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This thesis proposes to study the role of trade specialization of the countries on Natural Resources in order to (i) investigate the changes in the nature of trade in products based on NR and whether they refer to new markets, new segments and new arrangements of productive structures in the context of traditional trade and trade in added value. Also, (ii) to evaluate the impacts of the patterns of specialization based on natural resources in economic growth rates of selected countries in the period of 1980-2012. Therefore, the engaged methodology was the calculus of the revealed comparative advantage (traditional VCR) and revealed comparative advantage in trade in value added (VCR added value), cluster analysis and analysis of the breakdown of exports (TiVA). For the analysis of the trajectories of economic growth of countries whose expertise is concentrated in natural resources the VAR modeling was used. The results suggest that the majority of the export profiles of countries specialized in natural resources have changed very little since the 1980s. The restricted membership of the industry based on natural resources in the network (global) production confirmed marginal changes in the nature of trade in primary goods even those products whose statistics showed a greater weight in international trade flows - primary goods with some degree of processing. From the point of view of economic growth, there is a positive contribution of VCRs in economic growth for most countries, except Brazil (negative effect) and Australia and Chile (neutral effect). However, it is worth remembering that this is a marginal contribution on the macroeconomic dynamics surrounding the economies.

Because of its strategic importance to the economy and politics, the Global Oil and Gas Industry (O&G Industry), from the 1970s, becomes part of recurrent policies and state intervention. In Brazil, this is no different. In order to strengthen the exploration and production (E&P) in Brazil, the state has incorporated the role of fostering the development of this industry. This role was observed throughout the state monopoly period, and also after the Law no. 9478 of 1997, creating the basis for opening the sector to the participation of domestic and foreign private companies. The sector\'s opening promoted the intensification of investments and consequently an increase in the demand for products and services of E&P. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the policies to support the competitiveness of enterprises of the National Supply Chain of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry between 1997 and 2014. To study public policy in four different sectors - Physical and Institutional Structuring; Value Chain Development; Generation and Knowledge Transfer; Development and Human Factors it uses a qualitative method of \"Coherence Postulate\". Based on the study of the interrelation of three components - Organizations, Methods and Purposes - with specific elements of a policy, the method is intended to assist in evaluating consistency between the components and the planned policy results. After applying the method to the selected policies, it is concluded that the policies in the four sectors are inconsistent and they do not allow for the development of public actions and to achieve the required results to increase domestic enterprises competitiveness.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This dissertation main goal is to develop a study on the exports determinants for nine Northeast Brazilian States. In order to achieve this goal the dissertation includes three chapters and the analysis relies on the period of 1999 to 2012. The first chapter uses a set of economic and social indicators to construct a diagnostic for the Northeast States and develops a correlation analysis between the growth rates of exports and GDP and the export value and per capita GDP. The second one develops a set of data that allow one to have an overview of the export behavior for the States of the Northeast region during the investigation period. The third chapter estimates two vector autoregressive (VAR) models in order to understand the role played by the real effective exchange rate, the trade weighted foreign income based on the major ten export partners and the international commodity prices on exports for each one of the Northeast States. The empirical results suggests that the States of the Northeast Region have experienced significant economic and social advances during the period of analysis, but with few exceptions, these advances are still below the national indicators. Based on this preliminary analysis one can say that exports can be a channel to foster economic growth and development for the state economies. Exports have a significant growth, regardless of the decrease during 2009 for eight out of nine Northeast States. The export composition relies mainly on agriculture and mineral commodities, and manufactured products with low aggregate value and it is clear that there has been an increase in the number of new export partners. The empirical results (VAR) provides evidence that exports relies mainly on its own dynamics, however once commodity prices are included in the model there is some significant role for this variable. The real effective exchange rate and the trade weighted foreign income do not seem to have a significant role in explaining State exports.

Considered the oldest product being produced in Brazil, sugar cane is an essential item among the products supplied by Brazilian Agribusiness. The production of sugar cane has increased lately due to changes in Brazilian and international economic conjuncture which led to new investment in this sector. Nowadays, the production of sugar cane occurs in many states in Brazil. The following must be emphasized: São Paulo, Minas Gerais (mainly in the region of Triângulo Mineiro), south and southwest of Goiás, north of Paraná and northwest of Mato Grosso do Sul. Considering that this production used to be concentrated in São Paulo, the spread of the sugar cane crop throughout many Brazilian states poses the first research question which is why does this spread happen. It is necessary to observe the economic and social changes that follow this spread such as the decrease in the production of traditional crops in these regions, the substitution of certain agricultural activities and the increase in land renting by the sugar cane plants as well as the increase in employment and revenue which led to significant changes in the profile of the workforce employed in this sector. There are three other questions to be answered in this research. Which were the reasons that led to the sugar cane production increase? How the employment is affected by the increasing production? Does the use of new technologies in the sugar cane harvest process affect the employment quality in terms of better qualification of the workforce? In order to answer these questions the following hypotheses are assumed: the qualification of the sugar cane workforce makes the employment quality better and the increase in the sugar cane production goes alongside with a higher level of mechanization in the harvest process which might lead to the end of manual harvesting. To analyze the changes in the productive structure of Minas Gerais caused by the expansion of sugar cane crop is the main goal of this thesis. A database was created using the results found in the Pesquisa Agrícola Municipal (PAM) and the Pesquisa Pecuária Municipal (PPM). Sugar cane, soy and corn crops as well as livestock were the most important items in this research. The results from this new database have shown some important aspects of the traditional crops substitution process. In order to solidify the analysis partial indexes of formality, revenue and education as well as the employment quality index were calculated according to the results from the population censuses of 1991, 2000 and 2010. SPSS syntaxes and routines were used in the data statistical treatment and made possible to calculate the indexes and to elaborate profile tables to characterize the sugar cane workforce. The result of the analysis led to the conclusion that the qualification improvement in the workforce does not improve the employment quality itself due to the low improvement in the revenue index during almost 20 years.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The overall objective of this thesis is to verify that the Organizational Innovation (OI) is able to positively influence the performance of brazilian industrial companies and the existence of complementarity with Technological Innovation (IT). For the empirical analysis, it was used editions database as 2008 and 2011 Innovation Survey (PINTEC) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results in Chapter 1, point out that, in the theoretical context, innovation is considered important for companies to obtain advantage in the competitive process, and the fundamental IO to the evolution of organizational management and to carry out other types of innovation (product, process or marketing). Performed descriptive data analysis companies located in Brazil, comparing them with the companies located in selected countries of the European Community (EC), it was observed that the percentage of companies located in Brazil, which held only IO and/or marketing it is superior in all personnel tracks busy to EC business. However, in relation to the performance of more than one type of innovation concurrently, some EC countries had percentage considerably higher than companies, demonstrating the preference of businesses located in the EC to conduct more than one type of innovation simultaneously, rather than conducting only a kind. Chapter 2 investigated the relationship between IO and Technological Innovation (IT). The results of empirical analysis in companies located in Brazil, show that: i) the number of enterprises that have IO concurrently with other types of innovation (product, process or marketing) are higher than the group of companies held just IT (product or process); ii) companies that perform more than one type of innovation present a different profile, with regard to indicators cooperative relations, foreign capital, group, exports, government support, R&D and continuous expenditures on innovative activities superior to those groups and companies that carry only one type of innovation; iii) the correlation analysis shows the existence of positive and weak correlation between IO and IT. The results of the econometric study conducted in Chapter 3 show that only groups of companies that made product innovation and marketing innovation had the coefficient associated with the positive and statistically significant innovative activity, demonstrating that the realization of product innovation and marketing innovation positively affect financial performance (Net Sales Revenue) companies. The variables Foreign Capital and Spending on Innovative Activities have positive and statistically significant coefficients associated, indicating that positively affect the financial performance in all business groups. In relation to productive performance (Labor Productivity), only the group of companies held product innovation has a positive and statistically significant coefficient associated to LP. With regard to the set of explanatory variables, Foreign Capital , Spending on Innovative Activities , Cooperation and Support the Government have positive and statistically significant coefficients associated, demonstrating its positive influence on performance of brazilian companies.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This study analyze the impact of China's share of growth in total Brazilian exports of these same exports, checking what happened to their structure, the composition of its agenda and the role they play in the growth of leverage domestic economy in the period 1983-2013. To carry out its purpose, the study analyzed models that consider the impact of China on Brazilian exports and others who disregard this impact. First, we used the synthetic control method for comparative studies to build a better unit for comparison with Brazil after the rise of China's share of total exports, here called Synthetic country. After made this synthetic Country, it went to the estimation of econometric models defined in the work, and we want it, thereby making comparisons between the results of the model parameters for the Brazil and for the Synthetic country, based on analysis of impulse response, error variance decomposition, the Granger causality test and co-integration method of Johansen. It was also made China's Impact Index About the Brazilian Exports (ICEB) in order to check in more detail and didactically the increase of China's participation in the total Brazilian exports affected the variables that determine the country's exports. In addition to exports aggregated, all analyzes were also performed on disaggregated Brazilian exports, observing this breakdown the types of Pavitt. The main results of the study suggest that exports from Brazil and the Synthetic Country had a significant increase in the period 1983-2013, only Brazilian grew more intense after the increase in China's share of total exports from Brazil. The results for the ICEB help illustrate the weighted foreign income remains the most relevant variable to explain the movements of Brazilian exports, but also give evidence that there is a process of increasing the role of prices in explaining these exports. In terms of disaggregated exports, the analyzes in this paper indicate that the growth of Brazilian exports have been boosted mainly by exports of commodities at the expense of those of manufactured products with higher added value, which does not make clear whether the increased China's share of total exports has caused a change in the role of these exports on leveraging the growth of the Brazilian economy.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This work aims to give a contribution to studies about employment quality and workforce life conditions of people living in the rural megaregions of Minas Gerais, specially the paid employee. The focus will be the megaregions of Minas Gerais, distinguished by more and less modernization, in the cultivation of coffee, sugar cane and corn, considering both agricultural employees and families. Taking into consideration the decrease of agricultural employment occurred in the 2000 s and the growth of non-agricultural activities, giving rise to the New Ruralism and the new forms of occupation for the paid job outside agriculture, a comparative analyzes of job quality and life conditions for the non- and agricultural employees will be made. The analyzes will indicate if the non-agricultural employment (ERNAs) leads to a better quality of employment and life conditions, when compared to agricultural one. The results obtained in this work indicate a better level of quality in the agricultural employment for the employees living in the more modernized megaregions and with city residence; the conditions are worse for the employees with rural residence working in the less modernized megaregions. Agricultural employee life conditions were clearly better for those living in the city and worse for those living in the rural area. In this sense, for the agricultural families and employees the rural environment continues to reproduce more precarious conditions in relation to the job, mainly in the poorer megaregions. On the other hand, for non-agricultural employees, job quality index was better than for those agricultural, with the exception of qualified employees living in the rural area of megaregion TMAP and Northwest of Minas Gerais. However, the quality of non-agricultural employment was better for more traditional activities, such as those performed in the more modernized megaregions industries, and it was worse for more precarious activities such as paid domestic work (SDR) in the less modernized megaregions. Life conditions were revealed better for all non-agricultural activities, when compared to the agricultural ones, occurring improvement in all selected activities and showing evolution in the mentioned decade. However, those conditions were worse in the less modernized megaregions, and in terms of number, these regions received the largest number of non-agricultural employees. Even presenting better life conditions, the non-agricultural employees are concentrated in the poorer megaregions and in more precarious activities such as paid domestic work (SDR). In conclusion, more than delve into the study of the impacts of modernization in the paid job in Minas Gerais, this work aims to reveal if working conditions (measured by IQE) and families life conditions (measured by ICV) in the rural area implied improvement for non-agricultural employment in comparison with agricultural employment, and if these changes implied in bigger rural development or if it emphasized more the inequalities in rural areas in Minas Gerais. In this investigation the data from the IBGE 2000 and 2010 Demographic Census were used, in the construction of the IQE and ICV indexes, based on the Balsadi (2005) methodology; for the definition of megaregions more and less modernized the data from Censo Agropecuário and PAM were used.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

In spite of the significant reduction of the child work in all of the areas of the world in the last 10 years, in agreement with the International Labor Organization (ILO), in 2004 still existed in the world more than 190 million children economically active, which 75 million of them were inserted in dangerous works. In Brazil (and Minas Gerais too), according to the tabulations of PNAD among the period from 1995 to 2004 happened a significant reduction in the number of children economically active, however still exist more than 1,8 million children working even existing at the country one of the more rigorous juridical outlines on the subject. The general objective of this exploratory work is to study which are the decisive factors that influence the child's precocious entrance in the job market, as well as of understanding the working children's profile, the characteristic of the homes in that they live and the characteristic of the person that are reference in the family of the children's in Brazil and, especially, of the children of the state of Minas Gerais. It is believed that the children work is a more complex subject than imagine being influenced by a great variety of factors came from in or out of the families.

The main objectives of this dissertation are: in first place, to rescue the historical perspective of the term Imperialism, as argued for its classic authors, inquiring if the quarrels of a century behind, and its categories, possess some validity in the capitalism that we live deeply in the present time; in according to place, to argue the meaning and the validity of concepts as strategy and hegemony, mainly working in such a way how much economic the military sphere, and its inter-relations. This for, after that, showing to the paper of the economic policy of U.S.A. in the global scene (Inter-relations with State-National) and the emanation of its power; e finally, to inquire if is necessary to exist an eventual confrontation between the spheres economic and geopolitical-military, or if the military power is only the pack of the persecution of the imperial project of U.S.A., that in its essence is basically economic. The used methodology was based on bibliographical research. The conclusions point with respect to the fact of that the Imperialism of modernity would be involved by a militarism that would be pack of the dynamics of the system, whose center shelters a species of being able coercitive established in the economic mediation of the market, and that the more next the system if points out of an imperial configuration, more close to the collapse it will be, therefore he would destroy the proper dynamics that it gives sustentation: the competition between national state-economies.

This work presents a view of one most important Brazilian agribusiness complexes, the Soybean Agribusiness Complex, with aspects of its constitution, its competitiveness in the external market and its prices. As for the external market, point out the impulse that the in natura Soybean segment presented after the Kandir Law, making a movement of substitution between the segments of the complex. About the prices observed to each one of the segments of complex, such as in others works, realize here the position of Brazil as a prices taker, despite of its important position as producer and exporter for the Soybean and its derivates. Being this way, the econometrics procedures indicated that the international prices from Chicago affect considerably the internal prices, while the changing in the domestic prices does not cause impact in the international ones, here represented by Chicago.

The present research examines the Clube dos Amigos da Terra de Uberlândia ( Friends of the Earth Club of Uberlândia ), a specialized rural organization, in the context of the transformations in the representation of interests concerning the agricultural sector with emphasis on change in the institutional atmosphere of agribusiness. The research evaluates the importance of collective action with the objective of procuring benefits for the next generation of producers. A theoretical survey was elaborated and complemented by field research. Twenty seven interviews were conducted among agricultural producers and representatives of firms working in the area, using a semi structured instrument for the collection of qualitative data. Those interviewed were, also, members of the Club. Data were collected during the month of January, 2006. The questionnaires were interpreted and the data tabulated. The results revealed that the Club follows the standard of modern association. The members acted in defense of their economic interests as they established relations to strengthen the private sector with increased space for autonomous action as opposed to the regulatory function of the State.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior