RCAAP Repository

This paper deals with the perfect stage of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn.) Scribn. Two isolates which formed fertile perithecia when paired were used to determine some enviromental conditions favorable to sexual reproduction; perithecia were formed in a semi-synthetic medium contaniming glucose, Ca (N0(3)) 2. 4H(2)0, MgSO4. 7H(2)0, KH2PO4, agar (20g/l) and water (1 liter); the favorable quantity of glucose and Ca(NO3)2.4H2O was, respectively, 4-10 and 0,15-0,60 g/ 1, maintaining a C/N ratio between 29,8:1 and 89,6:1; when vitamins were added to the medium, the favorable quantity of Ca(NO3)2.4H(2)0 varied from 0,3 to 1,0 g/1, maintaining the quantity of glucose and the C/N ratio approximately the same; the most favorable quantity of KH2PO4 and MgSO4.7H2O, were, respectively, 0,1-0,5 and 0,5-1,0 g/1; light was inhibitory to sexual reproduction, fertile perithecia being obtained only in conditions of continuous darkness or when the periodo of light do not exceed the first 3 days of incubation; the pH range favorable to fertile perithecia formation was 4,0 to 6,0; high humidity was important for beaked perithecia formation and for ascospores ejection. In paired cultures, the conidial isolates behaved as heterothalic, fertile perithecia being formed only in determinate matings; some matings resulted in few fertile perithecia; others gave rise to perithecia with asci only, or to protoperithecia only. Morphologically the ascogenous stage of C.lindemuthia num fell into the broad description of Glomerella cingulata. Since C.lindemuthianum is pathogenic only to Phaseolus spp.it is proposed for the perfect stage the name Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. et v.Schrenk. f.sp.phaseoli n.f.

Sete especies de ácaros da família Tetranychidae são descritas. São elas: Tetranychus (T.) paschoali Paschoal, 1970, Tetranyohus (T3) escolasticae Paschoal, 1970, Tetrany -ohus (T.) zamithi Paschoal, 1970, Oligonyohus (O.) anonae Paschoal, 1970, Mononyohus bondari Paschoal, 1970, Mononyohus chemosetosus Paschoal, 1970 e Allonychus reisi Paschoal, 1970. 0 alótipo macho de Allonychus braziliensis (McGregor, 1950) e descrito e a fêmea redescrita, em base aos novos caracteres taxonômicos em uso atualmente. Estas especies foram descritas como novas em uma tese que submetemos à Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", da Universidade de São Paulo, em 13 de junho de 1970.

A revision of the family Tetranychidae in Brazil (Arachnida: Acarina). In our recent paper: "Contribuição ao conhecimento da familia Tetranychidae no Brasil", published as a thesis we have reviewed the tetranychid mites found in this Country. The present work is part of that contribution. The following subjects are dealt with in this paper: List of genera, subgenera and species occuring in Brazil, with reference to the host plants and geographical distribution; key to sub-families, tribes and genera of the family Tetranychidae; keys for separating the species found in the Country; list of host plants. Tribe Porcupinychini Gutierrez, 1969 being considered a synonym of Histrichonychini Pritchard & Baker, 1955. Genus Anatetranyohus Womersley, 1940 and the species Tetranyohus yusti McGregor, 1955 and Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra, 1940), related by Flechtmann, 1967, are here considered misidentifications.

This work was carried out on latosolic soil type, called "terra roxa estruturada", Luiz de Queiroz serie. It was installed in November 1968 and was finished in May 1969, using the I.C.A. 12 (G. hirsutum L.) variety. The objectives of this work were: 1 - Evaluate the effect of foliar spraying in the yield increase. 2 - Evaluate the effect of foliar spraying by foliar diagnosis, and determine correlations between the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the petioles of leaves of productive and unproductive branches. 3 - The experimental design consisted of complete randomized blocks with 3 replications with part of the treatments in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement; 4 representing the number of levels and 3 the number of fertilizers. Apart from these, 12 treatments were included: N0P0K0 , N1P3K3 , N3P1K3 , N3P3K1 and N3P3K3 Each block consisted of 21 plots because the N0P0K0 and N3P3K3 treatments were replicates 3 times within each block, in order to increase the accuracy of the respective mean values. The levels of these elements were as follows. In the soil and foliar fertilization the fertizer used as a source of nitrogen was urea (46% N), as a source of phosphorus concentred superphosphate (45% P2O5) and as a source of potassium, potassium chloride (60% K2O). The results obtained show that: 1 - No statistical differences were found in the production of branch cotton. Then mean value reached 3,366.09 kg/Ha. it should be pointed out, however, that in the relative percentage with respect to the check tratment there were increases of 17,15%, 20,50% and 23,01%. These were obtained with the N3P3 + K2 *, N3K3 + P3* and P3K3 + N2* treatments respectively. 2 - The mean percentage concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which were found in the petioles were the following: No statistical differences were found, for each sampling, in the concentrations of these three nutrients in the petiole of the respective branch. The first sampling was carried out 86 days after germination and the second 116 days after germination. 3 - Total significant correlations were found in the percentages of potassium with yield in the first sampling for petioles of leaves of productive branches and in the second sampling for petioles of both productive and unproductive branches : Total correlations were also obtained between the phosphorus percentages and yield in the first sampling for petioles of both types of branches and in the second sampling just for petioles of productive branches: No statistical difference was found, in relation to the type of sampling, between the correlations of the petioles of leaves of both types branches.

This work was accomplished with the aim of studying the effects of macronutrients and iron on the growth and chemical composition of the Castor Bean (Ricinus Communis L.) cultivated in nutritive solution. Castor bean seedlings were cultivated during 2 months in complete solution and afterwards were transferred to nutritive solutions with and without the presence of macronutrients and iron (micronutrient). After 2 months of cultivation in deficient solutions, symptoms of lack of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe were found and described in this work. As soon as symptoms of deficiency appeared, the plants were harvested and divided in the following fractions: root, old stem, (the portion marked at the time of application of the deficient solution), new stem (the portion grown above the mark), old petioles, new petioles, old leaves, new leaves and fruits. With respect to the development of the plants the following measurements were taken: height, stem diameter, length of central "lobulo" taken from the center of the leaf. Each one of the fractions was also weighed. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe macronutrients concentrations were determined from the old and new leaves and from the total plants. The quantities in mg of each one of these macronutrients absorved by the plant were calculated.

The 2V angle of plagioclases is determined through a computer program by the analytical method of Chomard. Determinations involved 28 individuals of which seven with two repetitions. Twelve different extinction operations were used as a result of the combinations: φ= 0º, φ= 90º, φ= 180º, φ= 270º and Θ = 15º, Θ = 30º, Θ = 45º. For the extinction operations used the application of the analytical method to plagioclases should be avoided.

O presente trabalho relata os estudos do método colorimétrico de determinação do silício, baseado na reação do citado elemento com o anion molibdato e posterior redução do sílico-molibdato formado com solução de ácido ascórbico contendo ferro divalente. Os estudos efetuados permitiram estabelecer uma técnica rápida para determinação do silício em material vegetal, mediante ataque das cinzas provenientes do material vegetal, com ácidos clorídrico, fluorídrico e excesso de ácido bórico, e posterior aplicação do método colorimétrico. Foram realizadas determinações de silício em materiais vegetais de diferentes origens, obtendo-se satisfatória precisão e os resultados concordaram razoavelmente com aqueles fornecidos pelo método gravimétrico tradicional.

As shown by PIMENTEL GOMES (1965), the theory proves that the use of the arithmetic mean of diameters to estimate basal areas in forestry leads to a bias. This paper evaluates this bias in the computation of cut out basal area in forestry thinnings, by means of theoretical study, samples generated in a computer, and also through the study of actual populations of trees in groves of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze, Pinus elliottii Eng., P. taeda L. and P. caribaea var. hondurensis Mor. The study thus carried out showed that the bias indicated can be rather serious.

As shown by PIMENTEL GOMES (1965), the theory proves that the use of the arithmetic mean of diameters to estimate basal areas in forestry leads to a bias. This paper evaluates this bias in the computation of remaining basal area in forestry thinnings, by means of theoretical study, samples generated in a computer, and also through the study of actual populations of trees in groves of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze, Pinus elliottii Eng., P. taeda L. and P. caribaea var. hondurensis Mor. The study thus carried out showed that the bias indicated can be rather serious.

Carnation plants (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) var. Evening Grown, White Sim, Yellow Sim and Dust were harvested periodically 15, 30, 57, 75 and 115 days - The plants were divided into stem, leaves and analyzes for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. The data obtained allowed for the following main conclusions : a) The initial rate of growth of the Carnation plant is rather slow until the 15 days, increasing in length and wheight up to 75 days old. The uptake of the macronutrients is small at the first 30 days, increasing after this period until the 75 days. c) A carnation plant at 115 days old presents 434 mg of N; 81 mg of P; 1026 mg of K; 348 mg of Ca; 90 mg of Mg and 56 mg of S.

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) varieties Avelar and Ikeda were cultivated under field conditions: Periodically, from 30 th day, plants were harvested and analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. Data obtained allowed the following conclusions: a) the initial rate of growth of the sweet pepper during the first 75 days is rather slow. There is no significant growth difference between those varieties. b) - the uptake of macronutrients is small until the 75 days, increating with the fructifcation. There is no significant difference between the varieties, in the total of nutrients absorved. At the 75 days old a plant of var. Avelar absorbs, more than Ikeda plant: 14.7%N, 15.4%P 18.4%K, 16.4%Ca, 18.1%Mg and 21.8%S. c) - the amounts of elements in kg/ha, absorved by a population of 25,000 plants under the field conditions of these experiment, were: 40.9kg/N, 3.8kg/P, 68.6kg/K, 51.8kg/Ca, 6.7kg/Mg, 4.3kg/S.

Os dados obtidos durante os anos de 1967 a 1971 (2 biênios: 1967/1968 e 1670/1971) no cafèzal da E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", parte sombreada e parte a pleno sol, foram estudados no presente trabalho, complementando aqueles de sete biênios já descritos em trabalhos anteriores. Os resultados obtidos, analisados estatisticamente em relação à produção, porcentagem de broca, porcentagem de frutos verdes, de maduros e de sêcos, rendimento de café da roça, relação café beneficiado/café coco e peneira média, permitiram as conclusões seguintes, principalmente em relação aos biênios estudados: a. o lote sombreado, em relação a um dos lotes não sombreado, apresentou diferenças significativas quanto à produção, em favor para o sombreado; isso se deve provavelmente ao fato de as plantas de sombra estarem agora em decadência com muitas árvores mortas, favorecendo o lote sombreado pela luz e pela matéria orgânica acumulada; b. a porcentagem de broca continuou a ser, em geral, sempre maior nos lotes sombreados; c. as porcentagens de frutos verdes, de maduros e de sêcos dependem, em geral, do ano e da época da colheita.

The objetive of this study was to get some information about fiber length variation in the growth rings of Eucalyptus saligna, with 21 year old, which data could give the mature age of this plant at São Paulo States. Two disc from two plants were colected at the level of D. B. H. at Forest Experiment Station "Navarro de Andrade" at Rio Claro, in which there were stands of this species, which age was known. From each disc was take one sector of south side of the trunk and the surface was polished with the finality to identify the growth rings by macroscopic and microscopic observation. Since each sector had 21 growth rings and the age of the plants was 21 years old, it was possible to correlated the number of growth rings with the age of the plants. After that, each growth rings from 3 sectors of one plant was macerated in individual vials and 6 or 8 slides was prepared in which 5 fibers and 5 veessels was measured. The statistical analysis showed the following results: 1.º) The analysis of variance of mean fiber length in the 3 sectors point out that the value of residual error was praticaly the same. (See Table I). This make possible to analyse the data of both sectors together, and the analysis of variance for fiber length mean in the growth rings was significant at 1% leve of probability. (See Table II). By using the regression equation it was possible to determine the maximum of the fiber length among the 21 growth rings and also in which the mean value of "Runkel coefficent" reache the assintotic value. The maximum value or fiber length was reached at the 10th growth ring and Runkel coefficent reache between 14th and 15th growth rings in one plant and between 9th and 10th in other. (See Figure 1 and 2). These results led us to conclude that in São Paulo States the mature age in Eucalyptus saligna was reached at the 9th or 10th growth rings, that correspond to 9 or 10 years old.

In order to find out the effects of "wilding desease" on the absorption and distribution of phosphorus, cotton plants of the varieties IAC-12 (susceptible) and IAC - RM4 (susceptible) were cultivated in nutrient solution containing phosphorus, without phosphorus, incolulated or not by Fusarium Oxysporum f. vasinfactum. Soon as the plants presented disease symptoms they were transfered to nutrient solution containing 32P . The plants remained in the so ution during 48 hours. Determination of the phosphorus activity was carried out on the different parts of the plants. The presence of the fungus affected the distribution of phosphorus in both varities. The susceptible variety (IAC - RM4) affected by the desease showed a 45% reduction in the capacity of phosphorus absorption.

Amostras de solos procedentes dos horizontes B2 e B3 da Série Guamium (Latosólico Vermelho Escuro-orto) e do horizonte Ap da Série Godinhos (Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, var. Piracicaba) do Município de Piracicaba, foram tratadas com carbonato de cálcio a fim de se obter uma variação relativamente ampla do pH. Avaliou-se a capacidade de retenção ou adsorção de boro das amostras de solos, mediante a agitação de dois gramas de material com 5 ml de soluções padrão contendo quantidades crescentes de boro. Após um repouso durante 16 horas, procedeu-se à determinação do teor de boro da solução de equilíbrio. Calculou-se a quantidade de boro adsorvida por diferença entre a originalmente existente e a determinada na solução de equilíbrio após a agitação e repouso. Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que a quantidade de boro adsorvido pelas amostras de solos estudadas aumenta com a concentração de boro da solução de equilíbrio e cresce à medida que se eleva o pH. A equação de Freundich, na sua forma linear, traduziu de um modo adequado a dependência da quantidade de boro adsorvida (log x/m ) da concentração de boro da solução de equilíbrio (log c ) e do pH do solo.

Morphologic features observed in copper chloride crystals formed from the extracted sap of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are presented. Various organs namely root, leaf, steam, flower and seed, taken from each of three different varieties were utilized. Some new terms are introduced for the description of the crystals. Identification of varieties and plant organs is made possible by the variation in the morphology of crystallization patterns formed in the presence of liquid extracts from the various organs studied.

As a first step in a program of evaluation of ground beef microbiological quality in the city of Piracicaba, SP, forty samples of ground beef were taken at two kinds of retail markets (meat shop and supermarket), related to an old and a new system of meat merchandising. The samples were taken weekly in the morning and in the afternoon, during a two month period. Total bacterial counts were determined by a procedure recommended by the American Public Health Association and plates were incubated at 21ºC (72 hours) and at 32ºC (48 hours). The results can be summarized as follows = 1) Total counts were generally high, with several samples in the range 10(7) to 10(9) cells/gram; average counts were 6.9x 10(7) cells/gram (21ºC) and 2.5xl0(7) cell/gram (32ºC). 2) Incubation at 21ºC resulted in total counts generally higher than those found at 32ºC, although there was no statistically significant difference between the two incubation temperatures. 3) Total counts were found to be higher in samples from the small shop (old system) than in samples from the supermarket (new system); the difference was related to higher counts in the morning samples taken at the former retail market.

O método analítico de Chomard é operacionalmente simples, mas envolve uma marcha de cálculo longa e demorada. Apresenta-se o programa para computador que permite, a partir de três operações de extinção (φ, Θ, ψ), determinar 2V, o sinal ótico do mineral e localizar 2V mediante os ângulos diretores dos eixos óticos. Inclui-se um exemplo da aplicação do método em um grupamento de plagioclásio, comparando-se os valores de 2V obtidos por diferentes métodos.

The adsorption of sulfate by soil samples was studied and the data obtained showed that amount of SO4(2-) adsorbed increased with the equilibrium aqueous phase sulfate concentration at constant soil pH and decreased with soil pH at constante sulfate concentration of the equilibrium solution. The linear form of the Freundlich adsorption equation expressed the relationship between log x/m and between log C and soil pH.

O presente trabalho descreve os estudos efetuados com o objetivo de adaptar o método colorimétrico do dietilditiocarbamato à determinação do cobre em fertilizantes. Foram estudadas a influência do ânion fosfato no citado método, processos de preparo dos extratos de fertilizantes contendo resíduos orgânicos, assim como foram avaliadas sua precisão e exatidão, comparativamente com o método iodométrico. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o método colorimétrico do dietilditiocarbamato não é afetado por uma quantidade de fosfato de até 4 mg. Apresenta também precisão e exatidão adequadas para a determinação do cobre em fertilizantes, comparáveis às do método iodométrico, associadas ainda a sua simplicidade e sensibilidade.