RCAAP Repository

The nitrification inhibitor "AM" was tested in four different soils of São Paulo State, in order to determine the effective dose for nitrification inhibition for each soil. The doses of "AM" used (0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 ppm) were not sufficient to act significantly in the Latossol Roxo and Podzolizado of Lins and Marília, var. Marilia soils; however, positive results were obtained in the Podzolizado of Piracicaba and Regossol Intergrade soils. For the first soil, doses of 48 to 60 ppm were sufficient to act for a period of 60 days and for the second, the "AM" was effective with 24 ppm. for a same period of time.

The present experiment, carried out in greenhouse, had the aim to verify the effect of the forms 15NH4 and 15NO3 in presence or absence of organic matter and of the nitrification inhibitor "AM" (2-amino-4-chloro-6-methyil-pyrimidme) in dry matter weight and nitrogen content of the plant derived from soil and from fertilizer. The test plant was the hibrid maize Centralmex. The fertilizers (15NH4)2SO4 and Na15NO3, were added in two levels: 40 and 120 kg N/ha, with 1,02% of 15N and 1,4% of 15N in excess, respectively. Three soils of different physical and chemical characteristics were used: Regossol «intergrade", Latossol Roxo and Podzolizado de Lins e Marília var. Marília. The results showed a better effect of the nitrate form, mainly in the presence of the organic matter, on the absorption of nitrogen by the plants. The presence of organic matter contributed to increase the use of the nitrogen fertilizer in the soils Regossol and Podzolizado, but did not show any significative effect in the Latossol Roxo. The nitrification inhibitor "AM" was neither effective on dry matter weight nor increased the efficiency of the fertilizer. There are also evidences that the presence of the organic matter increased the "A" Value of Latossol Roxo and Podzolizado, but this did not happen in the Regossol, because in this soil, the use of nitrate form alone was better than the treatments with organic mater and "AM". The high "A" Values obtained in the experiment can be attributed, in part, to the short period of the experiment, The "A" Value may not express the real nutritive potential of the soil nitrogen.

In this paper was studied the flame photometric method for potassium determination in fertilizers using only aqueous extract of fertilizer and aqueous extract content ammonium oxalate, comparatively with the volumetric sodium tetraphenyboron (STPB) method. The flame photometric method using only aqueous extract presented results always down of that STPB method being its relative error on an avarage - 0.76% with potassium fertilizer materials and approximately - 3% with mixtures. The flame photometric method using aqueous extract content ammonium oxalate presented results enough near that STPB method, being its relative error on an avarage - 0.35% with potassium fertilizer materials and approximately 0.7% with mixtures but alternated among positive and negative error. The precision of both photometric method is very high but it must have much care with dilutions, that are larges.

In this paper was studied the behavior of the 2%citric acid solution for phosphorus evaluation in simple fertilizers and mixtures in two extraction conditions: directly in the sample and, therefore,, in presence of water soluble components, and after the extration of water soluble components, that is to say the same classic extraction technique adopted for ammonium citrate solution. The results were compared among themselves and with those attained by water and ammonium citrate criteria making possible to conclude that the direct citric (ratio 1:100) is affect by the presence of water soluble components; also, the water insoluble fraction of the simple fertilizers presents greater solubility in ammonium citrate solution the water insoluble fraction of the fertilizer mixtures containig rock phosphates presented greater solubility int the citric solution with extraction after the elimination water soluble components and the smaller solubilities were presented in the citric solution with direct extration by the mixture containning hyperphosphate but in the ammonium citrate solution by he mixture containning Araxá apatite. The mixture containning degelatined bones meal presented the same solubility in three extraction techinique studied.

The present paper was conducted to study the influence of different packaging materials on the quality of banana figs. After passing through rubber holes, slightly smaller than the bananas,, the full ripened peeled fruits were treated with SO2, dehydrated and packed in the following types of material: aluminum foil, cellophane film, polyethylene film and aluminum foil plus polyethylene ("combined"). The effects of the different packaging materials on the quality of banana figs were evaluated in terms of color, flavor, texture and overall quality. The results showed that, up to 45 days storage, the quality of banana figs packed in polyethylene film, in aluminum foil, and in the "combined" was satisfactory for all attributes studied. At 75 days storage the polythylene film was the best for overall quality. On the other hand at 105 days storage, none of the packaging materials under study was able to maintain the overall quality of the product. The cellophane film was also found to be the best material for color, up to 105 days storage. However, this material presented some limitations concerning to texture and attack of insects to the banana figs.

No presente trabalho foram determinados os teores residuais de SO2 em passas elaboradas com bananas tratadas com solução de metabisulfito de potássio a 2%, acondicionadas em alumínio,, celofane, polietileno e alumínio+polietileno ("combinado") e armazenadas de 15 a 105 dias à temperatura ambiente. A determinação de SO2 foi realizada com medida potenciométrica em eletrodo com separação de ar (em sistema de fluxo contínuo). Constatou-se que: a) o produto perde SO2 após processamento; b) o celofane proporciona, relativamente aos demais materiais testados, uma maior retenção de anidrido sulfuroso nas passas; c) os teores de SO2 encontrados nas passas de banana desde os 15 dias até os 105 dias de armazenamento não ultrapassam o limite estabelecido pela Comissão Nacional de Normas e Padrões para Alimentos.

Ca and K content of sand fraction and whole soil of eight pedons representing soils found on successively higher landscape north of Piracicaba River in São Pedro region were studied. Some of the conclutions that can be drawn from the K and Ca data are: - It Kas found that with the exception of Pedon 1 and 3 the contents of both K and Ca are very low. The higher contents of K found in these soils indicate that materials on surface I and III hawe undesgone less weathering and can be considered to have been exposed to weathered more recently. - The sand fraction of all soils, with the exception of Pedon 3, has a very low content of both Ca and K and hence has low content, if any, of weatherable minerals. - Pedons 6, 7 and 8 although they contain appreciabele clay, have wery low content of K and Ca in the soil.

Eight pedons representing soils found on successively higher landscapes along a 25 km transect north of Piracicaba River were investigate as to their clay mincralogical properties. The clay fraction in most of the soils is composed predominantly of kaolinitc and gibbsite. Gibbsite is most prevalent in the soils exhibiting the most weathering. Pedons located on lower surface have a content of gibbsite of less trail 6% and pedons located on higher surfaces i, e. Pedons 6, 7 and 8, have a gibbsite content within the range of 12 - 54%. Pedons 3 has a different mincralogical coposition; the amount of 2:1 minerals represented by mica, vermic.ulite and montmorillonite is large, estimated values ranging from 30 to 70% of the clay. In the other soils the 2:1 mineral is represented mainly by vermieulitc in low amounts (less than 8%) and it is lower in soils on the higher surfaces. For the lower surfaces there is a correlation between clay mineralogy and the pustulated relative ages of surface. This relationship is not apparent in soils located on the higher surfaces. Transformation of kaolinite to gibbsite is suggested by the results obtained on relative quantities of these mineral species found in the soils investigated.

Two hundred recent mature leaves were collected, at april 1976, from each of the upper crown part of to years old plants (E. grandis, E. microcorys, E. resinifera, E.robusta, E. saligna), established on two Red Yellow Latossol site at Mogi Guaçu and Areia Branca, State of São Paulo, Brasil. Chemical analysis were run for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in order to detect nutritional differences between the species. The highest concentration of N, P, K and S were founded in E. grandis; while E. microcorys exhibited the lowest concentrations in nutrients. High eleveis in Mn were observed in all species due the acid soils. The yields in (m³/ha.) of wood have varied considerably within the species. The higher production of wood was of the species E. grandis and the lower was due E. microcorys. A positive correlation were observed between nutrient concentration (x) and yield of wood (y) for the elements and is expressed by the following equations: Ny = 261.45 x - 158.51 r = 0.60** Py = 4.476.80 x - 126.24 r = 0.60** Ky = 715.27 x- 1.76 r = 0.58** Sy = 1.431.74 x - 2.13 r = 0.51** Fe y = 2.773.2 x+ 48.63 r = 0.34*

Four soils on a shale catena were studied in Sete Lagoas region, Minas Gerais State and theirs physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were studied. The soils belongs to the following great soil groups: Soils Bruns Acids (Oxic Humitropepts), Profile 1 located in upland Profile 2 (Typic Paleustult) located in pediment backslope and Dark Red Latosols (Typic Haplorthox) Profiles 3 and 4, located in pediment footslope. The silt content is high and it decreaces from Pedon 1 through Pedon 4, and it was inherited from parent material. There is a relationship between soil properties and the position of the soils on the landscape. The contents of base saturation, silt and 2:1 clay minerals are higher in soils located on upland and pediment blackslope than soils located on pediment footslope. Soils Bruns Acids are mineralogicaly younger than Dark Red Latosols. Mica, ikaolinite and montmorillonite were probably inherited from parente material. Gibbsite and vermiculite were formed during pedogenesis. According to mica content the following weathering sequence is suggested, going from the least to the most weathered soils: Soils Bruns Acid (Profiles 1 and 2) < Dark Red Latosol (Profile 3) < Dark Red Latosol (Profile 4). In relation to genetic implication in the studied area a general conclution is drown that all soils have been developed from reworked parent material.

Ten soil profiles representative of the region known as "Reconcavo Baiano" (Sedimentary Basin) in Bahia State, were studied with the main objective of collecting information on the mineralogy of their respective clay fraction to determine their weathering sequence. Two of the profiles were taken form a Red-Yellow Podzolic soil and eight from Grumosols (Vertisol). Clay fraction were obtained from each horizon of the ten profiles through routine fractionation of the soil sample. These were pre-treated to eliminate soluble salts, organic mather and free iron oxides. The samples were then analysed qualitatively and quantitatively to determine their mineralogical composition. The results indicated that kaolinite was the dominant clay mineral in the Red-Yellow Podzolic with an average of 55%. Among the 2.1 minerals, mica was the main mineral with 15%. The transformation mica to kaolinite was observed. The 2:1 minerals (mica, vermieulite and montmorillonite) were dominant minerals in Grumosols (70 to 80%) and that montmorillonite was the main mineral. The transformation montmorillonite to kaolinite was observed. There was differencces in the weathering in these soils. According to kaolinite amount these profiles were grouped as following: Profiles BS5 and BS8 as soils with low kaolinite amount (average of 5%); profiles BS9 and BS10 as relatively high amount of kaolinite (average of 30%) and the others profiles as intermediate kaolinite amount.

No summary/description provided

The aim of this work was to estimate the differences in nutrients uptake and exportation of micronutrients by the fallowings cultivars: Campinas (IAC-2712), Camanducaia (IAC-3530); Monte Alegre (IAC-3113) and SH-2. The experimental was carried out in a soil - Terra Roxa Extruturada type, "Luiz de Queiroz", serie. The experimental design was that randomized blocks with four replications and analysed together following the design of split-plot. The soil of the plots were revolved to a deep of 12 cm. following application of 10 kg. organic matter/m². The fertilizers were applied in the groove and in the same amount for all cultivars: Ammonium sulfate (20% N); triple superpohsphate (20% P2O5); potassium chloride (60% K2O). Thirty days of ter planting, 10 g./plant of ammonium sulfate was applied. After 76 days from planting, the first sample was taken. Other samples were taken in equal intervals of 20 days, up to 216 days. The samples were devided into stems, leaves and fruits. Chemical analysis were sun for B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The followings conclusions could be drawn. The were differences our micronutrients content in stems and leaves among the cultivares (B, Cu, Fe, Zn) and in the fruits for B, Cu and Fe.

Effects of Exuberone and planting seasons. This work refers to the study of the development of azalea (Rhododendron simsii, planch) cuttings, in the four different seasons of the year and the effect off phytolohormone (Exuberone) applied by the slow method, in eight different concentrations. The results, obtained showed that the best period for the rooting of azalea cuttings, was the and of spring (ovember), independently of the application of Exuberone. The phytohormone effects were variable in the same season and between seasons. The period less favourable for rooting was the end of winter (September).

The present work was carried out in order to study the application of three comercial fertilizers in gloxinea (Sinningia speciosa, Hiern). Yogen n.° 2 increased the flowering period through more than ten days and improved the flower production in about truice more flowers than the control, when it was applied each 10 and each 20 days.

In order to obtain basic information on the absorption of macro and micronutrients, passion fruits were sampled from a fertilized plantation every 10 day from the begining of the fruit formation until the age of 80 days. The data presented in tables shown: 1 - the growth of the fruit was very intensive during the first 60 days; 2 - the concentration in N, P, Ca, S, B and M n decreased with the age of the fruit; 3 - the fruit presented at the harvest time: N - 350 mg; K - 350 mg; S - 30 mg; P - 29 mg; Mg - 19 mg; Ca - 19 mg; Zn - 1.290 ug; Mn - 268 ug; B - 194 ug; Cu -72 ug.

Several growth regulators were sprayed on strawberry plants: SADH (5000 ppm), CCC (2000 ppm), IAA (10 ppm, 3 times), GA 10 ppm, 3 times) and GA (550 ppm), Ascorbic acid, dry weight and soluble carbohydrates contents of fruits were determined. Statistically differences were not observed between treatments and control. Dry weight varied from 7.62 to 9.53%. Ascorbic acid content varied from 35.88 to 71.81 mg/100 g on fresh weight basis. Mean values of soluble carbohydrates, in grams/100 g on fresh weight basis, were total (5.58), sucrose (1.01), glucose (1.63) and frutose (1.54).

Amostras de couve-flor (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) foram armazenadas à temperatura ambiente, a 5°C (geladeira) e a - 20°C (congelador) e foram feitas as análises para ácido ascórbico. O teor de ácido ascórbico não variou durante o período de resfriamento e as amostras de couve-flor congelada mostrou uma redução de 50% durante 12 dias de armazenamento. Amostras colocadas à temperatura ambiente apresentaram um pequeno aumento até os 3 dias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tipos de embalagens usadas (garrafa de vidro, sacos plásticos e folhas de alumínio) quanto ao teor de ácido ascórbico.

With the aim to verify as phosphorus can increase castor bean yield, an experiment was conducted, using the "Campinas" cultivar. It was laid out during season of 1971-1972 and the experimental design was in randomized brodkss, with five replications and six rates of phosphorus, 0 - 40 - 80 - 120 - 160 - 200 kg of P2O5/ha. According to the data, the following conclusions can be drawn. There was an increase of the seed production of 320% when the data of the treatments with prosphorus were compared with that without phosphorus. This is due to the fact that phosphorus increased the number of fruits by raceme and by plot, the seed weight, and decreased the percentage of hulls in the fruits. Among the racemes, the first one gave better response to phosphorus. Fertilizer phosphorus application increased the phosphorus content of the seed and showed a tendency to diminish the nitrogen content of the hulls. The oil seed content was not affected by the phosphorus addition in soil.

The main object of the present study was to obtain information on the accumulation of dry matter, absorption and distribuition of nutrients by six potatoes cultivars (ARACY, ITAIQUARA, ABAETÊ, IAC-IIII, TEBERÊ, IAO-5603). The experiment was conducted on a Red Dark Latossol at the Experimental Station in Capão Bonito, São Paulo. The experimental design utilized was a randonized complete block with four replications. Rates of nutrient utilized were as follows: 70 Kg/ha of N; Kg/ha of P2O5 and 150 kg/ha of K6O at planting time. All plots received an application of 70 Kg/ha of N in the dressin form, 45 days later. The stands corresponded to a population of 35,000 plants perhectare. Sampling of the plants were executed at intervals of 20 days until maturity. Dry matter contents of leaves, stms and tubers were determined, as well as the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe.