RCAAP Repository

6.1. The uptake of macronutrients by bean plants was studied under field conditions. It was shownthat higher production of dry matter was obtained when the crop was 56 days old. Total amounts absorved were, in kg/ha: N-101, P-9, K-93, Ca-54, Mg-18 and S-25. 6.2. When grgown in nutrient solution symptoms of deficiency were observed tor all nutrients under study. Anatomical lesions within the leaf tissue were also observed, the chloroplasts being particularly affected. The following leaf levels of elements in the dry leaves characterize conditions of deficiency: N-1.54%, P-0.13%, K-0,93%, Ca-0.42%, Mg-0.48%, S-0.70%.

Eight extractants (0.10 and 0.50 N MgCl2; 0.10 N CH3COOH; 1% Na2EDTA; 0.05 and 0.10 N HCl; and 0.05 and 0.10 N H2S0(4)) were tested in five soil samples using two solution : soil ratio (50 ml: 2.50 grams and 50 ml: 5.0 grams) and three lenght of extraction periods (10, 15 and 30 minutes) for the extraction of zinc. The zinc concentration of the extractants was determined by atomic absorption photometry. The data obtained showed that 1% Na2EDTA, 0.05 and 0.10 N HCl and 0.05 and 0.10 N H2SO4 solutions extract more zinc tham MgCl2 and CH3COOH solutions. The solution-soil ratio showed significant effects on the zinc extraction. The length of extraction period showed also significante effects only whem the 15 minutes was compared to the 10 minutes period of extraction.

This work describes the studies on the volumetric method of water soluble boron determination in fertilizars, by titration of boric acid or borate with standardized NaOH solution, in presence of mannitol. The results allowed to conclude that it os necessary only 6.0 g of mannitol for the determination. This mannitol quantity is enough to titrate 2.5 miliequivalent or milimoles of H3BO3. Also, this present method is not influenced by urea and this application could by made in fertilizers containing up to 20% of urea.

Native and added phosphorus were extracted from several soils samples with 0.05 N H2S0(4), 0.05 N HC1 + 0.025 N H2S0(4), 0.05 N H2S0(4) + 0.025 N NH4F and CH3COOH 0.10 N solutions, in conjunction with three solution : soil ratio, 5 :100, 10:100 and 20:100 keeping constant the lenght of extraction period for 15 minutes. The soil solution ratio showed a marked influence on the phosphorus extraction, that is, there was a decrease of 50% or more, when the ratio varied from 5 :100 to 20:100. The 0.05 N H2S0(4) + 0.025 N NH4F solution extracted more phosphorus than 0.05 N H2S0(4) and 0.05 HC1 + 0.025 N H2S0(4) solutions from the soil with pH 5.70 or less and with more than 17.0% of Fe(2)0(3)+A2O3. This point out that the anion F- allows a better phosphorus extraction from those soils. The 0.10 N CH3COOH solution extracted phosphorus only from the soil with pH = 7.10 and with 5.6% of Fe(2)0(3) + Al(2)0(3), showing that acetic acid solution did not evtract native and added phosphorus from acid soils and with a high content of iron and or aluminium oxides.

In the present work, the ether extract of green, roasted, home made coffee dregs of 19 varieties and of industrial soluble coffee dregs were determined. The insaponifiable fraction and fatty acid composition of the oil of each variety were also determined. A correlation between oil yield and aqueous extract was calculated. The oil yield varied, from 10 to 13% in green coffee, from 12 to 17% in roasted and from 7 to 18% in home made coffee dregs. The insaponifiable fraction of the oils varied within 2 and 5%. It was not found a great variation in the fatty acid composition among varieties, and between green and roasted coffee as well. Major differences were observed when the fatty acid composition of green and roasted coffee was compared with that of the coffee dregs : it was observed a decrease in palmitic acid and an increase in oleic, stearic, linolenic and arachydic acid contents.

O presente trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de se estudar a marcha de absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio e do desenvolvimento da mamoneira, em condições de campo, na presença e ausencia de calcário dolomítico e de adubação N P K. O período de maior absorção não ficou bem caracterizado para todo o ensaio, enrtetanto, para os tratamentos adubados os elementos nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e magnésio foram absorvidos com maior intensidade entre 41 e 110 dias, e o cálcio entre 41 e 87 dias. Não se observou efeito significativo do calcário no pêso de plantas sêcas mas o adubo influiu no desenvolvimento, na absorção dos elementos (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e na produção de frutos.

In this paper, result of studies conducted in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, the authors made observations about the position of the buds at the base of the leaf sheaths to which they are associated. They used the banana plant variety Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish Sub-Group) "Nanicão", classified according to SIMMONDS' nomenclature (1966). The following conclusions were drawn :(1) The buds at the base of the leaf sheaths are found on the left, at lateral position on the sheaths. (2) The right side of the sheaths covers the younger buds which are placed more internally on the banana stem. (3) The position of the buds in the banana stem is a function of the phyllotaxy of the plant.

This paper reports a study about the determination of inorganic constituents (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfur (as sulfate) and phosphurus (as phosphate) in sugar cane juice, vinasse and molasses. Two techniques for organic matter oxidation were studied: wet and dry digestion. The data obtained showed that for these determinations any of these procedures can be employed, excepting the sulfur determination in molasses which must be made be wet digestion. The proposed techniques employ analytical methods acessible to most laboratories and permit fast and accurate determination of the five inorganic constituents.

In this short communication the author relates some preliminary studies about the application of 2,2' - dipyridy ketoxime, as reagent for a spectrophotometric determination of cobalt. Problems that appear in the application of the HOLLAND & BOZOC (1968) technics for plant analysis, were discussed.

The objective of this work is to study the influence of the iron oxide removal in the montmorillonite - benzidine reaction and the influence of the methods used for this removal. Four montmorillonites references were used and one of unknown origin. The following tests were conducted: a) soluble salts, exchangeable cations, organic matter and manganese oxide removal. b) The same treatment indicated in a and the iron oxide remoral by the method of JEFFRIES & JACKSON) (1949). c) The same treatment indicated in a and the iron oxide removal by a dithionite - citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. There was influence of the type of treatment for all montomorillonites tested. The iron oxides removal seemed to make uniform the color obtained and the velocity of reaction. The free-H method gave the best results either for the color uniformization or the intensity of the color.

Five soil profiles developed from Botucatu Sandstone were selected for a study of the occurrence of montmorillonite. These were, respectively, two Regosols (P1 and P2), two Red-Yellow Podzolic-Laras variation (P3 and P4) and an Intergrade Regosol (P5). A total of 33 samples were taken from these profiles. Particle size distribution and routine chemical characterization was done for all samples. The clay fraction of each sample was submitted to the following analysis: determination of %K2O, silica, alluminum, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction and DTA. Kaolinite was the dominant clay mineral in the soil profiles overlying unconsolidated rock material (P1 and P2) whereas montmorillonite was dominant in those overlying consolidated rock (P3, P4 and P5). Average content of montmorillonite in the Red-Yellow Podzolic profiles overlying stratified sandstone was 35%, whereas for the Intergrade Regosol the average was 57%. The results obtained indicate that montmorillonite is an inherited character in these soils. Profiles P1 and P2 are probably derived from materials other than Botucatu Sandstone.

Coffea dewevrei var. excelsa and Coffea canephora var. robusta are recorded as new hosts for Meloidogyne coffeicola (Nemata, Heteroderidae). Robusta coffee was found also attacked by M. javanica. Symptoms shown by roots are described.

Deficiencies of the macronutrients and boron. The presente work was carried out in order to study: a - The effect of the omission and presence of the macronutrients and boron on the growth of the plants - variety Asgrow 40; b - deficiency symptoms of macronutrients and boron in the same variety; c - the effects of the deficiencies of each macronutrient and boron on the dry matter production and on the chemical composition of the plant-variety Asgrow 40. I - Deficiencies of the macronutrients Young peas plants (Pisum sativum, L.), variety Asgrow 40 were grown in pots containing pure quartz. Several times a day they were irrigated by percolation with nutrient solution. The treatments were: complete solution and deficient solution, in which each one of the macronutrient was omitted as well boron. Soon as the malnutrition symptoms apperared, the plants were harvested and divided into: roots, stalks, inferior and superior leaves, flowers, husk containing the seeds. The dry matter was analysed chemically. Conclusions: 1 - Symptoms of malnutrition were observed for N, P, K, Ca and B; 2 - The omission of the macronutrients and boron affected the dry matter production, excepted for magnesium and or sulphur; 3 - The nutrient content in the dry matter, expressed in porcentages (%) and or parts per million (ppm) in deficient leaves and healthy leaves were:

This paper deals with an experimental work carried out in order to estimate the chemical composition, the major minerals content and the "in vitro" dry matter and cellulose digestibility coefficients of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum), during the year. Random blocks, including 15 m² plots with 10 treatments (cuttings) and 3 replications, was the experimental design used. The forage was harvested at 45, 75, 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, 255, 285 and 315 days of vegetative growth, and the samples collected in previously established dates, at the same day hour. It was observed a maturity effect on the chemical composition of napier grass. Higher dry matter contents were observed after the second cutting, which is considered the best stage of vegetative growth in relation to heigth of forage, for harvesting. However, after 75 days the crude protein contents were not enough to meet the minimum nutrient requirements of cattle under grazing management. The highest crude fiber contents were observed in the flowering stage. It was noted that nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and potassium concentrations became lower as maturity was reached. In the other hand, magnesium content showed a consistent tendency to increase in the latter cuttings. The highest calcium concentration was observed during the dry season of the year, when the forage was in the advanced stage of maturity. In relation to phosphorus, the lowest concentrations were also found during the dry season, and this fact confirms several previous observations on the seasonal defficiency of phosphorus in forage. Calcium, sulfur, potassium and magnesium contents could be considered enough to cover the nutrients requirements of cattle. However, as far as phosphorus is concerned, only during the first phase of vegetative growth (third cutting) the grass would have enough phosphorus to meet the minimum requirements of cattle. Dry matter, crude fiber and cellulose contents showed significative and negative correlations to nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and potassium concentrations, but to the magnesium content, the correlation was positive. On the other hand, crude protein and ash contents presented significative and positive correlations to nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and potassium contents, exception to magnesium content showed significative and negative correlation to ash. It was observed a negative effect of maturity on the digestibility of napier grass. "In vitro" dry matter digestibility coefficients declined from 71,64% in the first cutting at 45 days to 43,69% in the tenth cutting at 315 days, and in relation to cellulose the reduction was 78,10% to 35,47%, respectively. "In vitro" dry matter digestibility coefficients were negative and highly correlated to dry matter (r=-0,91), cellulose (r=-0,88) and crude fiber (r=-0,93) contents, and positively correlated to crude protein (r=0,88) and ash (r=0,89) contents. In the same way, it was noted a negative and high correlation between "in vitro" cellulose digestibility and dry matter (r =-0,93), cellulose (r = -0,85), and crude fiber (r=-0,91), and significative correlation to crude protein (r= 0,88) and ash (r= 0,88) contents. A positive and high correlation was observed between "in vitro" digestibility coefficients of cellulose and dry matter (r= 0,99). Significative correlation coefficients were found between "in vitro" dry matter digestibility and nitrogen (r = 0,88), phosphorus (r=0,66), sulfur (r=0,66) and potassium (r=0,90) contents, but in relation to magnesium it was observed a negative correlation (r=-0,43). The same situation was observed as "in vitro" cellulose digestibility is concerned, that is: nitrogen (r= 0,88), phosphorus (r=0,68), sulfur (r=0,68), potassium (r= 0,89) and magnesium (r=-0,41).

Buffer capacity or index was determined for SMP, - Woodruff, Woodruff (1 + 1), (1+2) and (1 + 3), 1,00 N, 0,50 N and 0,25 N calcium acetate solutions. The data obtained showed that SMP solution presented a constant value for buffer capacity when 0.10 - 0.15 - 0.20 - 0.25 - 0.30 - 0.35 - 0.40 - 0.45 and 0.50 milliequivalents of HCl pointing out that the pH of all solutions decreased linearly water. The equations were calculated by the method or least squares for the relationship between buffer solution pH and added amount of HCl pointing out that the pH of all solutions decrease linearly with respect to the quantity of HCl added.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar aspectos da nutrição mineral do quiabeiro (Hibiscus esculentus L.), no que concerne a: quantidades de macro e micronutrientes extraídos nas diversas fases do desenvolvimento, em duas variedades (Campinas 1 e Green Velvet). Sementes de ambas variedades foram postas a germinar em vasos contendo silica e irrigados com solução nutritiva completa. Plantas foram coletadas em períodos de 10 dias até aos 70 dias de idade, separadas em caule, folhas, flores e frutos. No material coletado foi determinado o peso da matéria seca e analizado quantitativamente para macro e micronutrientes, com excessão do cloro. Observou-se que o desenvolvimento em altura é idêntico em ambas as variedades; variedade Campinas 1 apresenta maior peso de matéria seca no final do ciclo; a extração dos nutrientes é lenta até aos 20 dias, acentuando-se após este período até o final do ciclo, em ambas as variedades; a extração de potássio pela var. Green Velvet é aproximadamente o dobro da var. Campinas 1; a var. Campinas 1 extrai maiores quantidades de micronutrientes.

Peas plants of the varieties Okaw and Asgrow 40 were cultivated incomplete nutrient solution. Periodically from 10 th day up to 90 days. Height (cm) dry wheigh matter (gr) of the plants were obtained at the different stage plants growing. Stalks, leaves husk+seeds, were analysed for N, P, K, Ca Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mo. Conclusions: 1 - The variety Okaw presented a continous growth, expressed as "wet matter production" until the both day. For the variety Asgrow 40 the growth ceased around the 40th day; 2 - The capaty for nutrients extration were distinct between the varieties, for the variety Okaw around the 90th day for the variety Asgrow 40, around the 60th day; 3 - One ha of peas plants (kg/ha) removed the following quanties in nutrients kg. Extraction Exported Nutrient (stalks + leaves + flowers + "husk + seeds" (husk + seeds) Var. Okaw Var. Asgrow Var. Okaw Var. Asgrow 40 40 kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha N 80 78 36 14 P 8 7.9 4.3 2.7 K 62 50 16 3 Ca 32 21 6 2 Mg 9.2 5.7 2.8 0.4 S 19 11 2 1 gr./ha gr./ha gr./ha gr./ha B 194 149 36 15 Cu 51 37 25 9 Fe 244 250 64 11 Mn 237 278 32 9 Mo 4.9 5.8 1.7 0.8 Zn 624 304 30 12 4 - the extraction of nutrients were similars in both varieties; 5 - the exportations of nutrients were higher in the variety Okaw, than in the variety Asgrow 40.

The flowers of this orchard tree presents six fleshy petals, fused two by two, and disposed propeller like. In the center is a cavity which harbors the cone shaped reproductive organs. An eriophyid mite, described by H. H. Keifer as Aculops flechtmann Keifer, 1972, causes considerable bronzing to the petals (Fig. 1-A). Large numbers of this mite attacking the basis of the reproductive organs causes them to dry and drop. On the young fruits, which are squamous, this mite causes some rusting and small necrotic areas (Fig. 1-B). As the fruit grows these small areas remain dark and barky. Very often the necrotic areas are invaded by the false spider mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939), which enlarges the damage. The false spider mite also attacks leaves and green stems; the epidermis of the latter then assumes a barky appearance.

Pre-harvest applications of 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm ethephon advanced tomato fruit maturity but were without influence on the total yield and the total number of fruits per plant or the average weight per fruit.

O conhecimento das doses letais de radiações gama para sementes de plantas cultivadas assume grande importância quando se pesquisa a melhoria de suas qualidades através do emprego de radiações ionizantes. Sementes de feijoeiro, das variedades Roxinho e Rosinha foram submetidas a diferentes doses de radiações gama do 60Co, a saber; 0,0, 6,0 krad, 12,0 krad, 24,0 krad, 36,0 krad e 48.0 krad. Após as irradiações foram colocadas a germinar, em camara de germinação, a intervalos quinzenais, a partir da data da irradiação, durante quatro meses. As contagens foram realizadas no quinto dia após a instalação de cada um dos testes, computando-se a porcentagem de plântulas normais. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram que se chegasse à conclusão de que o poder germinativo das sementes das duas variedades decresce com o aumento da dose de irradiação. Para a obtenção de boa conservação de sementes dessas variedades em condições normais de ambiente, é desaconselhável o emprego de doses iguais ou superiores a 12,0 krad que prejudicam sensivelmente o poder germinativo. As doses de 36,0 krad e 48,0 krad reduzem a germinação a zero.