of Rio coffee.

The purpose of this investigation was to gain information on the rate of dry matter production and nutrient absorption by the following grasses: colonião (Panicum maximum, Jacq.), gordura (Melinis minutiflora, Beauv), jaraguá (Hyparrehenia rufa, Stapf), pangola (Digitaria Decumbens, Stent) e napier (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum). The test was carried out under field conditions in pots containing fertilized soil. Every 28 days plantas were harvested and analysed N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. Data obtained allowed for the following main conclusions: a) the initial rate of growth of the grasses is rather slow until 28 days. Napier present the highest dry matter production, followed by colonião, jaraguá, gordura and pangola. b) the maxium absorption according to the element was: K, N, Ca, P, Mg and S. c) the following amounts of element absorbed in g per 1 kg of dry matter by the plants 84 days old were:

This paper deals with a survey on chemical compositions of 39 forage sugar cane varieties carried out at the Bromatology Laboratory of the E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz" (5th chair). Samples were taken at Sugar Cane Experimental Station "Jose Viziolli", Piracicaba, SP, and the material was analised by standard methods. The main conclusions can be summarised as follows: 1. All varieties showed low protein and mineral contents, but were high in crude fiber and nitrogen free extract fractions. 2. A small, but positive correlation was observed between crude fiber and protein content. 3. The amount of observed variation concerning the various nutrient fractions could be used to select better forage sugar cane varieties.

This paper reports the study of the free water determination in CaSO4. 2H2O, Ca(H2PO4). H2O, CaHPO4.2H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, NaCl and in urea by the classical method of ovendryxng at 100-105°C and by the vacuumdessication method at 50°C in oven under vacuum of 20 inches. The vacuum-dessication method gave best results than the oven-drying (100-105ºC) method when the hydrated salts were analysed.

A differential incidence of subterminal die-back was observed in the several tratments of a NPK 2x2x2 factorial experiment whose plants are 11 years old. In each tratment the number of affected individuals was counted. Leaf samples were collected and the macronutrient content therein was determined. The statistical analysis of the results has shown that: a) The use of nitrogen has significantly reduced the number of abnormal plants. b) A negative highly significant correlation coefficient was found between leaf nitrogen and number of affected individuals. c) It is likely, therefore, that nitrogen manuring in an efficient way to prevent and/or cure the abnormality studied.

In this second year of work, research was carried out concerning, the effect of N, P, K and organic fertilization on the mineral composition of the coffee bean and in the quality of the beverage. The material employed was obtained from a NxPxK, 2³ , factorial experiment with split plot (with and without organic matter). The test area is located in poor, deep and, sandy soil; Coffea Arabica L., Var. "Bourbon Vermelho" is the plant source. The main findings are as follows: a) N content in the bean was raised by the application of N in the soil. The use of K increases the level of K in the bean. The level of total P and soluble P was not affected by P fertilization. No treatment affected the S level in the bean. The level of the elements analysed was not affected significantly by the organic matter applied to the soil. b) Fruits collected in treatments where N and K were used gave significantly lower quality beverage. The quality of beverage wasn't affected by the organic matter. c) It was found a negative and significant (1%) correlation between N level in the bean and quality of beverage (r = -0,642). For K the correlation was found to be r - -0,449, significant at 10% of probability. No similar correlation was found with respect to P.

This paper deals with experiments carried out at the Bromatology Laboratory, E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", USP, in order to assess the chemical composition and the digestion coefficients of siratro hay, Phaseolus atropurpureus. The field cured hay was analysed by standar methods usually employed, and two wethers were used in the digestibility trials. The results are summarised in tables I through II. Data from siratro hay were compared to those obtained with several tropical legumes used as hay. The nutritive value of siratro hay is discussed.

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sôbre a perda de pêso de diversos fertilizantes simples e misturas de fertilizantes, quando submetidos a dois métodos de determinação da água livre: o método baseado no uso de estufa comum, na faixa térmica de 100-105°C (método clássico), e o método da estufa a vácuo, que usa temperatura de 50°C, associada a baixa pressão (20 polegadas de mercúrio de vácuo). Os resultados obtidos pelo método clássico foram mais elevados que os determinados através do método da estufa a vácuo, tanto para os fertilizantes simples como para as misturas. Nos fertilizantes simples a diferença entre os resultados dos dois métodos foi mais acentuada nos materiais que possuiam componentes hidratados. Nas misturas, as maiores diferenças ocorreram naquelas que continham uréia em sua composição.

No summary/description provided

This paper reports the variation in the concentration and in the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc in the coffee berries during their growing period. The concentration of macro and micronutrients showed a tendency of reduction with the development of the coffee berries. On the other hand the amount of macronutrients and of iron, copper, boron and molybdenum increased continuously from the first month to the ripening stage of the coffee fruits. Zinc and manganese did not increase in the last three months previous of the ripening of the fruits.

No presente trabalho é dada uma introdução à família Tarsonemidae e são relatadas as seguintes espécies: Polyphagotarsus latus (Banks, 1904) Beer & Nucifora, 1965; Tarsonemus setifer Ewing, 1939; Steneotarsonemus ananas (Tryon, 1898) Beer, 1954; S. pallidus (Banks, 1901) Beer, 1954; S. hyaleos Beer, 1954 e Rhynohotarsonemus sp. Uma chave para a separação dos gêneros e outra para a separação das espécies de Steneotarsonemus é apresentada.

The present work deals with the studies of variability of Stemphylium solani Weber, the causal agent of gray leaf spot of tomatoes. This disease is becoming very important in all the areas where tomatoes are cultivated. Thirty-three isolates of S. solani were obtained from 12 differents districts of the States of São Paulo. Morphological and phisiological characters such as cultural aspect in PDA and V-8 culture media, sporulation and pathogenicity have been considered. Sporulation varied from one isolate to the others, but the characteristics of each isolate were consistently maintained through resolation from inoculated material and transfers to new media. Two isolates (T-347 and T-419) behaved very differently from the others, both in sporulation and pathogenicity. These isolates sporulated abundantly and spontaneously, and their pathogenicity was significantly higher. Based on the capacity of sporulation in the culture me media, pathogenicity and cultural characteristics the classification of S. solani in 3 physiological races is here pourposed. This classification may help explaning divergent data obtained by other authors. Futhermore, the pathogenic isolates capable of spontaneous sporulation in PDA can be used more properly on tomato breeding programs.

Thirty six soil samples from various soil series of the County of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo (Brazil), were analysed in order to know the permanent charge of the soil colloidal material. Determination of pH was made in soil suspensions prepared with 10 g of soil and 25 ml of distilled water and with 10 g of soil and 25 ml of 1 N KCl solution. Exchangeable aluminum, hydrogen and calcium plus magnesium were extracted with 1 N KCl solution. Aluminum was determined by the "aluminon" colorimetric method and calcium plus magnesium was determined by EDTA titration. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium were also extracted with 0,05 N HNO3. Potassium was determined by a flame photometer. The covalently bonded hydrogen was extracted with 1 N calcium acetate solution (pH = 7,0) and its determination was performed by titration with 0.02 N NaOH solution, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The permanent negative charge of the studied soils is very low and a very large proportion is neutralized by aluminum in podzolic soils. The 1 N KCl and 0.05 N HNO3 solutions extracted the same amount of calcium plus magnesium indicating the absence of calcium and magnesium silicate and carbonate minerals in the studied soils. The relationship between pH of the soil water suspension is correlated with base saturation in the KC1 system (r = 0.75 and t = 6.58) and is correlated also with the base saturation in the calcium acetate system (r = 0.87 and t = 10.81). The exchangeable aluminum is correlated with the pH determined in soil-water suspension (r = 0.70 and t = 6.40) and with the pH determined in soil 1 N KCl solution suspension (r = 0.81 and t = 6.40). Finally the pH determined in soil water-suspension is correlated to the hydrogen extracted with 1 N calcium solution pH = 7.0 (r = 0.74 and t = 6.43).

No summary/description provided

In this paper the authors present the results of the effect of the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the increase of fiber length and the thickness of the cell wall in Pinnus elliottii. The statistical analyses shows that higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of the wall. The effect of P and K were not well defined.

No summary/description provided