RCAAP Repository

Using Hydromorphic soil sample (Três Municípios Series) from the Piracicaba region, State of São Paulo, Brasil, a study was carried out to determine the phosphorus content of a solution added to the soil as compared to the quantity of fixed phosphorus. The effect of incubation period was also studied. The relative quantity of fixed phosphorus was calculated, following a scheme previously laid down, from 4 incubation periods (0- 2 - 20 and 200 hours) and 4 concentrations of a monocalcium phosphate solution (0 - 500 - 1,000 and 1,500 P ppm). Each treatment consisting of the equivalent of 10g of oven-dry soil received 4 ml of a solution of an already known concentration. At the end of the incubation period for each treatment, the phosphorus content of stratum was determined using an extraction solution of 0.025 N H2SO4 and 0,05 NHCl. Experimental data showed that relative quantity of fixed phosphorus, under the considered conditions, fullfilled the requirements of this work. Statistical analysis of data showed that an interaction between the studied factors and that the maximum quantity of fixed phosphorus could be reached with around 60% of the longest incubation period observed.

Ordinary superphosphate run through 20 - 40 - 60 - 100 and plus mesh sieves were treated with 3 per cent (weight basis) of anhydrous ammonia in special aparattus. This amount reacting with normal superphosphate caused reversion in water soluble phosphate. The rate of ammoniation varied from 2,7 to 3,8% per unit of P2O5 considering the fraction before the treatment. The reversion range was from 44,6 to 57,9% of water soluble phosphate. The rate of correlation between solubility and ammonia dosis was -0,96 and the linear regression obtained was Y = 24,344-4,732x.

Neste trabalho, o último de um plano elaborado para o conhecimento das domácias em espécies e híbridos da família Vitaceae, apresentamos os estudos feitos em 120 variedades híbridas IAC. Deste total, 74 revelaram domácias as quais se enquadram nos tipos em "tufo de pêlos" e variações, e "em bolsa", segundo a classificação de CHEVALIER & CHESNAIS (1941). O material estudado constou de folhas não herborizadas, vindas do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas - Seção de Viticultura. As talhas ainda frescas e em várias fases do seu desenvolvimento, foram examinadas em ambas as faces, superior e inferior, na junção do pecíolo, anotando-se as particularidades relativas às domácias tais como: aspecto, localização, tamanho, forma, coloração e tamanho dos pêlos, etc. Pudemos observar novamente uma pequena variação nas domácias do tipo "em tufo de pêlos", que ora aparecem como "pêlos exparsos", ora como "aglomerado de pêlos" e ainda como "tufo de pêlos" propriamente dito. As domácias encontrada nos 120 híbridos, estão assim distribuídas: a) domácias em "tufo de pêlos" e suas variações - 44 b) domácias em "bolsa" - 3 Os pêlos domaciais podem ser claros ou escuros, curtos ou longos, lisos ou crespos, brancos ou esverdeados. As domácias aparecem na face inferior do limbo, na axila das nervuras de primeira e segunda ordem e na junção das nervuras com o pecíolo. Ocorrem, também, domácias na confluência das nervuras de diversas ordens.

In the present paper three new species of Phyllidae, Phasmatodea, are described, namely Pseudophasma septemtrionalis from Para (Brasil), P. surinamense from Suriname, and P. peruvianum from Peru.

An experiment was carried out in order to determine the effect of day time of foliar spraying of several levels of nitrogen fertilizers, N-P-K-S station, and its components on common bean leaves. Results, based on the visual observations, indicated the maximum levels of each fertilizer that did not cause injuries and showed that the foliar spraying early in the morning is the best day time.

The objective of the present work was to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), under field conditions. The experiments were carried out in 1971 at the Vila Velha Experimental Station of the Agricultural Office of the State of Paraná, situated in the urban district of Ponta Grossa-PR. Treatments with 60 and 90 Kg N/ha and without nitrogen were compared, in the presence of 120 Kg P2O5/ha, in the form of superphosphate and 60 Kg K2Ο/ha in the form of potassium chloride. The nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, with 45% of nitrogen, applied in solid form in the planting furrow and as a top dressing, and in both the solid form and as a 2% solution sprayed onto the leaves at the tillering and booting stages. The results obtained showed that an increase in grain production occurred when nitrogen was applied, although there was no significant difference between time of application, split application, form and quantity of nitrogen. Production of protein, as measured by total nitrogen, was significantly higher for doses of 90 kgN/ha. As far as the use of fertilizer in the solid form is concerned best results were obtained with split application or with applications at later stages. This was not true, however, when application was made by sprayng the leaves. The forms of application were equivalent. Nitrogen application decreases the level of lysine and increases the gluten content content of the grain, when compared with the control.

O experimento foi conduzido em um solo podzólico de Lins e Marília - variação Lins, barro arenoso, localizado no Município de Monte Azul Paulista, do Estado de São Paulo. O híbrido duplo H-6999B foi utilizado. O experimento constou de 8 tratamentos com 6 repetições. A quantidade de nitrogênio aplicado na forma de sulfato de amônio -15N, foi de 100 Kg/ha, e as de fósforo e de potássio foram de 100 Kg P3O5/ha e de 50Kg K2O/ha nas formas de superfosfato simples e de cloreto de potássio, respectivamente. Em relação aos modos de aplicação, os dados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa entre eles, embora as parcelas que receberam o nitrogênio a) em faixa, b) em faixa mais aplicação lateral e c) incorporado mais faixa e mais aplicação lateral, deram produções maiores (7.100 Kg/ha em média). Estes dados foram corroborados pela percentagem do nitrogênio na planta proveniente do fertilizante. A aplicação lateral do nitrogênio, 40 dias após a semeadura, acusou a maior quantidade de proteína (377 Kg/ha) e maior eficiência no aproveitamento do fertilizante e na sua conversão em proteína. Correlação positiva (r = 0,691) foi encontrada entre a produção e a concentração de nitrogênio na folha escolhida para fins de diagnose do estado nutricional da planta de milho.

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D on the phosphorus uptake by wheat plants (Triticum aestivum, E.) at the 3 leaves stage and its distribution in the plants. Four experiments were carried out in the greenhouse, with four replicates. In the first experiment the wheat plants were harvested 8 h hours after spraying the herbicide. In the second, third and fourth experiments, after 14, 26 and 50 hours respectively. In each experiment, four levels of 2,4-D, namely, 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm. and a solution with 32P were applied. The data showed: - The 2,4-D affected the phosphorus uptake and its distribution in the plant. - The four experiments showed a tendency toward 2,4-D stimulation of phosphorus uptake in wheat, which decreased with the passage of time. - The phosphorus translocation to the shoot was, in general, stimulated, but this decreased with time. In the third experiment when the plants were sprayed with 2000and 4000 ppm. 2,4-D, the translocation was reduced with respect to the control plants.

An experiment was carried out with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) in a Red Yellow Latossol, sandy phase, in order to study the influence of foliar spraying of the Hanway nutrient solution (NPKS) at grain filling stage on: 1) grain yield; 2) the uptake of fertilizer and soil nitrogen by this crop through the root system and 3) the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen in the foliar spray solution by the grain. The results of this experiment showed that the foliar application of the Hanway solution with ammonium nitrate at the pod filling period caused severe leaf burn and grain yield was inferior to that of the plants which received a soil application of this fertilizer at the same stage. These facts can be attributed to the presence of ammonium nitrate in the concentration used. The composition of final spray was: 114,28 Kg NH4NO3 + 43,11 Kg potassium poliphosphate + 12,44 Kg potassium sulphate per 500 litres. The uptake of nitrogen fertilizer through the root system and the efficiency of its utilization was greater than that through the leaves.

This work was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effect of foliar application of nitrogen in young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo- Novo). Three sources of nitrogen fertilizers were use: NaN0(3), (NH4)2SO4 and (NH2)2CO 0,7, 0,6 and 0,4 atom % N15 in excess, respectively. Three different methods of application for each source were used: 1) total application of the dosis to the soil; 2) total application of the dosis to the leaves; and 3) fractional application of the dosis, one half to the soil and one half by foliar application. The corresponding checks were also included. The experimental design used was complete randomized blocks, including 14 treatments replicated 3 times. Part of these treatments was in factorial arrangement. The 6 months old coffee plants were grown in a greenhouse during a period of 7 months. The plants were then separated in three fractions: root, stem and leaves. These fractions were oven dried, weighed, ground and total nitrogen and the isotopic relation of 14N/15N were determined. The dry matter yield, the amount of total nitrogen uptake, the quantity of this nutrient coming from the soil and fertilizer, for each treatment and fraction and for the whole plant, were the factors utilized to evaluate the effects of foliar application of the tested nitrogen sources. For the foliar application of nitrogen, a special system of spraying was tried. The most outstanding conclusions obtained are as follows : As a general rule, the effect of the three sources was always similar and the application to the soil followed by the application one half to the soil and one half foliar aplication were responsible for the increased dry matter yield. In relation to the total nitrogen uptake, a higher uptake was obtained with the application to the soil compared to foliar application, for the three nitrogen sources under study. In respect to the nitrogen in these young coffee plants coming from the fertilizes, the application to the soil was also superior to the foliar application. For foliar application, the efficiency of the nitrogen was 12.8%, 9.7% and 8.6% for sodium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. In one half soil and one half forliar application, the efficiency was 33.5%, 23.3% and 22.7% for sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea, respectivaly. Nitrogen translocation from the top to the roots of the plant was evident when applied through the leaves. In the half to the soil half to the leaves treatment with ammonium sulphate, no similar results were obtained. It is difficult to explain the low absorption of nitrogen applied to the leaves for the three sources, sodium nitrate being superior to urea.

Ordinary superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Olinda rock phosphate, thermos-phosphate, ammonium poliphosphate, diammonium phosphate, potassium metaphosphafe were applied to regosol and red yellow latosol and evaluated as phosphorus sources for wheats in greenhouse experiment. Considering the dry matter weight and phosphorus content in the plants, the experiment showed that triple superphosphate, ammonium poliphosphate and diammonium poliphosphate were the best phosphorus sourcecs in regosol, whereas in the latosol, ammonium poliphosphate, diammonium poliphosphate and potassium metaphosphate were the best sources.

Com o propósito de avaliar a colhedora Penha CLM-350, visando fornecer subsídios aos projetos e usuários, realizou-se o presente trabalho, onde foi estudada a eficácia do sistema espigador, determinando-se a porcentagem de milho colhido para os diversos tratamentos estudados. Definiu-se um parâmetro adimensional U, que é a relação entre a velocidade periférica dos roletes e a velocidade de deslocamento da colhedora. Procurou-se relacionar as diversos tratamentos U, com os valores percentuais de grãos de milho colhidos e perdidos no solo. Os resultados foram estudados através da análise de variância, empregando-se o teste F, aos níveis de 1% e 5% de probabilidade e o teste Tukey para a comparação estatística entre as médias.

With the aim of quantifying the shelling" and cleaning systems performance for the Penha CLM-350 harvester, the percentage of loss of corn kernels, which octirred in the straw outlet was determined, as well as, the percentage of debris, in the packaged corn. Taking the corn kernels harvested by the snapping rolls as 100%, the percentage of loss from the shelling and cleaning systems were determined, as well as, the percentage of debris in the packaged corn for the various treatments. The average moisture content for the corn was 15,78% (w.b.). The corresponding treatments for the shelling and cleaning" systems are the tangencial velocity of the shelling cylinder, or the angular velocity of the aspirator considering the geometric configuration of the machine. The analysis of variance with the F tests at 1% e 5% probability level were used to analyse the data, and Tukey's test was used for comparison between means. The statistical analysis showed that the angular velocity of the aspirator, related to the percentage of loss in the straw outlet, was highly significant, making possible the assumption of a linear relationship between the two parameters for the testing conditions. The comparison between means showed that the percentage of debris in the packaged corn were significant for the treatments D (1241,7 rpm) and E(820 rpm), the last one with the higher mean. A more accurate analysis of the data sugests that the percentage of debris, would depend more on the material flow through the harvester, than the rotation of the feeding auger.

This work deals with the effect of the shelling system of a corn harvester on the quality of corn kernels. The mechanical damage, both visible and invisible were evaluated, the last one using germination tests. The moisture content of the kernels for each treatment was determined. The peripheral velocity of the shelling cylinder was defined considering the diameter (300 mm) and the angular velocity for the various treatments. The statistical design used was randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 6 repetitions to study the percentage values of whole and broken kernels, the correspondent moisture content and germination values. The F test at 1% and 5% probability level and Tukey's test were used for comparison between means. From the analysis it is possible to conclude that the effect of moisture content was not statistically significant with an average moisture content of 15,78%. The comparions between means showed that there are highly significant differences for the peripheral velocity of the shelling cylinder on the percentage of whole kernels, it could be assumed that there was an inverse relation between those two parameters for the conditions tested. The germination test which was used to characterize invisible damage showed significant differences for some of the treatments. The results indicated an inverse relation between peripheral velocity of the shelling cylinder and the percentage of germination of the whole kernels. Some influence of the material flow through the shelling system was detected suggesting further studies of this phenomenon if these harvesters are to be used to harvest corn seed.

It was verified phenotypic adaptation of roots of several plants (Paspalum notatum, Phyllanthus minuri, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus sp, Cyperus rotundusand others) with fruits found in the soil of the palm-tree Dictyosperma rubra Wendl. & Drude cultivated as ornamental plant in the ESALQ park. This adaptation characterized by the penetration of roots through the round orifices found in the fruit pericarp promoted by an insect of the Bostriquide family and Coleoptera category. An experiment was realized in a plastic box with layers of soil alternated with layers of palm fruits without perforations. It was used the same weeds found near of the palm-tree in the park. It was verified after three months that the roots did not perforate the fruits, showed that the insects was not present in the soil.

After verifing the presence of the cupuliform organ on the seedlings from 105 species of Eucalyptus (ACCORSI, 1955-56), the author concluded that it is a morphological characteristic of the genus, which is peculiar to the plants only in first stages of their life. In this paper, the author resumes his study carried out on 20 species of Myrtaceae, distributed among 13 genus and he could certify, until now, that, in relation to the cupuliform organ, they may divided in three groups: 1.° Group - Without cupuliform organ 1. Campomanesia aurea Berg 2. Eugenia campestris DC. 3. Eugenia tomentosa Camb. 4. Eugenia uniflora L. 5. Myrciaria edulis Berg 6. Myrciaria trunciflora Berg 7. Pitangueira-gigante - As it was difficulty to identify this species, I use its common name. 2.° Group - With rudiment of cupuli orm organ 1. Eugenia uvalha Camb. 2. Jambosa vulgaris DC. 3. Myrciaria cauliflora Berg 3.° Group - With full cupuliform organ 1. Amomyrtus luma (Mol) Legr. et Kaus. 2. Blepharocalyx angustifolius Berg 3. Britoa acida Berg 4. Callistemon speciosus DC. o. Callistemon viminalis Cheel. 6. Feijoa sellowiana Berg 7. Myrceugenia glaucescens (Camb.) Legrand 8. Myrrhinium rubriflorum Berg 9. Psidium guayava Raddi 10. Psidium littorale Raddi During his observations, he could identify also in many, seeds an "operculum", further observations about it will be published opportunely.

The present work was carried out in order to study: (1) the symptoms of deficiency and excess of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg) in the coffee plant (Coffea arabica L. var. Mundo novo); (2) the modifications induced by those treatments in the hystological make up of the leaves; (3) the effects of deficiency and excess on the growth and in the chemical composition of the plants. Young coffee plants were grown in nutrient solution, three treatments being used, namely: complete solution (HOAGLAND & ARNON, 1950), deficient solution, in which a giVen element was omitted, and solution with 3 times the concentration of the element under study. The main conclusions can be summaryzed as follows. 1. SYMPTOMS. Clear cut symptoms of malnutrition were observed in the treatments: -N, -P, +P, -Ca, -Mg, -S and +S; the signals - and + stared respectively for deficient and excess level. 2. HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS. The most definite alterations took place in the treatments +P, -Mg and +S. Usually the characteristics of the chloroplasts were affected: loss of the green color and coalescence into irregular bodies.

1. No presente trabalho foram abordados diversos aspectos relacionados com a aplicação dos inseticidas sistêmicos no algodoeiro. 2. A variedade utilizada nas experiências relatadas foi a I. A. Campinas 817 e os ensaios, tanto de laboratório como de campo, foram relacionados em detalhe. 3. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os sistêmicos utilizados não afetaram, em ensaios com germinador, a capacidade de germinação das sementes. Também os resultados do ensaio de campo indicaram que as plantas, no que se refere ao florescimento, ao número de capulhos, ao pêso, à produção e à capacidade de germinação das sementes bem como às características das fibras, comprimento, uniformidade, resistência, finura, maturidade, porcentagem e índices de fibra e de sementes, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos. 4. Em face dos dados de germinação concluiu-se que a baixa porcentagem de germinação das sementes, no campo, muitas vêzes observadas após serem elas tratadas pelos sistêmicos, deve ser atribuída a fatôres extranhos ao tratamento e que os sistêmicos estudados não afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas.

Due to the great importance of coffee to the Brazilian economy, a good deal of the work carried out in the "Laboratório de Isótopos", E. E. A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil, was dedicated to the study of some problems involving that plant. The first one was designed to verify a few aspects of the control of zinc deficiency which is common in many types of soils in Brazil. An experiment conducted in nutrient solution showed that the leaf absorption of the radiozinc was eight times as high as the root uptake; the lower surface of the leaves is particularly suited for this kind of absorption. Among the heavy metal micronutrients, only iron did not affect the absorption of the radiozinc; manganese, copper, and molybdenum brought about a decrease of fifty per cent in total uptake. In another pot experiment in which two soils typical of the coffee growing regions were used, namely, a sandy soil called "arenito de Bauru" and a heavy one, "terra roxa", only O.l and 0.2 per cent of the activity supplied to the roots was recovered", respectively. This indicates that under field conditions the farmer should not attempt to correct zinc deficiency by applying zinc salts to the soil: leaf sprays should be used wherever necessary. In order to find out the most suitable way to supply phosphatic fertilizers to the coffee plant, under normal farm conditions, an experiment with tagged superphosphate was carried out with the following methods of distribution of this material: (1) topdressed in a circular area around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a 15 cm deep furrow made around the plant; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow, as in the previous treatment; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. It was verified that in the first case, circa 10 per cent of the phosphorus in the leaves came from the superphosphate; for the other treatments, the results ware, respectively: 2.4, 1.7, and 38.0 per cent. It is interesting to mention that the first and the last methods of distribution were those less used by the farmers; now they are being introduced in many coffee plantations. In a previous trial it was demonstrated that urea sprays were an adequate way to correct nitrogen deficiency under field conditions. An experiment was then set up in which urea-C14 was used to study the metabolism of this fertilizer in coffee leaves. In was verified that in a 9 hours period circa 95 per cent of the urea supplied to the leaves had been absorbed. The distribution of the nitrogen of the urea was followed by standard chemical procedures. On the other hand the fate of the carbonic moiety was studied with the aid of the radiochromatographic technique. Thus, the incorporation of C14 in aminoacids, sugars and organic acids was ascertained. Data obtained in this work gave a definite support to the idea that in coffee leaves, as in a few other higher plants, a mechanism similar to the urea cycle of animals does exist.

No summary/description provided