RCAAP Repository

This paper describes the results obtained from bacteriological analysis of 3 milk samples. It has been assumed that all milk samples have a high contamination level; for this reason the milk that is distributed to the people may be boiled prior to use, in order to protect the human health. The author claimes that anaerobic microorganisms have a important role in bacteriological water analysis and related ones. Thus it is quite clear that there is a ratio between the amounts of this bacteria groups. One such method would achiaved best results in bacteriological analysis.

This paper deals with a Nocardia strain isolated from soil. Indeed an attemp to classified it was made, but it was not accomplished, because this strain differs from those described in the Manual of Determinative Bacteriology(BREED, 1957). The name Nocardia proteolytica n. sp. is proposed for it.

The determination of total and extractable molybdenum in soils by acid ammonium oxalate solution (Tamm's solution), by 0.1 N sulfuric acid solution, by 0,03 N ammonium fluoride in 0.1 N sulfuric acid, solution and by 0.1 N oxalic acid solution are described. The extraction of soil molybdenum by the 0.03 N ammonium fluoride in 0.1 N sulfuric acid solution seems to be indi cated for routine determinations of "soluble" molybdenum since the method is simple and rapid. in 0.1 N sulfuric acid, solution and by 0.1 N oxalic acid solution are described. The extraction of soil molybdenum by the 0.03 N ammonium fluoride in 0.1 N sulfuric acid solution seems to be indi cated for routine determinations of "soluble11 molybdenum since the method is simple and rapid.

In the present work, the Authors studied the incidence of aflatoxin in 30 samples of peanut butter, (Arachis hypogaea, L.) beeing 10 from a Brazilian factory (A), 10 from another Brazilian factory (B) and 10 of 7 brands from U.S.A. The extraction of aflatoxin was made with chloroform, separated by thin-layer chromatography with Silicagel-G and quantified under an ultra-violet lamp. The results showed that only 3 samples (10%) were free from aflatoxin and were of U.S. origin; 6 (20%) had them under 0,05 ppm; 15 (50%) were between 0,05 and 0,25 ppm; 5 (16,6%) between 0,25 and 1,00 ppm. and 1 (3,3%) more than 1,00 ppm. These values express the total toxicity in terms of B1. The Authors have concluded that of the Brazilian samples, only 3 were in a condition for beeing consumed, and those still with some restrictions. They pointed out that one sample of the Factory B, have showed a very high level of aflatoxin.

Free amino acids of the new 60 Days beans variety (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied by two dimensional ascending paper chromatography with the following pair of solvents: 1) phenol-water, 8:2 (v/v); 2) butanol-acetic acid-water , 4:1:1 (v/v). The amino acids identified and measured in the extracts were: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, serine, asparagine, glycine, threonine, alanine, glutamine, histidine, gama amino-butyric acid, arginine, methionine, valine and leucine. Determinations were made by elution of the spots followed by colorimetry. The more abundant amino acids were lysine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid.

Sugars present in some Brazilian varieties of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied by two-dimension paper chromatography with the following pair of solvente: 1) phenol-water-amonia, 80: 20: 0,5 (w/v/v/ and 2) butanol-acetic acid-water, 40: 10: 5 (v/v). Determinations were made by elution of the spots followed by colorimetry. The sugars identified and measured were raffinose, sucrose, melibiose, glucose and fructose. The more abundant sugars were fructose and glucose.

Using Krumbein's visual comparison chart, a study is made of the effect of day of observation, observer and sample size on the roundness of quartz grains, using medium, fine and very fine sand as obtained from the "arenito Botucatu" soils in the region of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. As to sample si ze, 25 grains proved to be sufficient. No significant statistical effect was observed for day of observation. The effect of observer was verified for medium and fine fractions only.

The adsorption of molybdenum (molybdate) by twenty soil samples increased with the equilibrium aqueous phase molibdate concentration at constant pH and decreased with pll, at constant molybdate concentration of the equilibrium solution. The data obtained showed to fit to the exponential Freundlich equation x/m = kc n and the relationships between log x/m and log c and or pH were linear.

The descriptions and some of the observations on Dory laimoidea previously reported in a privately published doctoral thesis not widely distributed are presented again in this paper.

Mango malformation, in the States of São Paulo and Pernambuco, characterized by the transformation of the inflorescence into a compact mass of sterile flowers in adult trees and the production of thick vegetative shoots at the growing point or in the axil of a leaf in seedlings, is related to the mite Aceria mangiferae Sayed, 1946 (Acarina, Eriophyidae) and to the fungus Fusarium moniliforme subglutinans. The fungus is considered, although empirically, the main causative organism of the disease. Several insects were also collected from the mango inflorescences, namely: a caterpillar of Eupithecia sp ( = Tephroalystis) (Lepidoptera, Geometriidae, Hydriomeninae) damaging the flowers; large numbers of Frankliniella cubensis Hood, 1925 (Thysanoptera, Thripidae); and beetles belonging to the families Nitidulidae and Cryptophagidae.

Hot water soluble boron content of six different soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, varies with the relationship between soil sample weight and water volume, keeping constant all other factors. So, when the extraction was performed using 2.5 grams of soil and 20 ml of hot water, the amount of soluble boron, expressed in ppm, was at least twice the amount extracted, with 10.0 grams of soil and 20 ml of hot water. On the other hand, the data obtained concerning to the extraction of soil soluble boron with 0.05 N acetic acid solution, shaking a 5 gram soil sample with 20 ml of solution for 15 minutes, seem to be reasonably good, but this technique merits further study.

Sand culture experiments, using a sub-irrigation technique, were installed in order to find out the effects of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S on growth, aspect, mineral composition, length of fibers, thickness of cell wall and cellulose concentration in slash pine. The aim was to obtain, under controlled conditions, basic information which could eventually lead to practical means designed to increase the rate of growth and to make of slash pine a richer source of cellulose. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Nitrogen was supplied initially at the levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; phosphorus was given at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 ppm; potassium was supplied at the rates of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; six months after the experiment was started the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Others macro and all micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates. Fifteen hours of illumination per day were provided. The experimental technique for growing the slash pine seedlings proved quite satisfactory. Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed, described and recorded in photographs and water colors. These informations will help to identify abnormalities which may appear under field conditions. Chemical analysis of the several plant parts, on the other hand, give a valuable means to assess the nutritional status of slash pine, thus confirming when needed, the visual diagnosis. The correctness of manurial pratices, on the other hand, can be judged with the help of the analytical data tabulated. Under the experimental conditions nitrogen caused the highest increases on growth, as measured by increments in height and dry weights, whereas the effects of phosphorus and potassium were less marked. Cellulose concentration was not significantly affected by the treatments used. Higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of cell wall. The effects of P and K were not well defined. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Calcium was supplied initially at the levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm; magnesium and sulfur were given at the rates of 6, 12.5 and 25 ppm. Other macro and micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates, common to all treatments. Three months after starting the experiment the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Symptoms of deficiency of calcium, magnesium and sulfur were observed, described and recorded as in the case of the previous experiment. Chemical analysis were made, both for mineral content and cellulose concentration. Length of fibers and thickness of cell wall were measured. Both calcium and magnesium increase height, sulfur failing to give significant response. Dry weight was beneficially affected by calcium and sulfur. The levels of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the needles associated with deficiency and maximum growth are comparable with those found in the literature. Cellulose concentration increased when the level of sulfur in the substrate was raised. The thickness of cell wall was negatively affected by the treatments; no effect was observed with regards to length of fibers.

Cauliflower (Brassica olerácea var. botrytis, cultivar Piracicaba precoce nº 1) seedlings were transfered at the age of 25 days to plastic pots containing quartz. Groups of 4 plants were exposed to the following nutrient solutions: -B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn, and solution containing all the nutrients. Clear cut deficiences symptoms were described. The influence of the absent of the micronutrients on the growth rate is showed on quadro 1 in Portuguese text. Datas of the che mical analysis of different parts of the vegetable (new leaves, old leaves, "head" stem) are presented on quadro 2 and 3 in Portuguese text.

The author describes a new method for determining the phosphorus fixation by soils. It consists in growing plants on fertilized and unfertilized soils with soluble phosphate labelled with 15 p32. Rice plants were used as test plant. They were grown during 18 days. After the harvest the specific activity was determinated. The following equation was applied: F = capacity of soil phosphorus fixation; G = quantity of phosphorus added to soil; B = quantity of standard phosphorus applied; C O = specific activity of the phosphorus in the standard fertilizer; C = specific activity of the phosphorus contained in the plants grown on the soil unfertilized with phosphorus C1 = specific activity of the phosphorus in the plants grown on the soil fertilized with phosphorus.

In this paper the author presents a preliminary study carried out in order to determinate the phosphorus critical level in soil using the CATE & NELSON'S (1965) sistem but evalúating the content of that nutrient be the LARSEN'S (1952) L value. It was found that the critical level sought is about 30-35 ppm of phosphorus.

Os autores apresentam um trabalho executado em vasos e casa de vegetação em que procuraram estudar a eficiência do calcário dolomítico, como fonte de magnesio, utilizando o fumo (Niootiana tabacum L., var. Goiano) como planta teste. Concluem que o Mg empregado como calcário dolomítico ou como sulfato nao exerceu influencia sobre a altura das plantas nem sobre o peso da materia seca e dimensão das folhas. Contudo, o calcário dolomítico mostrou-se tao eficiente quanto o sulfato de magnesio como fonte deste nutriente, a julgar pela analise química das folhas.

This paper presents the results of beginning of the cross breeding program of cocoa Theobroma leicarpa, Bern., carried out in 1962 at the Central Experiment Station "Theodureto de Camargo", Campinas, in the Horticultural Section. The cocoas used in the experiment were: the purple and white seeds. The crossing of the cocoa purple seeds with the cocoa white seeds results in purple seeds; and the cross of the cocoa white seeds the cocoa white seeds results in white seeds.

This paper describes an experiment on the phytotoxicity of the herbicide 2-Chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (CP 50144) on seedlings of sesame (Sesamum indicum) and bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) cultivated in nutrient solutions. Foliar treatments were made by applying respectively concentrations of 1mg/10l, 5mg/10l, 25mg/10l, 125mg/10l, 250mg/ 10l and 500mg/10l of the herbicide, through a lOlmicropipettes, in the base of the primary leaves. Root treatments were made by applying the herbicide, in the concentrations of 1 ppm, 5ppm, 25 ppm, 125 ppm 625 ppm and 3125 ppm, into the nutrient solu -tion (0,5 Hoagland). Foliar absorption of CP 50144 by the leaves is relatively slow, but when the herbicide passes thru the cuticle,its contact action is intense, showing little acropetal translocation. In foliar applications, sesame showed high tolerance to the concentrations from 1 to 125mg/10l , being not injured at all. Higher concentrations revealed themselves very phytotoxic, injurying severely the leaves. The bean seedlings leaves were injured by all concentrations of CP 50144, except for the one at lmg/10l. In root applications, sesame showed also, high tolerance to the herbicide, being not injured at all by the concentrations from 1 to 125 ppm. Higher concentrations produced severe contact injuries in the roots and general symptoms of phytotoxicity on the foliage. The plants dead. This seems to be due to the fact that these concentrations were stronger than the saturation point of the herbicide in water (148 ppm). The water insoluble herbicides (dissolved in the solvent vehicle) may be produced the contact injuries in the root system, and may be absorbed and translocated in the transpiration stream, affecting severely all the plant. The bean plants showed high sensibility to the herbicide, in root treatments. All the plants were killed in all concentrations. The symptoms were described. It seems that the herbicide affects the cellular distension of the young leaves, as these ones showed themselves coriaceous, corrugated and concavous. There are needs of further studies on the mode of action of CP 50144 to explain its phytotoxic effects and selectivity for sesame and other tolerant plants. The author thanks Prof. David J. Rincón for his advice, and Mrs. Mary P. de Veras and Don Juan Ramirez for their very capable assistance.

To study the effects of increasing levels of nitrogen on soybean yield with and without inoculation, two field experiments were carried out on two sandy soils of the State of São Paulo, namely a Red Dark Latosol, sandy phase, in the Municipality of Regente Feijo and a Podzolizado Lins-Marília Soil, variation Marília, in the Municipality of Herculãndia. The experiment in Herculãndia showed an effect of innoculation on yield, whereas the experiment in Regente Feijo showed a linear and cubic effect of rates of nitrogen on yield. Chlorosis appeared in both experiments where nitrogen has not been applied, but it was not permanent in Regente Feijo experiment, as hapened in Herculandia experiment.

Au cours de la vegetation,des plants d f arachide de la varieté Tatu (type vegetatif Valencia), cultives sur un latos-sol de bonne fertilite, ont ete preleves. Les echantillons ont ete pris 12, 19,26, 34 et 110 jours apres l'ensemencement. Sur ees plants, les concentrations et les quantite's de macro -elements accumules ont ete determines. Les echantillons com -prenaient la partie verte de la plante (feuilles et tiges) et plus tard, également, les fruits qui a leur tour, comprenaient les gousses vides et les graines. Les quantites de macroelements accumulés jusqu'a la recolte, en kg/ha, considerant une population de 160.000 plants /ha, ont ete les suivants: 1) par les fruits: 142 kg N, 15 kg P, 30 kg K, 5 kg Ca, 10 kg Mg et 7,5 kg S; 2) par la partie verte: 201 kg N, 16 kg P, 140 kg K, 113 kg Ca, 20 kg Mg et 16 kg S. La quantite d'azote accumulé dans les fruits et dans la partie verte est tres élevée. II est facile de constater une grande accumulation de potassium et de calcium surtout dans la partie verte. La relation entre les divers éléments dans les différentes parties de la plante, a la recolte, est la suivante, donnant la valeur 1 à 1 'azote (N - 1):