RCAAP Repository

In the present work, the occurrence of aflatoxins B and G as well as a possible correlation between both were studied in 48 samples of peanut flour from 8 oil mills of the region Noroeste, in the State of São Paulo. The samples were obtained in four collections representing material from two crops in two different seasons: March and May in the rainy season and July and September in the dry season. From the results it was concluded that: a) the occurrence of aflatoxin was generalized in that region, for all the samples were toxic; b) the toxicity level was found to be very high (figures from 0.1 to 20.0 ppm) being higher in the rainy season average of 4.34 ppm, against 1.83 ppm in the dry season; c) it was considered that only 8.33% of the material examined could be utilized for admixturing in feedstuffs; d) it was found a weakly positive correlation, not statistically significant, in the production of the aflatoxins B and G.

In the present work, the occurence of aflatoxins B and G as well as a possible correlation between both were studied in 116 samples of peanut flour from 17 oil mills of the region Paulista Nova, in the State of São Paulo. The samples were obtained in four collections representing material from two crops in two different seasons: March and May in the rainy season and July and September in the dry season. From the results it was concluded that: a) the occurence of aflatoxin was generalized in that region, for all the samples were toxic; b) the toxicity level was found to be very high (figures from 0.1 to 20.0 ppm) being much higher in the rainy season-average of 5.50 ppm - against 1.76 ppm in the dry season; c) it was considered that only 10.35% of the material examined could be utilized for admixturing in feedstuffs; d) it was found a weakly positive correlation in the production of the aflatoxins B and G.

In the present work, the occurrence of the aflatoxins B and G, as well as a possible correlation between both were studied in 44 samples of peanut flour from 6 oil mills of the region Sorocabana, in the State of São Paulo. The samples were obtained in four collections representing material from two crops in two different seasons: March and May, in the rainy season and July and September, in the dry season. From the results it was concluded that: a) the occurrence of aflatoxin was generalized in that region, for all the samples were toxic; b) the toxicity level was found to be very high (figures from 0.1 to 10.0 ppm) being higher in the rainy season - average of 3.78 ppm, agains 1.74 ppm in the dry season; c) it was considered that only 4.54% of the material examined could be utilized for admixture in feedstuffs; d) it was not found correlation in the production of the aflatoxins B and G.

This study based on LINEWEAVER & BURK's (1934) equation was made to verify both competitive or not effect of Mg2_f in absorption of Ca2+ ion. Solution of CaCl2 was traced with 45Ca. Calcium in different concentration was added to excised leaf tissue of Coffee-tree (Coffea arabica L.) in presence or not of magnesium, according to SMITH & EPSTEIN's (1964a.; 1964b.) technique. Special conduction in statistics was applied. Magnesium ion compete with calcium ion to active centers of metabolism transport.

The variability of X. malvacearum was studied under greenhouse conditions with isolates obtained from the principal cotton growing regions of the State of São Paulo. The isolates were introduced into the tissues by scratching the under side of the leaves with a bamboo pick previously dipped in a bacterial suspension. For the evaluation of the symptoms a scale based on five infection types was used. As a result of these tests, the isolates were grouped into three races of X. malvacearum respectively races 3,8 and 10. The IAC RM3 71/523 line showed resistence to race 3, while (Acala x Nu-16) 71/213 and IAC 12-2 71/170 lines showed resistence to races 3,8 and 10. The susceptible cotton varieties IAC RM3, IAC 13-1 and IAC 12-2, cultivated in São Paulo State, reacted equally to the three races mentioned.

Results are presented on the determination of the initial extinction position and of ψ, for the application of the analytical method. The precision of the method must probably do not be affected by the determination of the initial position wih a smaller number of measurements. Deviations of ψ tend to increase as θ is increased. Based on Δ values, estimatives of ψ are qualitatively equivalent for θ = 15° and θ = 30°, but they are better than those for θ = 45°.

The application of Chomard's method to plagioclases was studied by means of extinction operations in which φ is a multiple of 45°. A total of 240 extinction operations were performed in seven twinned grains, totaling 13 individuals. Twelve extinction operations (φ, θ, ψ) were done for each individual as follows: θ = 15°, θ = 30° and θ = 45°, φ = 45°, φ = 135°, φ = 225°, φ = 315°. A computer program was used to determine 2V and the direction angles of the optic axes. These results were compared to those obtained by the following methods: twins, direct measurement and maximums extinction angle. Stereograms obtained by the analytical and conventional methods were also compared. The main conclusion drawn was that the computer programmed analytical method is as efficient as the otheres when θ = 30° and the 2V position is considered to be the average of the 4 possible analytical solutions where the value of φ is a multiple of 45°.

The moisture content distribution along a soil profile at the water transient-state infiltration, depends on the rate of water application on the soil surface. Soil columns, prepared in the laboratory, by packing sieved and air dried soil into cilinder tubes were used to study the distribution of moisture content at the moment of infiltration. Drops of water, were applied simulating rain, at eight different intensities, called treatments, with two repetitions. It was found that when the water application rate was continualy reduced throughout the treatments, the moisture content also diminished and vice versa. It was also concluded that when the rain application intensity was decreasing to very small rate, the moisture content had shuch a slow redution, as if going to a limit, which was logically found to be the soil field capacity.

Plants of Zea Mays L. cv. 'Piranão' were treated, 15 and 22 days after seeding, with (2-cloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (2000 ppm), gibberellins (100 ppm), beta-naphthoxyacetic acid (100 ppm) and 3-indoleacetic acid (100 ppm). The morphological characteristics and yield were verified. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The effective treatment were obtained with gibberellins in concentration of 100 ppm, which promotes an increase in the plant height. There were no statistical significant differences between treated and untreated plants with respect to the morphology and yield of maize, with the applicatin of CCC, BNOA and IAA. Some characteristics of the cultivar 'Piranão' during the development of the plant and at harvest were also verified. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients, collected at four different stages of growth.

In the last paper it was found out that a soil under different drip irrigation intensities had its moisture content distribution in the soil profile also different. So it led to the hippothesis that the development and prodution of cultivated plant under these treatment would be affected, for it is known that the soil moisture content has much to do with the transpiration of the plant and this with the production. The experiment was installed with a test plant, the tomato plant, under drip irrigation at three different intensities: low, medium and high. It led to the conclusion that the plants under low intensity drip irrigation bore more fruit.

This work shows the data of a field experiment of drip irrigation for the egg plant in comparison to the furrow irrigation. The drip irrigation was applied in three different intensities: low, medium and high. The obtained data indicated better results for the drip irrigation method.

In order to detect the effect of the nematode on the growth and chemical composition of Coffea arabica L., cultivar Mundo Novo, 376/4-IAC, young plants were cultivated in pots containing two different soils - Terra Roxa Estruturada (a clayished soil) and Podzolico Vermelho Amarelo - Laras (a Sandy Soil). Three levels of nutrients were applied: level 0 - no fertilizer added; level 1 - fertilization recommended usually for the crop; level 2 - heavy fertilization. Half of the plants were latelly inoculated by adding organic mater containing the nematodes. After 420 days all plants were harvested, measured and analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Fertilized trees present no difference on the growth in the presence of the nematodes. The absorption of Zn and B were severely affected in the presence of the nematode on the sandy soil, even when fertilized. On the clayished soil the nematodes depressed only the absorption of Zn. Diseased plants grown on the sandy soil presented a higher content in Mn than the healthy ones.

Researches were conducted in order to: a. detect mechanisms involved on the calcium absorption by leaves. b. calcium uptake as function of potassium, magnesium an boron in the external solution. The leaf tissued used for experiments came from young coffee trees growing in a Piracicaba grove. The tissue was prepared by cutting it into slices of 300 m width. Slices after cuted were placed into a large volume of deionized water and rinsed several times to remove ions released from demaged cells. Slices were randomly allocated to batches, and placed to into 500 ml of 45CaCl2 labelled areted solution for 60 minutes. The experimental solutions contained 5x10-6M, 10-5M, 2x10-5M, 4 x l0-5M, 8 x 10-5M, 1,6 x 10-4M, 3,2x10-4M, 6,4x10-4M, 1,28x10-3M e 2,56x10-3M. concentration of 45CaCl2 Experiments were carried out at 30°C. Light was provided by four 20W fluorescent tubes (3000 lux). The possible occurence of interactions and mutual competitions in the absorption of potassium, magnesium and boron was investigated in a series of experiments. Each solution contained KC1 10-4 and 10-3M, MgCl2 5 x 10-3M and H3BO3 5 x 10-3M. The slices were then removed, blotted, dried at 70°C, and weighed. The material was ashed at 600°C, dissolved with 2 ml HC1 0,01N. Aliquot were transferred to planchet, dried, and the radioactivety was assayed. The data from all experiments were run through statistical estimations (regression analysis and Student's «t-test»). Calcium influx was reduced and inhibited by DNP, N2 and also by temperature (10°C). The theory and terminology of active transport used was the same as applied by Epstein and Hagen (1952) for root tissues. The concluding comments are: a. the absorption of calcium is an actif process, involving a single mechanism. b. potassium and boron ions induces a stimulatory efect on calcium absorption. c. magnesium ions presents a non competitive inhibition interference on calcium.

Boned light weight hen meat was ground, cured, flavored with liquid smoke, and cooked. The effect of salts (sodium chloride alone and combined with phosphates), added at different time intervals postmortem, and before and after freezing, on sensory, physical, and chemical properties of the loaves was studied. Poultry loaves of acceptable quality were obtained with meat that had been slowly frozen and stored at -23°C for a 40-50 day period. When the carcasses were pumped with salt solutions before freezing, only those samples having added phosphates were satisfactory as far as binding and other properties were concerned. The results suggest that tetrasodium pyrophosphate, combined with sodium chloride, when added to the meat immediately after slaughter, could improve the meat binding properties.

Seeds of the field bean variety «Goiano Precoce» (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were subjected to six gamma radiation dosages, comprising treatments from 0,0 to 6,4 krad. Effect on seed germination was studied by means of factorial experiments conducted under laboratory controlled conditions. The factors used were radiation dosages and nine increasing lenghts of time from date of seed irradiation. Seed vigor was determined by the rate of seedling emergence when planted in small field plots. A factorial design was used. The variables were the radiation dosages and six lenghts of time elapsed since date of seed irradiation. The following conclusions could be drawn from the results obtained: a) Seed germination was adversely affected by all radiation dosages in relation to the check treatment. This effect however decreased significantly with storing time. b) Seed vigor was higher for those treated with 0,4 krad, 0,8 krad and 1,6 krad when compared with those that were not irradiated. The 0,8 krad treatment was the most favorable.

This paper describe the analytical methods employed for the determination of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, organic and organic phosphorus, silicon, organic mater and organic carbon in filter mud.

This study was undertaken to determine the viability of cototn seed during storage under controlled (35% R. H.) and uncontrolled conditions. Seed germination and two methods of vigor analysis accelerated aging and seed irradiation - were used for evaluation of seed behavior, during eight months. The results showed that uncontrolled conditions were more detrimental to seed viability. Accelerated aging was found to be an effective method to determine the progress of seed deterioration during storage. Seed irradiation results may be correlated with accelerated aging, depending on the dosage used.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Sementes do Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura da E. S. A. «LUIZ DE QUEIROZ», constando de testes de germinação e de vigor (envelhecimento prococe) realizados em seis épocas bimestrais, com sementes de três cultivares de soja (Santa Rosa, IAC-2 e Viçoja), de três tamanhos (Peneira 17-grandes, Peneira 16-médias e Peneira 15 pequenas), conservadas em dois ambientes diferentes: em câmara seca e em ambiente não controlado. A análise dos dados obtidos permitiu conclusões como: a germinação variou entre cultivares e foi diretamente proporcional ao tamanho das sementes; houve decréscimo da germinação no decorrer do período considerado, sendo mais acentuado para sementes pequenas; o vigor foi maior para sementes pequenas; as sementes conservadas em câmara seca superaram as demais em todas as circunstâncias.

The peanut culture is one of the most important of our country. However it is studied with very little intensity. The thrips Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941, the leaf beetle Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) and the red necked peanut worm Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875), are insect pests often found in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), in Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The main proposal of this work is to study the variation of leaf area index, leaf area ratio, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate in an experiment in which one of the treatments consisted in the application of methyl parathion at 0,09% (E.C. 60%) and the other was a check in which no pesticide was applied. The results obtained during the plant life cycle were confronted. The increments of leaf area index and leaf area ratio were observed to be similar for both treatments, but both parameters were found to be practically always smaller for the check treatment. Finally, it was shown that the net assimilation rate and the relative growth rate was almost always slightly superior in the plot that received no treatment.

We have studied the effect of application of growth regulators, (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), N,N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (SADH), gibberellic acid (GA3) and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. 'IAC-RM3', in relation to atack of Aphis gossypii Glover, 1876, under greenhouse conditions. Two determinations of infestation levels of the aphids showed differences in degree of infestation among treatments. CCC treated plants showed increasing in aphid colonization in relation to GA3 at 100 ppm treated plants. The application of SADH at 4000 ppm also showed a tendency of increasing aphid colonization in relation to treated plants with GA3 at 100 ppm. Probably growth retardants promote differences in the water status of hostplant; and the aphids preferences to that plants suggest that the increase in the osmotic potential promotes better rates of aphid feeding than GA3 treated plants. In treated plants with GA3 at 100 ppm the infestation decreased, there was water stress during the warmer time of the day and a probable decreasing in the osmotic potential.