RCAAP Repository

Five trees growing on the campus of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" were analysed in relation to their macro and micronutrient concentrations. These trees belong to the following species: Aspidosperma polyneuron Mitell, Tabebuia roseo-alba, Aleurites moluccana Willd, Cariniana estrellensis Randü, and Piptadenia rigida. Three samples of young, intermediate and old leaves were collected from each of the above species. The 15 samples obtained, were washed for micronutrient analysis, dried in an incubator at 70°C, macerated and analysed for N, R, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Each analysis was repeated three times. The differences between treatments (trees and leaf types were analysed according to the completely randomised statistical design. The following observations were made: a) At least one of the trees differed from the others in relation to nutrient concentration. b) The nutrients that appeared in higher concentration were N and Ca in all trees, but Aleurites mollucana Willd, presented higher concentrations of N and K. c) Piptadenia rigida and Corinmna estrellensis Raddi, showed higher concentrations of Fe than other species. d) Young leaves showed a tendency to have high concentrations of N, R, K and Cu.

Cabbage (Brassica olcracea CV. capitata) samples from 20.833, 25.641, 37.037, 55.555 and 111.111 plants/ha densities were analysed on ascorbic acid and soluble carbohydrates contents. Statistically differences were not observed between those levels and plant densities. The mean level ascorbic acid was 25.8 mg/100 g on fresh weight. The principal constituents of soluble carbohydrates fraction were sucrose, glucose and fructose. These sugars were represented by 80% of total soluble carbohydrates. The mean values of soluble carbohydrates on fresh weight basis, were total (4.60), sucrose (0.45), glucose (1.94) and fructose (1.83).

Total soluble carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, sucrose and ascorbic acid contents were determined in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea CV. botrytis) samples. The effect of plants densities was studied in this paper. Statistically differences were not observed amoung treatments, although the samples from 20633 plants/ha showed higher level of ascorbic acid. Dry weight varied from 8.24 to 10.13% and ascorbic acid contents varied from 93.1 to 113.5 mg/100 g fresh weight basis. Soluble carbohydrates, in g/100 g fresh weight basis, were: total (3.17-4.54), sucrose (0.26-0.66), glucose (0.92-1.50) and fructose (0.91-1.45).

Eggplant (Solatium melongena) samples from 11.111 to 31.746 plants/ha densities were analysed in relation dry weight, ascorbic acid, total soluble carbohydrates, sucrose, glucose and fructose contents. Dry weight was affected statistically by plants density, the fruits from higher plant density showed highest level of dry meight. Other constituents were not affected by plant density. Ascorbic acid content varied from 5.9 to 10.6 mg/100 g on fresh weight basis. Soluble carbohydrate content, in g/100 g dry weight basis, were: sucrose (0.13-0.22), glucose (0.91-1.37), total (2.12-3.08) and fructose (0.83-1.11).

Leaves and stalk samples of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) cv. Cameroun were harvested at 7 a.m., 10 a.m., 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. The samples were analysed for total soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars contents. The total soluble carbohydrates contents of stalk were lower at 5 p.m. and the soluble carbohydrates of leaves showed no differences during the day. Reducing sugars content of stalks was maximum at 3 p.m. The reducing sugars/total carbohydrates relation have not showed variations in stalks and leaves during the period considered.

Foi conduzido na Área Experimental do Setor de Horticultura, DAH-ESALQ, Piracicaba, um experimento sobre o uso de alguns herbicidas na cultura do repolho (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Os herbicidas testados foram Dacthal (DCPA), tenoran (cloroxuron), Afalon (linuron) e Ramrod (propacloro). O Dacthal e o Ramrod não foram fitotóxicos ao repolho; o Tenoran foi levemente fitotóxico e o Afalon, muito tóxico. Uma única aplicação de herbicida não foi suficiente para o controle das plantas daninhas até o final da cultura.

An experiment about herbicide use on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) crop was conducted in the Experimental Field of Horticulture Section DAH-ESALQ, Piracicaba, Brazil. It was tested Dacthal (DCPA), Tenoran (chloroxuron), Afalon (linuron) and Ramrod (propachlor). Dacthal, Ramrod and Tenoran were not fitotoxic to cauliflower, and Afa-lon was very toxic. The herbicide that gave the best results to cauliflower was Ramrod.

When studying experiments with fertilizers from the economic point of view, it is rather common to use a quadratic regression equation Y = a X² + b X + c, and to seek its point of maximum X = - b/2c. If the values of Y are supposed to be normally distributed, the same happens with the estimates b and c, both linear functions of the Y's. This shows that for the economical interpretation of trials with fertilizers it is important to know what is the distribution oithe ratio of two normal variates. To study the distribution of x= b/2c the statistics y1 and y2 of FISHER (1930) were used, as well as the third and fourth moments. The results obtained show that in most cases the distribution of X is far from normal.

In this work we present results of an experiment on the rooting process in Catânia 1 mulberry trees stakes, employing beta idolacetic acid and calcium chloride. The mentioned mulberry tree cultivar, which presents the highest leaves production, is propagated only by grafting, resulting from this that it can't be cultivated in the stump system (branches croping is done a the level of the soil); this does not occur regarding common cultivars, as their multiplication is normally done through stakes. Eight treatments were studied, as follows : a) The 1st one was the test. b) in the 2nd one we had the synthetic vegetable hormone, beta indolacetic acid (100 ppm). c) in the 3rd, 4th and 5th ones, we 've associated beta indolacetic acid to 2.5 ions mg Ca++ per 1,000 ml, 5.0 ions mg Ca++ per 1,000 ml, 10.0 ions mg Ca++ per 1,000 ml, respectively. d) 6th, 7th and 8th ones correspondend to the mentioned solutions of hydra ted calcium chloride. Results shown troughout statistical analysis were as follows: 1 - Thre was not a significative difference among treatments using beta indolacetic when associated or not to calcium chloride. 2 -Treatmensts in which beta indolacetic acid was used were superior to the other treatments on the average. 3 - Considering the conditions the experiment was carried over, we can conclude that the treatment with beta indolacetic acid associated to 10.0 mg Ca++ per 1,000 ml was superior to the other ones, followed by the reament in wich only beta indolacetic acid was employed. 4 - Variation coeficient was 19.08% - considere medium.

Leaf production in three consecutives years of the Calabreza, Fernão Dias and Lopes Lins cultivars of Morus alba was analysed. They were planted at the densities of 6670, 4440 and 3330 plants per hectarand were submitted to three pruning operations during the year. At each pruning the stems were out very low almost at the soil surface. Calabreza cultivar gavethe highest leaf yields at the density of 6670 plants per hectar and July revealed to be the highest yielding pruning season. The Lopes Lins cultivar gave the lowest yields.

Leaf production in three consecutives years of the Calabresa, Fernão Dias and Lopes Lins cultivars of Morus alba was analysed. They were planted at the densities of 6666, 4444 and 3333 plants por hectar (in the spacings of 1.50 x 1.00 m, 1,50 x 1.50 m and 1.50 x 2.00 m, respectively, per plant) and were submitted to three pruning operations during the year. At each pruning the stems were out very low almost at soil surface. Calabresa cultivar fave the highest leaf yields at the density of 6666 plants per hectar find July revealed to be the highest yielding pruning season. The Lopes Lins cultivar gave the lowest yields.

The possibility of using plant varieties as crystallization pattern modifiers is studied. Crystallization models were obtained for roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds, of three varieties of dry beans obtained from nutritive solution. The concentration used mostly was 0,05: 0,5. Comparison of the patterns showed that the sensitivity of the method is sufficient to warrant its employment in distinguishing varieties, especially when using flower extracts.

In the present work the possibility of chemical control of Aspergillus flavus to prevent the production of aflatoxin in peanuts, by spraying fungicides to the freshly-dug kernels in the windrow was studied. Four efficient fungicides (Ferbam, Thiram, Sodium Ortophenilfenate and Captafol) screened by tests "in vitro" were used in experiments run for four years in the regions of Caiabú, Campinas, Marilia, Pirapozinho and Ribeirão Preto. From the results the Authors concluded, within the range and conditions of this experiment, that when the harvest is carried in rainy periods the fungicides seem to be inefficient, and when rains are absent, the weather condition by itself seems to inhibit the growth of A. flavus and prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin. Nevertheless, the Authors suggest more studies on the subject.

O estudo de 38 ensaios de adubação de milho, espalhados em fazendas da Seccional de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, conduziu às seguintes conclusões: 1. Em experimentos com produção da testemunha abaixo de 2000 Kg/ha houve respostas significativas para N, R, K e calcário. Se tomarmos o preço de 100 kg de milho como equivalente ao de 10 kg de N, 12 de P2O5 ou 30 de K2O, as doses recomendáveis de adubação são: 38 kg/ha de N, zero de P2O5 e 88 kg/ha de K2O. 2. Em experimentos com produção da testemunha não inferior a 2000 kg/ha somente os efeitos de N e de R foram significativos, mas parece preferível usar fertilização completa, que, com os preços adotados, seria recomendável aos níveis de 44kg/ha de N, 75 de P2O5 e 51 de K2O. 3. Nos experimentos em solos de cerrado, foram significativas as respostas a N, R, K e calcário. As doses recomendáveis, para os preços adotados, foram: 51 kg/ha de N, 40 de P2O5 e 99 de K2O. 4. Para solos com teor conhecido de matéria orgânica, as recomendações devem levar em conta se é ou não superior a 1,25%. Quando superior a 1,25%, a adubação nitrogenada recomendável é de 27 kg/ha de N, se igual ou inferior a 1,25%, devem-se usar 120 kg/ha de N. 5. No caso do fósforo e do potássio a análise do solo não parece adequada para estimar a resposta aos fertilizantes. 6. As respostas à calagem são maiores em solos com Ca + Mg não superior a 3,40 eq. mg/100 ml de terra, ou para pH não superior a 4,75, ou ainda para alumínio trocável acima de 0.566 eq. mg/100 ml de terra.

In the present work the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogwea L.), in the region of Matão, S.P. was investigated, in three Stages, from harvest to industrialization: a) by the time the grower sells it to oil mill: Epochs I and II; b) during its storage prior to milling: Epochs III and IV and c) after oil extraction (peanut flour) : Epochs V and VI. In each stage two collections, of 10 samples each, were made in a total of 40 samples of peanuts and 20 samples of peaunt flour. From the results the following conclusions could be drawn; a) the majority of the samples, representing 85%, was toxic; b) the toxicity level of the samples, in terms of aflatoxin B1, grew from Epoch I to Epoch VI, presenting the average values of 0,06 ppm in the first and 1,22 ppm in the last one. The total mean value reached 0,44 ppm; c) good drying practices and proper storage can definitely help to maintain peanuts in a low level of aflatoxin and even prevent the occurrence of the toxin; d) the aflatoxin is already present in peanuts when growers take it to the oil mill.

In the present work the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the region of Monte Alto, S.P., was investigated in three Stages, from harvest to industrialization: a) by the time the grower sells it to the oil mill: Epochs I and II; b) during its storage prior to milling; Epochs III and IV and c) after oil extraction (peanut flour) : Epochs V and VI. In each Stage two collections, of 10 samples each, were made in a total of 40 samples of peanuts and 20 samples of peanut flour. From the results the following conclusions could be drawn: 1) the majory of the samples, representing 90%, was toxic; 2) the toxicity level, in terms of aflatoxin B1,was hight for 60% of the samples had more than 1.00 ppm, in the category "Very Hight" ; 3) the toxicity level of the samples grew from Epoch I to Epoch IV: mean values of 0.10 to 2.49 ppm, decreasing in Epochs V and VI: 1.02 and 1.25 ppm, giving the average value of 1.23 ppm; 4) aflatoxin is already present in peanuts when the grower take it to the oil mill; 5) storage at the oil mill seems to contribute to increase the toxicy level.

In the present work the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypagaea L.) in the region of Santa Adélia, S.P., was investigated in three Stages, from harvest to industrialization: a) by the time the grower sells it to the oil mill: Epochs I and II; b) during its storage prior to milling: Epochs III and IV and c) after oil extration (peanut flour) : Epochs V and VI. In each Stage two collections of 10 samples each, were made in a total of 40 samples of peanuts and 20 samples of peanut flour. From the results the following conclusions could be drawn: 1) all samples, except one, were toxic; 2) the toxicity level, in terms of aflatoxin B , was hight, for 55% of the samples were in the category "High" and 31.6% in the category "Very High"; 3) the levels of aflatoxin were higher in Stages 1 and 2 (peanuts), decreasing in Stage 3 (peanut four); 4) five samples were excessively toxic with more than 10.00 ppm; 5) the aflatoxin is already present in peanuts when the grower take it to the oil mill, but it was not possible to detect, in this region, the influence of storage.

In the present work the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the region of Fernandópolis, S.P., was investigated in three Stages, from harvest to industrialization: a) by the time the grower sells it to the oil mill: Epochs I and II; b) during its storage prior to milling: Epochs III and IV, and c) after oil extraction (peanut flour) : Epochs V and VI. In each Stage two collections, of 10 samples each, were made in a total of 40 samples of peanuts and 20 samples of peanut flour. From the results the following conclusions could be drawn: 1) all samples were toxic, except one; 2) the toxicity level in terms aflatoxin B1 was high, for 51.7% of the samples were in the category "High" and 38.3% in the category "Very High"; 3) the levels of aflatoxin in the samples grew from Epoch I to Epoch IV: mean values of 0.54 to 2.14 ppm, decreasing in Epoch V and VI: 1.04 ppm; 4) Five samples were excessively toxic with more than 10.00 ppm; 5) aflatoxin and high moisture content are present in most raw material when the grower takes it to the oil mill; 6) the miller does not take action to dry the moist material, contributing, this way, to permit an increase in the aflatoxin levels, during storage.

Há uma relação de simetria entre os estereogramas construídos através do método analítico de determinação da indicatriz ótica de minerais em secção delgada, na platina universal. Esta simetria é discutida neste trabalho. Trata-se de uma plano-simetria que ocorre tanto entre gráficos como entre curvas ψ1 e ψ2 , quando ψ1 + ψ2 = 90°.

The granulometry and mineralogy of the sand fraction of 3 soils classified as Red Yellow Latosol from the region of middle São Francisco River, Ba, Brazil, were estudied. The statistical parameters proposed by FOLK and WARD (1957) were employed for the granulometry studies; for the mineralogy studies, the heavy residual of the 250 to 50 µ fraction was utilized. The soils showed high homogeneity as to granulometry with moderately selected material, the fine fractions being predominant. Mineralogically, they are of high maturity, with highly stable minerals, which have undergone several sedimentation cycles. The distribution of the heavy minerals in the profiles suggests litological discontinuities.