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It is, in this dissertation to analyze the process that ordered the arrest of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Geneva and censorship of his works Social Contract and Emile (1762). How to thread the discussions presented here are taken as the main theoretical Letters Written from the field and Letters Written on the Mount works fundamentals. The analysis seeks to discover if Rousseau - nomenclature given to his condemnation - process is not restricted to the investigation of possible procedural irregularities, but requires examination of the entire social and political context at that time lived and pinpoint the ideas actually arranged in the works Social Contract and Emile, which led to the conviction and the order to destroy them, claiming they were reckless, wicked and scandalous. With this work, we intend not only to understand the procedure for condemnation of Rousseau, its legal, legal and religious grounds, but also check if the conviction changed the political and religious thought of Rousseau.

The existing debate in the history of philosophy, whose agenda clarify what is actually being increasingly recurs. The explanation for this occurrence is the range of interpretations that refer on this topic. The need to clarify one of these interpretations is the most suitable for the study here in vogue justification. From Heidegger\'s philosophy, if you will investigate this matter with a view to not only answer questions about what is being, but mainly as a response structure, taking as its starting point the existence. This existence , which is structured as their being in the world and which gives the existence of Dasein with the world and the relationship that establishes the instruments found therein, thus enabling the phenomenon of worldliness. Dasein is the term used by Heidegger to designate the being of this being, which, in turn, refers to an entity that is , or, if there is ever to interpret their own being. An entity capable of evaluating the structure that does constitute a being. Understanding your being is a determination of Dasein\'s being , and one who has thus behaves essentially based on the existence. Since Dasein discovers his being to exist in a world, or in a specific context, nothing more logical than to conceive the original understanding that it is characteristic to an integrated understanding of the world.

Le but avec cete recherche est indiqur certais elements de la critique de Nietzsche sur la question de la vérité. Parmi cela, est important élucider l‟influence laissée par la pensée Socratique-platonicien pour notre interprétation du monde. Socrate et Platon ont le caractere d‟inventeurs d‟um type d‟homme qui soulève la raison au rang de principe supreme de la vie. Dans ce contexte, la métaphysique será pointé comment une construction qui s‟est posée par la manière socratique à poser des questions. Cette recherche aborde la transcendance ne du platonisme, qui fournit les bases por l‟émergence d‟une morale motivée par la division cosmologique entre monde sensible et intelligible, ce qui a amené la poursuite de la vérité et l‟unité au premier plan. Considérant que l‟homme cherche la vérité à tout prix, on établira les bases qui rendent devient et d‟acquièrent une valeur irréprochable. Les ouvrages de base guidant le travail sont La Naissance de la Tragédie, Vérité et mensoge au sens extra-moral et Par-delá Bien et Mal. On faire important l‟émergence de la contextualisation de l‟impulsion par la poursuite de la vraie connaissance, en que la vérité serai considérée comment un valeur supérieure et transcendante. Ainsi, Nietzsche impose la question généalogique par le valeur des valeurs en révélant la vérité comme une forme de refuge pour le désir et l‟agitation qui ne supporte pas vivre dans l‟inconnu et n‟est pas on prêt à accepter la vie comme instable, chageant, pluralité et devenir.

Among the several thematic options found in the Platonic corpus, we decided to limit the scope of this research in the religiosity contained in the narrative that Plato develops about Socrates, in particular on the dialogue known as the Euthyphro youth. We will introduce as a highlight the influence of mystery cults that envolve the dialogue and the concern of the fortune-teller to defend himself from the curse caused by the crime committed by his father, which for such processes him in the Athenian court. The approach will present the comparison of points found in other Platonic dialogues, considered religious enough to demonstrate a new Socratic proposal to think the Greek man, in relation to their way of life. This innovation is in the transposition of the Orphic-Pythagorean Ideas, bringing a behavior that enables man\'s salvation from the penalty of repetitive transmigration of the soul after death of the body. The methodology of searching these points will still show the preservation of Socrates\' teachings as the Derveni papyrus was presented by its author. As a result of the research we intend to credit to Plato\'s máster, the innovation in the history of philosophy of a philosophical project of love of wisdom, expressed by the search for universal truths that are beyond human laws.

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This dissertation aims to critically analyze the main characteristics of capitalism in the twenty-first century considering the theories of Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci, in order to contribute to the identification of specific possibilities for change in the contemporary social relations of production. Within the historical context that has developed from the fall of the Berlin Wall, this work considers the progress of cultural and ideological domination of the capitalist system, the increasing complexity of civil society and the current relevance of concepts and strategies proposed by Gramsci, in particular hegemony, war of position, integral state, passive revolution - in its contemporary strand - and intellectual and moral reform. Finally, an analysis of the alternatives of counter-hegemonic struggle is made, describing the contradictory results of reformism as adopted by the contemporary left in the fight for power in political society, and the importance of an organic and expanded process of education as an essential step in building a new hegemony to overcome the current economic model, enabling an effective and wide revolution that results in a new society.

This work presents two chapters on the problematic of disjunction in contemporary philosophy. His brief introduction addresses both our encounter with the issue through poststructuralist continental philosophy (DELEUZE, 1969), as our critical building of a positive distance in relation to that perspective. The first half of our first chapter consists in a general exposure of the problem through the clue of a genealogy of disjunction (JENNINGS, 1994) including its well-known conception as the disjunction problem (FODOR, 1990). The final half of this chapter takes up the problematic by way of the contemporary controversy about the disjunctivism; in particular, we conducted a detailed exposition of the most severe criticism of that perspective (BURGE, 2005). The accuracy of this critical social holism leads us in our second chapter toward an investigation in the Critique of Pure Reason (KANT, 2012) in a quest for the kantian origins of the problem of disjunctive perception. In the first half of this chapter we defend the hypothesis of disjunction as the clue to discover of the categories of understanding. In the last half of this final chapter we face the problem of the nature of disjunction (double sense) through its registration as an onto-phenomenological disjuntivism. Finally, our conclusion rearticulates an overview of our work in search of a future investigation.

This dissertation aims at presenting and discussing the proofs for immortality of the soul in Book I of the Tusculan Disputations by Cicero, a philosophical work written in the form of a dialogue in which why man must not fear death is discussed. Before directly approaching the theme, in the proem to Book I, Cicero presents his conception about philosophy and about the requirement of producing philosophy in Latin. Concerning its subject, the dialogue of Book 1 can be divided into two great parts: the first one consisting of an argumentation favourable to the immortality of the soul, that proves death is something good (18-71), and the second one, consisting of a reservation that death is not only something good, but it cannot be something bad (82-119). In accordance to the main goal of this work and based on several different translations which allowed us to do the work with a philological stance where necessary, and which guided a great part of our investigation through notes and valued suggestions of a secondary bibliography we analysed the first part of Book 1, showing that the argumentation in favour of the immortality of the soul, is according to Cicero, absolute and praiseworthy to the best philosophers. We also noticed that the immortality of the soul had been denied as an axiom of ancient philosophy by Hellenistic thought, such as Stoicism and Epicureanism. Cicero refuses the Stoic views about duration of the souls and despises the Epicurean concept on the proof of the mortality of the soul. There are four proofs of immortality of the soul in Book 1, in which we can find the following discussions: the argument consensus omnium gentium, the soul as warm air, the soul as the principle of movement and the soul as the fifth nature (quinta natura). For this work the last discussions are the most important ones: the discussion of the soul as a principle of movement, from Phaidro by Plato and the discussion of the soul as the fifth nature from the lost dialogues of Aristotle, by means of which, Cicero demonstrates that the soul is eternal and divine, thus, establishing a difference between the nature of the soul and the nature of the body. As it may be seen in the conclusion of this work, the immortality of the soul is restricted to the mind, a part of the soul, provided with reason. Remaining after death of the material body, the soul owns perception and intelligence, as it presents the same nature of god, thus pertaining to the celestial realms.

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The relation between people and animals has been examined over time, with the exclusion of animals from our moral concern. Animals are thus exploited daily and used as resources for human needs: testing, research, clothing, entertainment, hunting, as well as providing useful by- products to humans. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the status of animals from a moral point of view and from theories that hold that animals have rights and interests to be considered. The study begins with considerations of ethics and their universalist character. The universality of moral judgments means that they apply to all beings in similar circumstances. In this sense, the theory, especially according to the utilitarian version of Peter Singer, evaluates the application of the principle of equal consideration for all beings with similar interests, which includes animals and their feelings. Considering that animals have morally significant interests, together with the universalist character of Ethics, we cannot ignore the preferences of the animals in our relationship with them. For Singer, conduct is morally correct if it meets the most impartial preferences of individuals affected by the action. This leads us to conclude that sentient animals should be treated as we should treat human beings with similar interests. Using Kantian theory, in terms of rights, Tom Regan, evaluates that sentient animals are equal to humans, with a complex mental life, they are subjects-of-a-life, and. As such, like us, they have inherent value. This obliges us to treat them with respect. A similar theory, elaborated by Gary Francione, attacks the legal status of animals as mere human property, stating that they are not things but persons, and as such protection should be assured of their interests, just as we do with human beings. Regan and Francione thus profess a kind of deontological ethics (based on rights and obligations as barriers to the pursuit of the collective welfare), and believe strongly that animals have moral rights just as humans. This is unlike Peter Singer, whose theory is consequentialist in nature (based on impartial calculations of the overall best consequences for all affected). He believes that there are no individual moral rights above the general utility. These theories have similar, as well as opposing, implications when applied. The present research compares the theories and evaluates the plausibility of putting them into practice. The abolition of the use of animals, one of the implications of ethical theory promoted by some activists, requires equal consideration of interests and the fair treatment of all individuals as equals. Two practical aspects that receive most attention are the ethics of eating meat and the ethics of animal experimentation.

This paper has the primary goal to investigate the meaning of policy in the contemporary world through the political beliefs of the German philosopher, of Jewish origin, rooted in the United States, Hannah Arendt. To this end, a bibliographical research model was adopted as methodology. In this direction, it is going to be presented, initially, the available methodological procedures, some bibliographic data from the author relevant to the topic and the used theoretical framework. In the second part of this paper, three activities of the working life are going to be explained, these activities are: labor, work and action. Similarly, the three fundamental aspects of the notion of public space under Arendt s perspective are going to be addressed: the world of visibility and appearance, the common world insofar as the product or artifact from men; and, furthermore, the space of the action and word, the place of plurality and, thus, the achievement of freedom. It is also going to be discussed Arendt s reference to the Greek political experience about the concept of polis postulated, especially, in the work The Human Condition. Secondly, the different meanings of freedom established by the history of the Western thought are presented. This paper also reflects about the concept of freedom with a political meaning, the separation between policy and freedom based on tradition, the dissolution of the public space brought by modernity, radically supported by the totalitarianism in the contemporary democracies; all elements exposed mainly between the Between pas end future.. For this reason, the meaning of general politics, especially from the author\'s point of view, is going to be presented. Consequently, the conditions concerning the politics of the modern world, the political promise and the hope for miracles or the new beginnings which are mentioned by Arendt, upon the following interpellation written by the author in The Dignity of Politics, which is: Does the policy still have somehow a sense? Finally, the elements of Arendt s work that refer to this relevant matter culminating in the relationship between public, political, action and freedom spheres are presented.

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La question de l\'inégalité sociale se retrouve dans la production philosophique de Jean- Jacques Rousseau et pour clarifier as genèse une étude approfondie de l\'homme est nécessaire depuis lês débuts à nos jours, em analysant comment cet homme aurait vécu dans um état de nature, passant par période de pré-sociale et de la recherche de clôture analyse comment est l\'homme qui vit dans la société civile établi. En 1753, Rousseau écrit travail Discours sur l\' origine et lês fondements de l\'inégalité parmi lês hommes em qui retrace lechemin tortueux pris par l\'homme depuis le début , c\'est à dire, l\'état de la nature créé e par hypothèse, par la formation de familles qui ont été les premières cellules sociales - jusqu\'à ce que la formation de la sociéte civile. Ce passage de l\'état de l\'homme nature là l\'homme social est um être donné, selon le Genevois, em raison d\'une somme de facteurs externes inondations dans certaines régions, de longues périodes de sécheresse dans d\'autres, lês pénuries alimentaires dans certaines périodes de forçage migration à une autre zone déjà habitée par d\'autres individus - ajoutée à dês facteurs internes tels que la rationalité et de lafaculté de renforcer ce son uniquement dês caractéristiques humaines. Mais l\'accent a été mis la critique de Rousseau de luxe , legoût raffiné, letraitement de l\'amour de soidans l\'amour-propre qui a créé la fierté et le désir de reconnaissance et surtout la formation de la propriété privée qui a dês hommes à la dépendance envers um parent autres.

In this work, experimental evidences have been observed for energy transfer from CdS nanocrystals, synthesized by the fusion method, to Nd3+ ions embedded in vitreous substrates (SNAB: SiO2 Na2O Al2O3 B2O3). These dot samples doped with neodymium have been investigated by combined optical absorption (OA), photoluminescence (PL), and time-resolved photoluminescence (PLRT) techniques. Radiative and non-radiative energy transfers between CdS dot and Nd3+ ion levels, to our knowledge not reported before, can be clearly observed in the PL spectra where the emission band valleys correspond exactly to the energy absorption peaks of the doping ion. The PLRT data reinforce these energy transfer mechanisms in which the increasing overlap between the CdS PL band and the OA to the Nd3+ levels decreases stimulated emissions from the doping ions. The spectroscopic parameter control was observed in Nd3+ ions embedded in a SiO2 Na2O Al2O3 B2O3 glass system. The parameters 2,4,6 Ω and others were determined by the Judd-Ofelt Theory. It was found that these parameters were strongly dependent on Nd3+ concentration, indicating a linking field change. This paper will present and discuss possible mechanisms responsible for changes in the Judd Ofelt parameters. Furthermore, non-radiative energy transfer mechanisms such as energy migration, cross relaxation and losses from networked phonons and OHradicals, will be proposed to explain the observed decrease in 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 transition lifetime of Nd3+. We believe that these results will inspire further investigation of similar systems and allowing possible access devices or applications of lasers.

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