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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia

The retaking of the regional question under the perspective of development s promotion through the incentive and coordination of the State occurred during the year 2000, makes it unavoidable the rescuing of analysis about the inequality and its permanency, even after the efforts due to overcome them. This work aims to study the role of the Superintendency for Development of Northeast (SUDENE), and the Northeastern social forces in face to the new ruling mark of state intervention and development. The norhteastern retardment, its conditioners and causes, the indicated propositions, contradictory actions and movements, caused by them, the culminate from the extinguishment of the Superintendency in 2001, are the elements which point out the steps we had walk to get to contextualization of the rearticulation of the institution into the new ruling mark of the State intervention that emerged by the end of the 20th century. This mark obliges the updating of the regional projection to the new pattern of capitalist s gathering, centered within the flexibilization, claimed by the financiation of the funds. It is reported, hence, that the new SUDENE as been adjusted to the new paradigms, takes the risk of submitting again to the problem of the social relations to the point of co-operating into the promotion of the local development, creating stranglements (unemployment, concentration of revenues, fragmented introducements, the keeping up of migrations, and other aspects that also lead to social exclusions). The new proposal of SUDENE reproduces the few priority of the social questionment s particularities which stand from the economic formation and been added of others characteristics through the changes observed during the later years that gives it a more complex profile. Because of this cause, even in the last year, with an extraordinary growing the Northeast s question was not diminished into these aspects and, once more it breaks through as a priority. This unfolding permits us to renew the critics originally made by Francisco de Oliveira who remarks that the regional planning and the occurred policies come to satisfy interests or as a consequence of the these, obeying to the union of the aspects related to the legitimate of the financial gathering dominion into the scenery of globalization. Differently from the days before, this domination is without policies but, hidden in the construction of a regional development s policy by the new SUDENE.

In the last three decades of the twentieth century and the first of the internal forces of the capitalist system have changed in such a way, that show has achieved a new kind of capitalism that currently in force. It is a type of financial capitalism - with the globalization of high finance as its ultimate expression. This new corporate arrangement is characterized by chronic instability that leads to many problems on a global scale. From which highlights the supremacy of the financial sphere on the production. This supremacy is a destabilizing component of investment, the financing of productive activities, employment and income. Moreover, dismantled the National States and its ability to intervene in order to bring discipline and order to the system. National states were also affected in their capacity to create and effectively implement policies aiming at full employment and better generation and distribution of income and wealth. From the middle of last century, historical and structural forces emerged and were expanded in contemporary capitalism. This junction with the structural history has made possible the dominance of finance mainly through their higher aspect: the financial globalization (Chapter I). The effort of this dissertation focuses on the argument that the supremacy of finance is a characteristic inherent in the modus operandi of capitalism and that if the system does not suffer the imposition of rules and discipline, crises and instability are increasing, and entail more harm to society as a whole. To consolidate this argument, the study draws on the analysis of three thinkers who, in their conceptions and theoretical formulations, pointed to a clear and endogenous tendency in capitalism for the supremacy of finance. Marx's analysis of the actual movements of capital and its developments culminating in the absolute form of wealth expressed by the fictitious capital (Chapter II); Keynes with his revolutionary interpretation of an economy that is essentially monetary and in which the agents, faced with the expectations arising from an uncertain future, opt for more liquid assets, thus depressing the investment and productive activity (Chapter III), and Minsky with his hypothesis of financial fragility, which is a result of a complex economy that needs funding for the growth in a world characterized by unpredictability of economic activity over time (Chapter IV). Are the theoretical and analytical here used to undergird and support the argument that the supremacy of finance is an inherent feature of the development of the capitalist system of production.

The main purpose of this essay is to analyze the Financial Account movement of Brazilian, Mexican, Argentinean and Chilean Balance of Payments. The specific objective is to find which financial flows are most volatile during the administrative and flexible exchange rate periods. Moreover, the thesis intends to look for the inter relation between these flows and domestic macroeconomic variables, focusing on the similarities and disparities between each country experience. To accomplish this, it was based on Post Keynesian theory. Within this perspective, some capital flows are resulting from speculative and expectational dynamics because of the non-ergodic world, where there is uncertainty about the future and money is non neutral, impacting on real variables. In this way, it is researched the financial openness process of each country analyzed, since it is obviously that the financial integration contributes to speculative flows reception propensity. Finally, it was realized a volatility study to identify which Financial sub accounts are the most volatile in each country and how are the flows movements in different exchanges rate experiences. The empirical results indicated a huge similarity between the Brazilian, Mexican and Argentinean experiences. In these countries the main volatility elements are Foreign Debt Securities, Foreign Loans and Financing and Domestic Money and Deposits. In addition, it was showed that these financial flows have speculative dynamics that are susceptible to damage during instability periods. The exception was the Chilean experience, both in financial openness process and empirical results. This last finding can be considered a resource to future researches.

After World War II the world economy became dependent of petroleum, which turns into the world s energy main source. However, the geographic distribution of the reserves of this commodity is largely unequal in the different regions around the planet, allowing the generation of extra-income within the oil industry - most of it owned by the Middle East countries. The wealth produced by the oil exploitation induces to the debate about the better use of the financial resources obtained by the liquid export oil countries. Therefore, the present work intends to analyze which are the results in terms of industrialization - of the bigger input of petrodollars at the oil shock in 1970, in comparison, to the boom effect of de price of the commodity in the 2000 s era. With this purpose the role of the State in the industrialization process is discussed, once it is the State which controls most of petrodollars earned by the region. Add to this, the fact that in the region, there is the predominance of authoritarian governments, which can largely affect the performance of those economies with their interventions. Furthermore, important features of the oil industries and steel industry are presented so to subsidize the concrete data research. An empiric analysis is done from the case study of the steel industry of the region.

The objective of this work is to present the financing sources and attributions of the State in Brazil during the 1990's, as well as its crucial issues considering the transformations endured by the Country after the enactment of the 1988 Federal Constitution and political redemocratization. A greater external insertion of the Brazilian economy occurs simultaneously to these internal transformations, produced by commercial, production and financial openings in which the globalization and neoliberalism serve as fundamental ideas. In this context, the financing and the State s role change drastically in regards to the model of development in effect until the 1980 s. Therefore, a brief historical analysis of the Brazilian economy will be performed, searching for financial assistance to understand the Brazilian State s origin, and the reasons for its changes throughout time. Differently than expected, the central assumption is that the changes by the 1988 Constitution and by the implementation of neoliberalism policies did not improve the State s financing, and therefore harmed the execution of the functions attributed to it.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Mestre em Economia

This document develops na study about the precocious work of children and teenagers in activities like tomatoes harvest and charcoal kiln in some little town s from Goiás, with incidence of these activities, towns which had been served with social programs, including PETI from the federal government. In the beginning of the 20th century, the international organization of work were created, and it comes to do na important job in relation to the normalization of the subject in evidence. Brazil, through the rectification of the international convention and the legislation from our native country, develops the politics of eradication of work and delimit a minimum age for work, besides that it restricts the kinds of work to be developed and principally it creates the possibilities of learning (formal and informal) with the intention to reduce the impact about the education, health and security of children and teenagers, with the proposal to offer the improvement of the human life condition. The research tries to comprehend the process of the politics construction that motivates the recognition of the children and teenager s work like a social problem, much more social, cultural, economic than biological or a chronological age in question. Some information were extremely important for the combination of some techniques: a document research, na oral history and the biographic research. The utilization of children s hand labor and also teenagers in the world of agriculture job in Goiás it s mark for violence and exploration. For exactly 110 years, the first step were given to protect the children workers. It was the way founded to reduce the exploration of Afro-American children and teenagers, whose parents were released for area low three years before; but even this way these children, including the indians and poor where socialized for the job and the physical penalty. After one century, in a smaller scale, the exploration of children and teenagers still exist. In different historical periods, the society come up with ideology to become the children s work socially acceptable and in this social and economic construction, the work appears like a principal way of professional information and discipline, with the intention of getting them out of the marginality. Children and teenagers incorporate precociously the productive work, making sure your physical survival, increasing the familiar lacework, contributing in a satisfatory way of the mono politics interesting of production ways from the market control. The miserability is a big incentive for the exploration of children s work. The payment is reduced and the work rights don t exist, obviously for the simple fact taht give work for children under 14 years old is ilegal. It Isn t rare the case in with the exploration of children s work almost become a slave work. It s obvious that, the way of the society face the children s work is getting better in the last 110 years. The rules became more rigid and the society finally started to comprehend that the precocious work seems like a criminal assault against the children s future. However, we have some evidence that in the 21st century starts with the exploration still deeprooted in the country. It s obvious that children s place it at scholl , and this become a consistent practice of one politic, not only compensatory but in a truly structural politic practice.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This study proposes to make a diagnosis of the situation of poor and non-poor youth in the labor market in the metropolitan region of Recife, and to evaluate the determinants of the unemployment of the poor and non-poor youth there during the years 1995, 2001 and 2007. This study verified that poor youth are substantially more affected by unemployment than non-poor, irregardless of age or sex. Another important aspect highlighted by this study is that although it is expected that the unemployment rate would go down in relation to the advancing age of the young, for the poor this improvement is not as significant. Moreover, in higher age groups, it is the biggest gap between the unemployment rates of the poor versus non-poor, showing that the unemployment of the poor will influence his adult life, when the gap in the unemployment rate between poor and non-poor will be greater. Classifying by gender, it appears that the highest rates of unemployment are experienced by women and are even higher for poor women. As for even education, this also distinctly influences poor and non-poor, and in the same levels of education, the poor face greater difficulties in obtaining employment, compared to non-poor and in the older age groups is where the biggest differences between the unemployment rates of poor and non-poor are seen. To estimate the probability of youth unemployment among the poor and non-poor, the micro-data of the National Household Sample Survey (NHSS) was used as a data source for the probit model. The results obtained show that the variables that influence the probability of youth unemployment, at the 1% significance level, in the case of poor young people are: per capita family income, experience, and role/social status of the young in the family. For non-poor young, their probabilities of unemployment are affected by the experience and role of the young in the family.

The current work aims to analyze the strategy of territorial Rural Development carried out by MDA/SDT in the Território Rural dos Lençois Maranhenses. To do this, we use as criteria for examining the theoretical concepts on which rests this development strategy, that is, the idea of social capital and territory. Upon search the field, we held through interviews with different benefited actors directly with this policy and with benefited actors from the tourist activity, it was found that the sense of belonging of social actors of the Território Rural dos Lençois Maranhenses/Munim - a basic concept in the manifestation of the capital - occurs through the inclusion of them in tourist activities. Thus, we raise the hypothesis that for the case, the chances of success of such a policy, the way it is designed, are small, due to disregard, for the diagnosis before the implementation of that policy in a dimension of capital social which can be complemented with the theory of sites.

This study was designed to analyze the socioeconomic impacts of the process of mechanization of sugarcane sector and the expansion of production in new areas like the Midwest. The sugar industry has expanded to new areas with emphasis on the state of Goias, however, the sugarcane industry in the Northeast region of the country stagnated, with relative loss of participation with respect to domestic production and difficulties in increasing the degree of mechanization in the light of the relief. With the introduction of new technology in sugarcane production the demand for skilled workers grows with increasing unemployment among workers with low qualification. With that, the quality and formalization of the employment rise, along with pay. A question arising from this process is about the behavior of the balance of employment. The study suggests there will be dismissal of workers involved in manual cutting, but in return there will be a greater demand for workers with higher qualification. In the end, suggests a study on alternative employment for manpower unemployed by the sector, which apparently will have no alternative work.

The recent rapid expansion of monoculture of cane sugar, encouraged by the expansion of the biofuels program, is raising questions about its possible social impacts in rural areas. Biofuels are seen as a strategic issue for development by the national government as the country aims to meet the international demand of the product, encouraging trade, via export of domestically produced renewable fuels, especially ethanol. However, what this paper intends to show is that the production of biofuels based on the model of agribusiness (specifically the production of ethanol as a Brazilian export product to meet the growing world market) could threaten food production in the event the motion to replace cultures and may lead to increased land concentration in the country, since such production requires large areas of flat and adjacent to his farm, which may cause the displacement of small-scale production with the lease of the property, thus causing a decrease in rates Occupancy at these sites. The used data extracted from the Municipal Agricultural Survey 2006, 2007 and 2008 Agricultural Censuses and the 1996 and 2006 show that the expansion of monoculture of cane sugar has been detrimental to rural populations, as it affects food production, leads to increased land concentration and decreases the levels of occupation in the field, increasing the vulnerability of local social.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Since its creation, the National Program for Strengthening Family Farming (PRONAF) has been the main public policy for the inclusion of the family farmers into the formal agricultural credit, such farmers in the past were not even acknowledged as a productive party by the Government. Furthermore, a recent valorization of family farming has taken place in the sense of allowing to fulfill an active role before the new ways of understanding the economic development. Family farmers in Rio Grande do Sul have had a great participation in the program since its implementation. Besides, Family farming has a great economic and social importance. The goal of this dissertation is to verify the logics of the distribution of these resources in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. To do so, a Rural Development Index has been used based on the works of Silva (2006) and mapping techniques. As a result it is observed that, in the case o Rio Grande do Sul, PRONAF is still very connected to banking logics, that is, family farmers who are not well integrated within the market and who would theoretically need a major attention from the government still have great difficulty getting access to these PRONAF resources.

The aim of these lines is to analyze the foundations of the development of the Brazilian North and Northeast regions. We will consider the singularities of the cities of these regions. To accomplish that goal, the text is divided in five chapters. The first chapter will revise the concept of a monetary theory of production, so that the decision of the economic agents can be observed at the moment of their decisions. The evolution of the banking system will be described trough stages. The second chapter describes the evolution of the lending activities of the public and private banks, concerning various types of credit, such as directed, free from charges and of investment. It will be shown which of the banks leads the lending activity. Besides that, we analyze the logic of the banking system and the portfolio adjustment of the fifty greatest banks in Brazil. The third chapter presents the new character of the agricultural financing system, the evolution of the Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural and the distribution of it in the region of North and Northeast. The forth chapter analyzes the evolution of the legislation, its changes and the taxes paid by each of the fund managers, the operation of the BNB with own resources and the resources of the Fundos Constitucionais do Nordeste. Finally, the last chapter shows how the resources approval of the Fundos Constitucionais do Norte e Nordeste were made, aiming to check if these fund distribution is attending the objectives established in the Brazilian constitution of 1989.

Mestre em Economia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior