RCAAP Repository

We summed up the results of the studies of 7 cultivars belonging to specie Cucurbita moschata, taking into account their botanical description because they have not been taxonomically characterized yet, though largely known and grown for their economical value. The breeding works of the cultivars of the above mentioned specie have been carried out since 1942 by the Section of Olericulture of Agronomic Institute of Campinas (I. A. C.) view of the economic importance the|y have. We used seeds from controlled pollination, given away to us by the IAC-Olericulture Section, in order to obtain the plants of the 7 cultivars. The statistical planning followed the steps of distribution at random using the 7 cultivars with 10 replications. The botanical description of the cultivars was based upon the morphological characteristics of the vegetative and floral organs and upon the characteristics of the fruits and seeds as well, taking into consideration: a - The shape, dimensions, presence of lengthwise striae and indumentum of the main stem. b - The dimensions and indumentum of the petiole, the angle formed by the outer ribs at the base of the leaf blade and the angle magnitude, the length of the ribs, the presence or absence of silvery spots on the leaf blade; width an length of leaf blade. c - The shapes of the tendrils. d - For the male and female flowers: the length of the peduncle, the length of the tube and of the lobules of the calyx and its shape, the length of the tubes and of the lobules of the corolla, the diameter of the upper part the corolla tube, diameter between the apexes of the corolla lobules, the length of the filament and the length of the anther, and the shape of the latter for male flowers; the dimensions, positionings, shape and indumentum of the ovary, length and color of stigma, length of the stigma lobules, the variable shape of the nectariferous disk at the style base for female flowers. e - The dimensions, shape, color, parts, consistence and thickness of the fruit pulp. f - The dimensions, shape and color of the seed and of the hilum as well. g - The statistical analysis was made for some characteristics of taxonomical value such as: Leaves: length of the petiole; magnitude of the foliar angle at the base of the leaf blade, width and length of the blade. Male flower: the length of the peduncle, the length of the tube and corolla lobules, the diameter of the upper part of the corolla tube. Female flower: the length of the peduncle, the length of the ovary, the length of tube and the length of the corolla lobules, the diameter of the upper part of the corolla tube.

In order to find out the concentration of macro and micronutrients, as well, the total amount of nutrient absorbed by the cultivar from 30 days up, until 280 days, leaves and branches were collected at different days and analysed for the nutrients. Among the macronutrients, N was found in the highest concentration followed in the next decresead order: Fe, Mh, Zn, B, Cu. One mulberry tree content at 130 days after bud: N-22.1 gr.; P-1.6 gr.; K-18.5 gr.; Ca-13.3 gr.; Mg-3.5 gr.; S-1.2 gr.; B-4.7 ugr.; Cu-6.5 ugr.; Fe-109 ugr.; Mn-70.6 ugr.; Zn-30 ugr.

Slipes of the varieties Fernão Dias, Formosa and Calabreza were grew in pots containing pure quartz sand. Several times a day all the plants were irrigated with Hoagland and Arnon's solution of 30 days. After, that period, groups of plants (5) were irrigated with nutrient solution lacking one nutrient (-N,-P,-K,-Ca,-Mg,-S and -B). Soon as the deficiences symptoms become visible the plants were harvested and analysed for the macronutrients and boron. The plants showed deficiencies symptoms in the following order: nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and boron. No sulphur deficiencies symptoms were observed. The tissue analysis of the leaves of plants showing deficiencies symptoms or not were:

In this work, the particle size, the mineralogic composition and the. roundness of the Anhumas, Cruz Alta and Ibitiruna soil series, from the Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, were studied in their fine sand (250 - 105 m) arid very fine sand (105 - 53 m) fractions. The material that forms these soils is very well selected, in which the fine sand the very fine sand are the dominant fractions, with more than 70% fo the profiles. The meniralogic composition shows the presence of stable minerals as tourmaline, magnetite, ilmenite staurolite and zircon. In the very fine sand fraction also occurs rutile. The roundness is high in the studied material, what must be indicating that it was present in more of one sedimentations cycle. The obtained data permit conclude that these three soil series are formed from material of the same origin, which is very well selected and with great maturity. It is impossible the individual identification of each soil serie by the studies that were developped in this work. By the other hand, it is possible to conclude that these soils are formed from Botucatu Sandstone.

Forty samples of ground beef were taken at four supermarkets in the city of Piracicaba, SP. Total bacterial counts were determined using a produre recommended by the American Public Health Association; the plates were incubated at 32°C (48 hours). A modified procedure based on resazurin reduction for the determination of ground beef microbiological quality was studied. The results can be summarized as follows = 1) Total counts were generally higth, with several samples in the range 10(7) to 10(9) cells/gram; the average count was 3,0 x 10(7) cells/gram. 2) The differences between counts related to any two supermarkets were not statistically significant. 3) Resazurin reduction to colorless was significantly correlated with total bacterial counts (r=-0,91).

This paper studies the differences between domatia of normal leaves of Capsicum annuum L. and leaves of plants cultivated with deficiencies of N, Ca, F, Mg, S e P. Were studied 1273 leaves, of all ages, 226 of them being leaves of normal plants. The domatia founded were of the type "en touffe de poils" according to the Chevalier's Classification (1941) and theirs variations, localizated on the dorsal side of the limb, on the axil of midrib with the secondaries oves. The principal modification was that in the normal leaves the hairs (trichomes) were longer, waver and thicker than those of deficient plants.

Cuttings from secondary branches of Rhododendron Simsii, Cupressus sempervirens, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Thuya occidentalis were collected in October in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. Following treatment with the root-promoting compound, Exubérone, at 0, 10, and 20 ml/1, the cuttings were planted and observed in order to determine the number of stems rooted and the average fresh weight of the roots. The results obtained after 80 days permit the conclusion that the different ornamental species responded differently to a given concentration of Exubérone. The rooting response, in order of decreasing effectiveness, was as fallows: Cupressus sempervirens (20 ml/1), Rhododendron Simsii (10 or 20 ml/1), Bougainvillea spectabilis (10 or 20 ml/1), and finaly Thuya occidentalis (20 ml/1).

The influence of three browning treatments (blanching, SO2 and ascorbic acid) and three processing methods (canning, freezing and freeze-drying) on the quality of apple slices of the variety Bruckner do Brasil was studied. Immediately upon arrival, one third of the fruits was processed. Another third was held in storage at 1°C for three weeks and the remainder was left under the same conditions for six weeks, being both immediately processed after their respective storage time. The results showed that the best treatment was the blanching-canning combination for all attributes of quality, except for color, in which the SO2-freezing and ascorbic acid-freezing combinations were superior. Canning was the most suitable processing method for the variety under study. Storage lowered the quality of the apple slices for almost all treatments used.

Foi estudada a influência de tres tratamentos com a finalidade de evitar o escurecimento enzimático (branqueamento, SO2 e ácido ascórbico) e de tres métodos de processamento (appertização, congelação e liofilização) nas propriedades organoléticas da maçã em pedaços, da variedade Ohio Beauty. Imediatamente após seu recebimento, uma terça parte das frutas foi processada. Outra terça parte foi colocada em câmara fria a 1°C por três semanas e a restante deixada sob as mesmas condições por seis semanas, sendo estas duas últimas processadas imediatamente após os respectivos tempos de armazenamento prévio. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor tratamento foi a combinação branqueamento-congelação para todos os atributos de qualidade, exceto para cor, em que a combinação ácido ascórbico-congelação foi superior. a congelação foi o método de processamento mais adequado para a variedade em estudo. O armazenamento prévio teve alguma influência nas propriedades organoléticas da maçã em pedaços, de modo que, as amostras correspondentes à parte não armazenada foram julgadas inferiores para quase todos os atributos de qualidade.

The influence of three browning treatments (blanching, ascorbic acid and SO2) on the quality of frozen and freeze-dried apple slices of the variety Ohio Beauty was studied. Immediately upon arrival, one third of the fruits was processed. Another third was held in storage at 1°C for three weeks and the remainder was left under the same conditions for six weeks, being both immediately processed after their respective storage time. The results showed that for freezing, blanching was the best browning treatment for all atributes of quality, except for color, in which the ascorbic acid was more efficient. The latter treatment was slightly superior to S0(2) in terms of overall quality. For freeze-drying, the treatment with S0(2) was superior to blanching in terms of flavor and overall quality, but it was inferior in terms of color. None of the treatments, however, controlled the browning of the freeze-dried product efficiently.

In order to evaluate the absorption of the macro and micronutrients by two varieties (amarelo and roxo) of the genus Passiflora, plants were cultivated under field conditions. Every thirty days from the 75th day, until 370 days plants were harvested and divided into: root, stem, leaf and fruit. All the parts were run through chemical analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The data obtained allowed for the following main conclusions: 1) The initial rate of growth of the Passiflora plant, judged by the determanations of the dry weigth matter is rather slow until the age of 190 days. 2) The uptake of the nutrients is small until the first flowers (190 days). From there on the absorption is intensified (The results are at hand on tables (Quadros, in Portuguese text) III, IV and V. 3) The following maximum amounts of nutrients were absorbed by a population of 1,500 plants: N-205 kg.; P-18 kg.; K-184 kg.; Mg-16 kg.; S-25 kg.; B-295 kg.; Cu-198 g.; Fe-779 g.; Mn-2,810 g.; Zn-316 g..

Three methods of total chlorogenic acid determination in green coffee were studied. Six coffee samples, three Soft (best) and three Rio (worst) were used. The method of MOORES et al. (1948), WEISS (1957) and GNAGY (1961, 1962) adapted by AMORIM (1972) gave no statistic difference when Rio coffees were used, however, the method of MOORES et al. (1948) and WEISS (1957) gave lower values than the GNAGY - AMORIM procedure, for the Solft coffees. No statistical difference was found between MOORES and WEISS methods. It was infered that the higher enzymatic activities of polyphenol oxidase found in the best coffees (Solft), oxidize the chlorogenic acids in the extraction procedure of the MOORES and WEISS methods, leading to the lower chlorogenic acid values observed.

This paper deals initially with the role of mineral fertilizers in increasing agricultural production: the relationship between the two variables is illustrated within global, regional national and local contexts. The pattern and trends in fertilizer usage in Brazil are presented next, namely: increase in consumption in the period 1950/72; regional distribution; consumption as related to crops and cultivated land. It is shown that in less than a quarter or century fertilizer use has increased in the country nearly 12 fold, whereas world consumption was raised 7 fold, thus exceeding estimates based in several criteria. Steps taken to secure the raise in fertilizer consumption above the historical trend are discussed: research experience for outlining fertilization recomendations; the transfer of the knowledge to the farmer by the extension work both official and private; the credit policy and special incentives for the purchase of fertilizer; the national policy for minumum proces of agricultural products; the implantation of a national fertilizer industry. It is considered that the Brazilian experience adapted to similar local conditions in other developing countries, presents a possibility for achieving beneficial results without inflationary reflexes in the economy.

In order to study the effect of Calcium levels (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm) in the nutrient solution on the tomato growth rate, deficiencies symptoms; calcium range in leaves and fruits; seed of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) var. Santa Cruz, strain Samano and Kada were sowed in sand bed. Later, young plants, were transfered to containers filled with nutrient solution at the diferent calcium levels. After 90 days the plants were harvested and divided into: first leaf; first, second, third, fourth and fifth sets of fruits. All parts were run through chemical analysis for calcium content on a dry-weight basis by atomic absorption. The data obtained allowed for the following main conclusions: 1) Levels of calcium has direct effect on the growth of tomato plant and on the number of fruits. 2) Blossom end-rot symptoms appears in both strains when calcium level is below 200 ppm in the nutrient solution. 3) The intermediate range in day matter for calcium in hoth strains in the first leaf is 3.11-3.25% at 90 days. 4) Kada strain has a higher absorption capacity in calcium tham the Samano strain. 5) Samano strain show toxity symptoms when growth at the level of 400 ppm of calcium.

The micro Bailey-Andrew method (official of A. O. A. C, 1970) and the proposed reference method of Navellier et al. (1969) for determination of caffeine in coffee were studied. For the caffeine extraction and purification, it was followed the A. O. A. C. (1970) and Navellier et al. (1969) procedures, without modification, but for the caffeine estimation, the weight, total nitrogen, spectrofotometry with base line correction and the peak at 273 nm were used. The following conclusion could be drawn: a) the determination of caffeine by using the weight should not be applied by either methods, because it gave high values in comparison with nitrogen and spectrophotometry, and because of the high coeficient of variation. b) the extration and purification procedures used by Navellier don't remove all nitrogenous materials which interferes on the total nitrogen determination, whereas the Navellier spectrofotometry method gave similar results with the A. O. A. C. (1970) nitrogen and spectrophotometric determinations. c) no diference was found for nitrogen and spetrophotometric (with correction of base line) determination of caffeine when A. O. A. C. (1970) extraction and purification procedures were used.

In this third year of work, research was carried out concerning the effect of N, P and K fertilization on the mineral composition of the coffee bean and in the quality of the beverage. The material employed was obtained form a NPK,2³ and NPK,3³ factorial experiment from two different regions. In Piracicaba, Coffea arábica L. var. "Bourbon Vermelho" was the plant source, and "Mundo Novo" in Ribeirão Preto. The main findings are as follows: a) N content in the bean was raised by the application of N in the soil in both regions. The use of K increased the level of K in the bean in Piracicaba but not in Ribeirão Preto. The level of total P was not affecte by P fertilization in both regions. b) The higher doses of KC1 decreased the B and Zn content in the bean. c) Fruits collected in treatments where N and K were used gave significant lower quality beverage in Piracicaba and in Ribeirão Preto. d) It was found a negative and significant correlation (at 1% level) between N content in the bean and the quality of the beverage, for both varieties and regions. For K the correlation was not significant in both regions. It was speculated that probably the chlorine of KC1 may be the factor which affect the quality of the beverage. e) The great increase in production (yield) where N and K were applied compensats economically the small decrease in the quality of the beverage of the pulped coffee.

The primary objetive of this study was to determine the effect of time of selection of suckers on the development of banana matriz plants (Musa cavendishii Lam. cv. Nanicão). The treatments were as follows: a. matrix plant without suckers; b. matrix plant with January suckers; c. matrix plant with March suckers; d. matrix plant with May suckers; e. control matrix plant: no suckers removed by pruning. The results of this study were: 1. Fewest leaves were produced in the control matrix plants in April; 2. Time of selection of suckers affected the flowering stage more than the vegetativa stag; 3. Flowering os the matrix plant (a) with no suckers and (c, d) with March and May suckers was augmented, and production of bunches with a greater humber of hands was stimulated; 4. matrix plant with January suckers and control matrix plant attained greater height of suckers than all other matrix plants treatments.

Th objective of this study was to determine the effects of selection time suckers on the growth and production of banana matrix plant (Musa cavendishii Lamb) cv, Nanicão. The trial was carried out at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba (SP) Brazil, from September, 19, 1971, to January 31, 1973. A randomized blocks design was used with five treatments and five replications The treatments were as folows: 1. Matrix plant whitout suckers; 2. Matrix plant with January sucker; 3. Matrix plant with March sucker; 4. Matrix plant with may sucker; and 5. Control matrix plant with all suckers. The results of study were: a. Matrix plant with May sucker incresead the time from planting to flowering as compared with January sucker, no sucker, and March sucker; control matrix plant with all suckers delayed flowering time as compared with matrix plant witch March sucker. b. The pseudostem circunference at flowering time were similar in all treatments except treatment with January sucker and control matrix plant with all suckers; these treatments have resulted in a markerd reduction in circunference of pseudostem at flowering time. c. Production cycle periods were similar for treatments no sucker, January and May sucker; the production cycle was smaller with March sucker and larger in control matrix plant with all suckers. d. The number of leaves in harvesting time was highest in May sucker as compared with January sucker and control matrix plant with all suckers; the treatments no sucker and March sucker had highest number of leaves as compared control matrix plant with all suckers. e. Control matrix plant with all suckers had lower average bunch weight as compared with treatments with no sucker, March and May sucker. f. These was no significance diference on pseudostem circunference at flowering and harvesting time, "hands" and "finger" number per bunch.

This paper reports a comparative study of the apple varieties Yellow Golden Delicious, Melrose and Rome Beauty for processing. Three browning treatments (blanching, arcorbic acid and SO2) and three processing methods (canning, freezing and freeze-drying) were used in this experiment. The results showed that the most suitable variety for processing was Melrose, except for the blanching-freeze-drying combination, in which Rome Beauty and Yellow Golden Delicious were superior. The latter variety was considered inferior for processing, except for freeze-drying. Freezing was the most suitable processing method for the three apple varieties studied.

No presente trabalho foi estudada a influência de três métodos de controle do escurecimento enzimático (branqueamento, ácido ascórbico e SO2) nas propriedades organoléticas da maçã em pedaços da variedade Bruckner do Brasil, conservada por congelação e liofilização. Imediatamente após seu recebimento, uma terça parte das frutas foi processada. Outra terça parte foi colocada em câmara fria a 1°C por três semanas e a restante deixada sob as mesmas condições por seis semanas, sendo estas duas últimas processadas imediatamente após os respectivos tempos de armazenamento prévio. Para a congelação, o branqueamento foi considerado o melhor tratamento para todos os atributos de qualidade, exceto para cor, em que o SO2 e o ácido ascórbico foram superiores. Em termos de qualidade geral, o ácido ascórbico foi ligeiramente superior ao so2. Para a liofilização, o SO2 foi de um modo geral o melhor tratamento. Entretanto, nenhum dos tratamentos controlou de maneira eficiente o escurecimento no produto liofilizado.