RCAAP Repository

The author describes some structural aspects of the leaflets of Spathodea nilotica Seem., an african bignoniacea cultivated in the State of São Paulo, for arborization of streets. The structure of the leaflets is studied from the point of view of its abnormal behaviour when in conditions of great loss of water by transpiration. The leaflets are hypostomatic. The adaxial epidermis is glabrous and the abaxial one has big tricelular hairs in the regions of the veins. The stomata are protruse, located in the interfibrovascular regions of the epidermis. The mesophyll is heterobaric and has three layers of palisade parenchyma. The spongy parenchyma is compound of ellipsoidal cells in parallel moniliform rows, running from the palisade parenchyma to the abaxial epidermis. The cuticles is very thin and shows subcuticular spaces. The author suggests that the presence of the subcuticular spaces allied to the heterobaric structure of the mesophyll may have influence in a possible partial detachment of the cuticle, when in conditions of great loss of water, which may provoke a sudden rolling up of the leaflet.

This paper deals wih the statistical comparation of measurements of tracheids from Pinus elliottii by two diferents technique, using normal microscopic methods. One of the technique consisted in measuring, the both length and the thickness wall of the same elements whereas by other technique was firts measured the lengths of several elements after was taken the thickness wall of them; the elements were not necessarily the same. Statistical analysis of variance and test F showed that the latter technique was corret and was easy tham the former. This point out that we could use this technique in our future study of measurement of xylem elements.

The cotton wilt incidence caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum separate and mixed with Meloidogyne incognita, was studied on artificial substrates containing different sand percentages. When a susceptible cotton variety was used the highest wilt incidence occurred in the substrates containing 60 and 90 percent sand. The inoculum that caused the highest amount of wilt was the mixture of Nematodes and Fusarium. When a resistant variety was used no differences in wilt incidence were observed that could be attributed to differences in sand percentage of the different substrates. Again the highest wilt incidence was obtained with the inoculum consisting of the mixture of nematodes and Fusarium. The inoculum versus substrate interection showed that the incidence of wilt caused by the inoculum consisting only of Fusarium was highest in the substrate containing 90% sand. On the other hand the inoculum of Nematodes and Fusarium caused about the same amount of wilt in the different substrates. This shows the importance of the nematodes on the Fusarium inoculum. The interection also showed that the differences in wilt incidence caused by the different inocula was different in the same substrates, with the exception of the substrate containing 30% sand.

The effect of the inoculum potencial for Colletotrichum gossypii was studied based on the amount of damping-off produced on cotton seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The amount of damping off caused by G. gossypii increased as the concentration of conidia increased from 5 to 57.500 conidia per mililiter. When the concentration of conidia of all isolates, was adjusted to 575 conidia per mililiter, the amount of dasmping-off produced, was the same for all isolates, with the exception of one. When the inoculum produced by the different isolates was tested without any adjustement for the concentration, the isolates showed a wide range of pathogenicity. The cotton varieties IAC-RM2, IAC-RM3 and I AC-12-1 were less susceptible to C. gossypii than the varieties IAC-RM2 S.M. and ACALA 61/60. The variety RM4 showed to be intermediate in susceptibility when compared to the two groups.

Com objetivo de eleger a fórmula de adubo mais lucrativa para a cultura da batatinha (Solarium tuberosum, L.), realizaram-se dois experimentos na Alta Sorocabana, uma das regiões bataticultoras do Estado de São Paulo. Entraram em competição cinco fórmulas NPK (6-16-12, 5-13-9, 6-15-6, 5-10hl0 e 3-11-9). A fórmula 5-10-10 se destacou sôbre as demais nos dois ensaios, tanto na produção de batatas, comerciais como na produção total, proporcionando também, maior renda líquida.

Les résultats de cet essai ont montré que l'absorption du phosphore, appliqué sous la forme de superphosphate - 32P, est plus rapide en surface qu'en profondeur. Si bien qu'il a été constaté une tendance des teneuns, en phosphore à diminuer à la fin de l'essai, fait dû probablement à la migration de cet element des feuilles aux racines, le pourcentage de phosphore provenant de l'engrais continua à augmenter; ceci nous indique que l'utilisation du phosphore de l'engrais continue même à la fin du cycle végétatif.

O presente trabalho foi idealizado com o objetivo de estudar alguns problemas, relacionados com amostras de folhas para fins de diagnose foliar em batatinha (Solanum tuberosum, L) em condições de campo. Algumas inferências desses estudos, seguem abaixo. O limbo da quarta fôlha traduziu melhor a situação do nitrogênio no solo aos 40 dias e aos 60 dias após o plantio. Tanto o limbo como pecíolo da quarta fôlha apresentaram bons resultados para análise do estado de fósforo no solo e os dados sugerem que o diagnóstico dêsse elemento na batatinha, através, da análise química das fôlhas, não deve ser feito muito além dos 40 dias após o plantio. Os valôres fornecidos para potássio e cálcio, embora discutíveis sob diversos aspectos, não foram suficientes para inferir a respeito de qual ou quais das partes da fôlha e qual dos pecíolos estudados se destinam melhor para amostra.

Le but de ce travail a été d'etudier la réponse de l'arachide à l'application isalée et combinée de N, P, K et Ca. A cet effet un essai de jumure minérale, du type factoriel 2³ avec N-P-K, en parcelle divisée, a été réalisé. La moitié de chaque parcelle a reçu du calcaire dolomitique. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de tirer les conclusions suivantes: 1) le chaulage a augmenté la production; 2) le potassium a exercé une action positive sur la teneur en azote, phosphore et potassium des feuilles; 3) une forte corrélation a été trouvée entre teneur des feuilles en potassium et production.

Várias experiências de combate à "saúva limão" Atta sexdens rubropitosa Forel, 1908, a saúva mais prejudicial à agricultura de várias regiões do Estado de São Paulo, são descritas. Nas 8 experiências, aqui descritas, foram empregadas as seguintes substâncias químicas: I - Diazinom em pó; II - Sevin em pó; III - Clordane líquido; IV - Heptacloro líquido; V - Clordane e Diazinom líquidos; VI - Hepcloro + Frumin AL; VII - Heptacloro líquido; VIII - Clordane em pó.

Êste trabalho tem como objetivo principal descrever aspectos ecológicos e bionômicos das saúvas de 104 municípios do oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Em tôda a região pesquisada somente três espécies de saúvas foram constatadas: l.ª) Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (saúva limão); 2.ª) A. laevigata (F. Smith, 1858) (saúva-de-vidro ou saúva cabeça-de-vidro); 3.ª) A. capiguara Gonçalves, 1944 (saúva parda). Uma das grandes surpresas, durante o desenvolvimento dêste trabalho, foi o de se comprovar que a saúva parda A. capiguara é a espécie mais frequente e a mais importante. A sua importância e a das duas outras espécies é, entretanto, salientada no capítulo 5 (BIONOMIA).

This paper deals with data obtained in 1963, 1964, 1965 e 1966 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a. the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statisticaly significant; b. the percentage of coffee berry borer infestations was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c. the percentage of green, ripened and dry fruits depends on the year and on the harvest time.

O presente trabalho relata resultados obtidos no tratamento preservativo de estacas rachadas e roliças de Bambusa tuldoides. Fornece dados sobre o período de tempo necessário à secagem das estacas, volume, absorções alcançadas nos tratamentos e custos por ano de serviço prestado. Conclui pela conveniência do tratamento preservativo.

This paper is related with pollination studies made in 1964, at the Bee Keeping Department of "Luiz de Queiroz" Agricultural College. The objective was to study and compare morphological, anatomically, as well as the secretion functions of male and female flower nectaries of Sechium edule Sw., commonly known as "chuchu". In the morphological study we verified the placing and number of nectariferous cavities, size, and type of the nectaries. In the anatomical study we observed the placing and structure of the nectariferous tissue. In respect to the function, observations were made on secretion, the time of day in which it occurs, and quantity of nectar produced. We compared the nectaries of male and female flowers and obtained the following results: 1. Morphological 1.1. The nectaries of male and female flowers do not differ as to form and position but as to size. In female flowers they are larger. 1.2. In female flowers the wall that separates the nectary pair may be incomplete, not reaching the surface. In this case the fusion of both pairs occurs. 2. Anatomical 2.1. It is assumed that the nectariferous tissue of a region compound of some cells layers retain the dye "Fast Green" more intensely disclosing a denser citoplasm. In that region there are cells that produce sugar (glucose and levulose) as repeatedly proven by Fehling's liquor reaction. 3. Secretion function 3.1. The nectar is expelled principally by the globule emergence from the delicate epidermis. 3.2. We did not exclude the possibility of nectar secretion behind the existant glandular hairs in the periphery of the nectariferous cavities. 3.3. The secreted nectar which is collected by the insects in the early morning, emerges from the opening of the nectariferous cavity in the from of little drops. 3.4. The volume of secreted nectar varies according to the environmental conditions. 3.5. In one test, which consisted of 6 flowers, only 10 microliters (1 microliter is equal to one thousandth of a ml.) were obtained. On that same day the same quantity of nectar was obtained from male and female flowers.

In this experiment it was attempted to find better row spacing (0,20 m, 0,40 m and 0,60 m) and seed rate (3 and 6 grams of seeds/m) to be used in rice. The ordinary flooding was used as irrigation. Four varieties with different flowering periods were used: "Pratão" and "Iguape Agulha" are late varieties (150 days); "Batatais", "Dourado Precoce" early varieties (100 days). These two early varieties produce two harvests by ratooning. The data showed that the late varieties gave a better yeld on a single crop, but the greatest annual yeld by area was obtained when the ratooning was used. As far as amount of seed is concerned the data showed that the better yelds were obtained with 3 grams of seeds.

This paper describes the data obtained when calcium carbonate was added to eleven acid soils from Brazil. One hundred grams of each soil were incubated in Erlenmeyer flask for 60 days with 100 mg and 300 mg of calcium carbonate. After 10, 30 and 60 days, soil samples were taken from each one of the Erlenmeyer flasks and the following determinations were performed: exchangeable aluminum and exchangeable soidity extracted wirh 1 N KCl solution; pH of aqueous soil suspension; pH of the 1 N KCl soil extract. The following conclusions seem justified from the data obtained. a. The addition of calcium carbonate increases both the pH of aqueous suspension and the pH of KCl 1 N extract, depending also upon the amount of CaCO3 applied and upon the soil itself. b. The addition of calcium carbonate decreases both the exchangeable aluminium and the exchangeable acidity content, depending on the applied amount of CaCO3 and on the soil itself. c. The exchangeable aluminium is one of the different components but does not constitute the only source of the soil acidity.

The authors study the influence of black coffee beans in mixture with Brasilian coffee of soft taste. Increasing percentages of black beans were tried: 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50%. Two experiments were carried out, in a balanced incomplete block design, with t = 10 treatments, k = 4 plots per block, r = 6 replications, b = 15 blocks, L = 2. Each plot had 3 standard cups and was tasted by 3 tasters, who gave their opinion for each cup. Data thus collected are, therefore, 1080 in number, that is, 540 for each of the two trials. But each trial had indeed only 60 plots, to every plot corresponding the average of 9 opinions (3 tasters x 3 cups). The experimental technique was that established by FAIRBANKS BARBOSA and others (1962), with the changes indicated. The experiments gave results in good agreement, which led to the following conclusions: Black coffee beans injure coffee taste, and their effect is approximately linear. Percentages of black beans from 10% upwards carry out a sensible injury to the tasting quality of coffee. The regression equation is: Y = 3.792 - 0.0379 X, where X is the percentage of black coffee beans, and Y is the score corresponding to tasting categories.

Apples from Argentina showed large numbers of mite eggs and some diapausing females. They were reared on leaves of lima beans. From the eggs acari related to Panonychus ulmi were obtained and also specimens of Cheyletidae. The diapausing females proved to be Tetranychus telarius and large populations were obtained from four females. There was also one specimem of Phytoseiid mite.

Caryboca paranaensis n.g., n.sp. (Nemata, Actinolaimidae) was found inhabiting soil around coffee roots sent in from Cornélio Procópio, State of Paraná, Brazil. Definition of the new genus: Actinolaimidae, Actinolaiminae. Lip region distinctly offset by a constriction and showing a cuticularized basket-like structure provided with lateral denticles and two rather strong teeth pointing forwards. Cuticular rod-like thickenings extending back from the basket-like structure to the guiding-ring. Anterior part of oesophagus a non-muscular, narrow tube; posterior part wider and provided with strongly developed radial musculature. Gonads paired and reflexed. Tail attenuated, pointed. Males and food habits unknown. Caryboca n.g. differs from Actinolaimus Cobb, 1913, by having a labial basket-like structure as well as by the non-muscular nature of the anterior part of oesophagus. Caryboca n.g. differs from Carcharolaimus Thome, 1939, by having two strong pharingeal teeth and pointed tail.

Five species of mites are related to coffee leaves, in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil: 1. Tetranychidae - Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1919) P. & B. 1955. 2. Tenuipalpidae - Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) Sayed, 1946. 3. Tydeidae - Lorryia, lwiroensis group, and Tydeus sp. 4. Phytoseiidae - Amblyseius hibisci (Chant) Schuster & Pritchard, 1963.

This paper reports the content (table 1) and amount of the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), and of the non-essential element aluminum (Al) in the trunk, branches, leaves and fruits of the ten years coffee tree, Coffea arabica, L., variety mundo novo (B.Rodr.) Choussy, growing in a latosol of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo. Brasil. It is very interesting to observe the high content of chlorine in the different parts of the coffee tree. The uptake of micronutrients calculated for the growing of the trunk, branches and leaves of 1000 coffee trees ten years old was: 555 g of boron (B), 37157 g of chlorine (Cl), 214 g of copper (Cu), 3765 g of iron (Fe), 776 g of manganese (Mn), 1,6 g of molybdenum (Mo) and 144 g of zinc (Zn). On the other hand the uptake of micronutrients calculated for the production of 2000 kilograms of fruits was: 24 g of boron (B); 3380 g of chlorine (Cl); 21 g of copper (Cu); 55 g of iron (Fe); 19 g of manganese (Mn); 0,14 g of molybdenum (Mo) and 11 g of zinc (Zn).