RCAAP Repository

Total bacterial counts (32°C and 5°C) and most probable numbers (MPN) of coliform organisms and E. coli were determined for samples of three retail bovine meat cuts and cutting and boning equipment three supermarkets. In the oldest of these, total counts were higher on meat cuts prepared in the cutting room than on meat boned in the packing plant. Total counts were generally high on the equipment (higher for incubation at 32°C), with the wooden surfaces (tables, cutting boards) showing significaitly higher numbers than the metallic ones (eletric saw, knives). No differences could be found between counts on "clean" equipment and counts on equipment being-used. Coliform organisms were generally present; when meat samples were tested for this group of bacteria and for E. coli, it was found that 96% of the samples were positive for both.

With the purpose of determining the best vigor tests for cotton seeds, laboratory tests and a field experiment were made, using chemically delinted seeds of two cultivars, I AC 13-1 and IAC RM-3, stored in a dry chamber and under laboratory conditions. The following laboratory tests were performed: 1. percentage of emergence; 2. velocity of emergence - based on the number of plants emerged daily; 3 germination - being it's first counting as a vigor test; 4. rapid aging - the seeds were kept in the rapid aging chamber for 36, 48 60 and 72 hours; 5 ammonium chloride - the seeds were imerged in a 4% solution for 1,2 and 3 hours. Seed yield and the percentage and velocity of emergence were evaluated in the field experiment. The statistical analysis and interpretation of the results indicated that: the number of days required to make the last counting of the germination can be reduced; the first counting of this test was not efficient to determine the seed vigor; the best vigor test was obtained by keeping the seeds in the rapid aging chamber for 72 hours.

The traditional system of yeld forecasting utilizes technical reports from different resources. The collect of informations begins before the planting, period and the estimatives are adjusted during the development of the cultures. The present work, intends to show the possibilities of the color infrared film in the yeld forecasting of the corn. The quantitatives informations was obtained though the transmission density. The work was conducted en São Manuel Experimental Farm of -Faculdade -de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu - UNESP. The six trials consisted in different manure quantities, with probable yeld differences. The culture was photographed with color film (Kodak Ektachrome 64 ASA) and color infrared film Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Film) and the optical density was measured with a transmission microdensitometer, Weston, model 877 with a aperture of 0,8 mm. The interation between Yeld and Optical Density was analysed through correlation and linear regression. The analysis of the results led to the following main conclusions: a) after the necessary calibrations, the color infrared film, can be used in the yeld forecasting of the corn; b) the quantitative interpretation of the results through transmission density, suggest the application of this method in other types of cultures.

The photointerpretatives parameters are very subjective, because each photointerpreter has his own criterion. The objective of the present, work is to evidence the utilization of the densitometry in the interpretation of vegetation. In the study, were used aerial color photographs (transparences 23 x 23 cm) in the scale 1.6.000. The utilized color film was the Kodak Ektachrome MS Aerograpluc Film 2448. Because of the scale sise, was very easy to identify the natural and cultural vegetation. Each type of vegetation was classified by Munsell renovation The optical density was through a WESTON transmission microdensitometer, model 877. For each type of identified vegetation were made densitometric measurements, for later comparation. The obtained data were utilized in the evaluation of the importance of densitometric readings. For the utilized photographs, the main conclusions are: a) the densitometric measurements showed best results comparatively with the convencional photointerpretations; b) the utilization of color infrared film suggest the possibility of a increase in the importance of the densitometric readings.

Verificou-se os efeitos de CCC e GA quando aplicados sob a forma de pulverização das plântulas, na morfologia, florescimento e produtividade do feijoeiro cultivar Carioca, em condições de casa de vegetação. Estudou-se as concentrações de 500, 2000 e 4000 ppm de CCC juntamente com 50 pprn de GA; sendo que CCC 500 + GA 50 ppm promoveu aceleração no crescimento da haste principal e CCC 4000 + GA 50 ppm retardou esse crescimento em relação ao controle. Aplicação de CCC 500 + GA 50 ppm aumentou o número de folhas do feijoeiro. Num período de 2 semanas após o tratamento com CCC 500 + GA 50 ppm ocorreu aumento no comprimento dos meritalos, sendo que 30 dias após a aplicação de CCC 4000 + GA 50 ppm verificou-se diminuição no comprimento dos mesmos. Observou-se aumento no comprimento do limbo foliar 5 dias após os tratamentos com CCC 500 + GA 50 ppm ou CCC 2000 + GA 50 ppm. Ocorreu aumento no número médio de flores com aplicação de CCC 500 + GA 50 ppm. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre a produtividade das plantas tratadas com relação ao controle.

The effect of growth regulators (CCC, Alar, Giberelin and Ethephon) on the technological characteristics of tomatoes was studied. The regulators were sprayed only once over the whole plant, 38 days after seeding. The tomatoes were harvested twice, 60 and 100 days after the regulators were applied. Quality was evaluated through physical (soluble solids and color), chemical (pH, ascorbic acid content and pectinesterase activity) and sensory (color, flavor, external and internal aspects) analysis. Within the range of this esperiment the authors concluded that the growht regulators did not affect pH. color (both on physical and sensory evaluations), soluble solids and ascorbic acid contents. The PE activity was slightly affected, being significant in the interaction between treatment and time of harvest. Flavor was not affected but the tomatoes from the second harvest were significantly better than those from the first one. The internal and external aspects were significantly affected by the regulators, being Ethephon the worst and CCC the best. In terms of overall quality, the preference of the panel members rated treatment 2 (CCC) the best, followed by 5 (Ethephon) 1 (Control), 4 (Giberelin) and 3 (Alar).

Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados dos estudos sobre as variações das dimensões (comprimento e largura) dos elementos dos vasos através das mensurações microscópicas desses elementos nos diversos anéis de crescimento de dois discos tomados ao nível de D.A.P. de duas plantas adultas do Eucalyptus Saligna Smith. Pudemos também avaliar o aumento do comprimento das fibras em relação aos elementos dos vasos, tomado em substituição às células cambiais que deram origem as fibras e vasos. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho nos mostram que as variações nas dimensões dos elementos do vaso nos anéis de crescimento, segue o mesmo modelo das variações das fibras, as quais se enquadram dentro das "Leis de SANIO- 1872". Mostra também que o aumento no ritmo de crescimento intrusivo das fibras depois de produzidas é muito maior durante o lenho adulto. Disso se conclui da importância do aproveitamento qualitativo dos Eucalyptus adultos, isto após 10 a 11 anos de idade.

According to the meterological data of the cultivation region, using the summation of accumulated degree days above a minimum called basic temperature, we can make the estimation of growth periods, maturation moment, and moments to make pes; and disease controls. With this subject it was studied the behaviour with relations to the cycle of fruiting of the Pollock, Collinson, Prince, and Wagner cultivars in three regions of Sao Paulo State: Novo Horizonte, Limeira, and Itapetininga. It was used the method of VILLA NOVA et alii (1972) to make these determinations. It wasverified that certain specific cultivar growing in climatically different regions needs the same quantity of degree days to complete the cycle of fruiting. Is was determined that the cultivar Pollock needs about 2513 degree days; Collinson 3767; Prince 4138 and Wagner 4480. Depending of the race of origin of the avocados, we can determine a range of accumulated degree days for the different cultivars to complete the cycle of fruiting. So, the cultivars of the Antilhana race, considered premature, need 2164 to 3554; the Guatemalense race, considered slow, need 3729 to 4708, and the hibrids (Antilhana. x Guatemalense) need 3278 to 3790 degree days accumulated.

The effects of seed size on germination, vigor and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) were studied by means of laboratory tests and a field experiment. The following tests were performed: first count of germination, rapid aging and ammonium chloride test. The effect on yield was determinated by means of a randomized block design field experiment. Analysis and interpretation of results showed that seed size had no influence on germination, vigor and yield.

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate, through germination tests, the importance of the weight on rice seeds (Orza sativa L.). Batatais, Pratão Precoce. IAC-120, IAC-435 and IAC-1246 varieties were tested. The trial was conducted in the Seed Laboratory of the "Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura da Escola Superior de Aricultura Luiz de Queiroz", from November, 1973. to December, 1974. Seeds of each variety was submited to a controled ventilation action through a blower, allowing the separation of each variety in to three fractions, with different weights, that is, light, median and heavy. The light, median and heavy seeds obtained were stored indry chamber and in laboratory. The germination tost were done in three periods (March/April, July and December, 1974), using as experimental design a factorial 3x2 whose variables were three weights and two environments of seeds conservation with four replications. Data analyses and the interpretation of the obtained results allowed us to draw the following conclusions: a) the heavy seeds and the median weight ones presented a higher percentage of germination than the light seeds in all studied varieties; b) this effect was less intense in the case of the Batatais and IAC-1246 varieties; c) the dry chamber environment showed superior to the laboratory for he conservation of the seeds.

Grain sorghum var. TEY-101 was grown in nutrient solution in the presence and in the absence of micronutrients. Symptoms of deficieny of all micronutrients were obtained. Growth, as measured by dry matter production was affected by the treatments in the folowing decreasing, order: minus Fe, minus Zn, minus Mn, minus B, minus Mo and minus Cu. An additional treatment in which excess Mn was used revealed a relative tolerance of the variety to high levels of this element. The results of chemical analyses of the leaves suggest that the following contents (in ppm) of micronutrients are associated with the respective deficiencies: B - 20 to 40, Cu - 8 to 10, Fe - 198, Mn - 32 to 35, Mo - 0.5, Zn - 46 to 52; in the case of Fe the Fe/Mn relationship seems to give a better indication of the nutritional status than the content of the element per se, being igual to 1.7 in the healthy plants, and 0.6 in the iron deficient ones.

A trial was carried out in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, to verify the effect of cultivation, fertilizing, and varietal characters in the productivity of peanut plants. Heaping and fertilizing 9:30:16 of N-P-K, 250 kg/ha were tested comparatively with the check treatments between cultivars "Tatu - 53" and "Tatu - Lusitânia" under field conditions. The production of peanut shelled or not shelled were not significantly affected when fertilization and cultivation (heaping) were done or when fertilization and cultivation were associated. There was, yet, a significant difference between the productivity of shelled and not shelled peanuts of the cultivars "Tatu - 53" and "Tatu - Lusitânia". It was noted however, that the fertilizing practices gaves an increase in the number of peanut shells per hectare when compared with the production of not fertilized or cultivated plants. There was a great difference between the plant dry weigth of the cultivars "Tatu - 53" and "Tatu - Lusitânia". The latter was twice as productive. Both cultivars developed similarly, though "Tatu - Lusitânia" showed more vigorous stems and leaves.

This research deals with the effects of exogenous growth regulators on leaf osmotic potential of tomato cultivar "Angela". To study the influence of growth substances on osmotic potentia, (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) at concentration of 2,000 ppm, succinic acid-2,2-dirnethylhydrazide (Alar) (3,000 ppm), and potassium gibberellate (Gibrel) (100 ppm) were applied. The leaf osmotic potential established everyday during six days showed that plants treated with Gibrel presented lower (negative) osmotic potential. CCC promoted better equilibrium in the osmotic potential of tomato plants. Leaves of tomato cultivar "Angela" presented higher osmotic potential in the morning in relation to leaves collected in the afternoon.

No summary/description provided

Experiments were carried out in order to study the effect of time external concentration, pH, temperature, aeration and inhibitors (KF, KCN and 2,4-DNP) on the phosphate absorption by the excised roots of grain Sorghum bicolor L. Moench var. Contibrasil 102, DeKalb and Tey-101, using 32P as tracer.

It was studied the influence of 2-choroethyl phosphonic acid (Ethrel) on flowering induction of indeterminate tomato, cv. "Santa Cruz Gigante", applied in different stages of development (one, four and eight weeks after transplanting) in 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm concentrations of the product. It was observed that higher concentrations (300 and 400 ppm) provocated withing of plants and posterior abscision of part of inflorescence without reduction of the yield when applied during flowering. It was not observed neither flower induction nor increasing in productivity.

The word "Cerrado" is used in Brazil in a broad sense. In the wide sense, it is a regional large-scale vegetation type that forms both a vegetational and a floristic province. This large-scale vegetational province posseses a distinctive flora with a few endemic genera and hundreds of endemic species. In the present work, the authors, run analysis of the differents parts of three species collected during one year, from a Regosol (Entisols), situated at the region of Cajuru, São Paulo, Brazil. In this paper, analysis of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn and Al are presented. From the data the followings conclusions may be draw: 1 - The year seasons does not affected markedly the dry matter production of the species; 2 - The concentration on macro and micronutrients, with few exceptions, are similars to the cultivated plants; 3 - The lignotuber of "shrub" plant actually accumulate nutrients; 4 - All of the studied species are not aluminium accumulator plants.

Some aspects of SO4² absorption by excised roots of "Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench" namely, inibition effects of NaF, KCN, 2,4- DNP and factors such as aeration, solution pH and temperature on the rate of absorption were studied. The excised roots showed multiphasic mecanism of SO4²- absorption. The relative absorption rates, presented by three varieties, were in decreasing order: Tey-101, Contibrasil-101 and Dekalb-E-57. Inhibition effects on the absorption of SO4²- by excised roots were shown in the case of the three ihibitors studied hereof-. Aeration and solution temperature are important factors on SO4²- absorption. At the external solutio n concentration of Na,2SO(4)10-³M the best fitted equation to the experimental values was shown to be: umoles/g dry matter = 1,639- 1,585 exp. (-0,006618t)

Research material for this work was soil samples from the plow layer from five soils. Samples were taken and submitted to different incubations periods (T0 = 0; T1 = 2; T2 = 20 and T3 = 200 hours) after treatment with a monocalcium phosphate solution (4 ml of a solution with 1,500 ppm P per 10 grams of soil). Of the soils used nos. I, II and V were Latosols; whereas the others were Podzolics (Soils III and IV). At the end of each incubation period, the phosphorus content was determined using the extraction solution of 0.025 N H2SO4 and 0.05 N HCl. The quantity of fixed phosphorus was calculated by subtracting the values found for T1, T2 and T3 from the "corrected strata" for T0. For this purpose each soil sample was treated with an equal amount of destilled water and was observed at the four time periods specified above. In accordance with the statistical analysis (Tukey's test) it was found that for each soil had a statistical significance at the level of 1% as related to the linear and quadratic effects of the incubation period. A joint analysis of the 5 soils samples Tukey's test at the 5% level showed the lack of marked differences among Soils I, II and V (Latosols), but Soils of III and IV nos. (Podzolics) showed a statistical difference.

Using four concentrations of monocalcic phosphate solution in soil samples from five different soil series taken from the region of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil, a study on phosphorus fixation was carried out. Of the soils used, three are Latosols (Soils I, II and V) whereas the rest (Soils III and IV), Podzolics. Is was observed a 200 hours incubation period for all treatments (P1 = 500; P2 = 1,000 and P3 = 1,500 P ppm). Each experimental unity consisted of a container with 10g of soil which received 4 ml of the mentioned solution. At the end of the trial, the evaluation of phosphorus content was done with an extractable solution of 0.025 N H2SO4 é and 0.05 N HCl. In order to make corrections on original data each soil sample received a 4 ml. destilled water treatment (P0) submitted or not to the 200 hour incubation period. The quantity of fixed phosphorus was calculated by subtracting the values found for P1, P2 and P3 those submitted to the 200 hour incubation period from the values for the "corrected strata", those not submitted to the incubation period.